{"id":1037,"date":"2019-03-09T15:30:01","date_gmt":"2019-03-09T14:30:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=1037"},"modified":"2022-12-08T16:16:40","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T15:16:40","slug":"entangled-ideas-k-m-ashraf-horst-krueger-and-new-indology-in-the-german-democratic-republic","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/entangled-ideas-k-m-ashraf-horst-krueger-and-new-indology-in-the-german-democratic-republic\/","title":{"rendered":"Entangled Ideas: K. M Ashraf, Horst Kr\u00fcger and New Indology in the German Democratic Republic"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By Razak Khan<\/a>
<\/strong>Pub\u00adlished in 2018<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132022-00038<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image: Fig\u00adure 2: K. M Ashraf in Lahore 1937: Box.No. 3, Kr\u00fcger Nach\u00adlass, ZMO<\/span> Library &<\/span> Archives.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Table of Con\u00adtents<\/strong>
Intro\u00adduc\u00adtion: Horst Kr\u00fcger Papers<\/a>  |  Kun\u00adwar Muham\u00admad Ashraf Papers <\/a> |  Entan\u00adgled Ideas and Archives<\/a> |  Appen\u00addix<\/a> | End\u00adnotes<\/a> |  Bib\u00adli\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy<\/a> | <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Introduction: Horst Kr\u00fcger Papers <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A broad sur\u00advey of the doc\u00adu\u00adments includ\u00aded in the Horst Kr\u00fcger Papers (now pre\u00adserved in more than 90 box\u00ades and list\u00aded online in the Leib\u00adniz-Zen\u00adtrum Mod\u00adern\u00ader Ori\u00adent (ZMO<\/span>) https:\/\/www.jpberlin.de\/zentrummodernerorient\/biblio\/index.php<\/a>) reveals the breadth and depth of Kr\u00fcger\u2019s schol\u00adar\u00adship on colo\u00adnial and post\u00adcolo\u00adnial India. Horst Kr\u00fcger (17.8.1920 \u2014 11.3.1989) stud\u00adied His\u00adto\u00adry and Ger\u00adman Stud\u00adies at the Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin. From 1957 to 1959, he was a cul\u00adtur\u00adal con\u00adsul\u00adtant at the Trade Rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion of the Ger\u00adman Demo\u00adc\u00adra\u00adt\u00adic Repub\u00adlic (hence\u00adforth GDR<\/span>) in India. This time spent in India seems to have inspired his life\u00adlong schol\u00adar\u00adship on his host coun\u00adtry. From 1960, he start\u00aded work\u00ading on the his\u00adto\u00adry of India at the Akademie der Wis\u00adsenschaften der DDR<\/span><\/em> \/AdW (Acad\u00ade\u00admy of Sci\u00adences of the GDR<\/span>). His main research focus was on the Indi\u00adan Nation\u00adal Move\u00adment and its rela\u00adtions with the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal labor move\u00adment. This result\u00aded in his mul\u00adti\u00advol\u00adume work, Die inter\u00adna\u00adtionale Arbeit\u00ader\u00adbe\u00adwe\u00adgung und die indis\u00adche nationale Befreiungs\u00adbe\u00adwe\u00adgung<\/em>, that appeared as \u201cIndis\u00adche Nation\u00adal\u00adis\u00adten und Welt\u00adpro\u00adle\u00adtari\u00adat\u201d, Berlin 1984, und \u201cAnf\u00e4nge sozial\u00adis\u00adtis\u00adchen Denkens in Indi\u00aden\u201d, Berlin 1985.[1]<\/a> The Kr\u00fcger col\u00adlec\u00adtion includes per\u00adson\u00adal papers, doc\u00adu\u00adments, and cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addences as well as news\u00adpa\u00adper cut\u00adtings. The col\u00adlec\u00adtion also hous\u00ades pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions on inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal anti-colo\u00adnial net\u00adworks of the Indi\u00adan nation\u00adal\u00adist move\u00adment; the Con\u00adgress par\u00adty and its lead\u00aders; Mus\u00adlim lead\u00aders and their role(s) in the edu\u00adca\u00adtion and pol\u00adi\u00adtics of colo\u00adnial India; Nehru\u00advian state poli\u00adcies; Intra-Asian sol\u00adi\u00addar\u00adi\u00adty; Afro-Indi\u00adan con\u00adnec\u00adtions; and inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal pol\u00adi\u00adtics. There are numer\u00adous papers on Africa 1958\u201361 (Indi\u00adans in Africa, the South African Union and sev\u00ader\u00adal coun\u00adtries); Afro \u2013Asian sol\u00adi\u00addar\u00adi\u00adty and the Con\u00adfer\u00adence of Ban\u00addung, 1955; North and South Korea 1960\u201361; Indone\u00adsia 1954\u201361; and NATO<\/span> 1957\u201361. There is also a wide range of papers now pre\u00adserved on micro\u00adfilms, includ\u00ading those from the Archive of the Ger\u00adman Depart\u00adment of For\u00adeign Affairs, Regard\u00ading British India, Issue 36 (1911\u20131912).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

List\u00aded below are some of the files that con\u00adtain sundry threads of entan\u00adgled Indo-Ger\u00adman his\u00adto\u00adry. There are two pos\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adties to search online for the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

First\u00adly, through indi\u00advid\u00adual name search\u00ades, that is, by look\u00ading for spe\u00adcif\u00adic names of Indi\u00adans who had con\u00adnec\u00adtions with Ger\u00admany. Such a search leads one, for instance, to the files relat\u00aded to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V.N. Chat\u00adtopad\u00adhyaya<\/em>
Shyamji Krish\u00adnavar\u00adma<\/em>
Har Day\u00adal<\/em>
Ram Chan\u00addra<\/em>
Chempakra\u00adman Pil\u00adlai<\/em>
K.M. Ashraf<\/em>
Jab\u00adbar and Sat\u00adtar Kheiri<\/em>
G. Adhikari
<\/span>N.M. Joshi<\/em>
Ram Chan\u00addra<\/em>
Rajen\u00addra Prasad<\/em>
Jawa\u00adhar\u00adlal Nehru<\/em>
Aurobindo Ghosh<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sec\u00adond\u00adly, through search\u00ades of insti\u00adtu\u00adtions and themes, that con\u00adnect Indo-Ger\u00adman his\u00adto\u00adries. Among oth\u00aders, some of the cat\u00ade\u00adgories that emerge from the col\u00adlec\u00adtion are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Edu\u00adca\u00adtion\u00adal Sys\u00adtem in India<\/em>
The \u2018All India Trade Union Con\u00adgress\u2019<\/em>
The \u2018Afro-Asi\u00adat\u00adic Con\u00adfer\u00adence of Women\u2019 in Cairo in Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1961<\/em>
The Indi\u00adan Nation\u00adal Con\u00adgress and Mass Con\u00adtact)<\/em>
The \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Com\u00admit\u00adtee\u2019<\/em>
The For\u00adeign Pol\u00adi\u00adcy of Pak\u00adistan \u2014 Rela\u00adtions with India 1957-\u201861<\/em>
Indi\u00adan Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adties and Col\u00adleges 1957-\u201861<\/em>
Social\u00adism and Com\u00admu\u00adnism in India<\/em>
Board Free\u00addom Move\u00adment Maha\u00adrash\u00adtra<\/em>
The \u2018Indi\u00adan Nation\u00adal Move\u00admen\u00adt\u2019<\/em>
Sec\u00adondary Schools in India<\/em>
The Domes\u00adtic Devel\u00adop\u00adment of Nepal 1956 \u2014 1961<\/em>
The \u2018Silk Let\u00adter Con\u00adspir\u00ada\u00adcy Case\u2019<\/em>
Indi\u00adan-Japan\u00adese Rela\u00adtions 1916\u201319<\/em>
Impe\u00adri\u00adal\u00adism and the Indi\u00adan nation\u00adal lib\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion move\u00adment<\/em>
\u2019Holy War\u2019 and the Pan-Islam\u00adic move\u00adment<\/em>
Ninth Euro\u00adpean Con\u00adfer\u00adence on Mod\u00adern South Asian Stud\u00adies, 1986<\/em>
Indi\u00adan-Ger\u00adman polit\u00adi\u00adcal rela\u00adtions before World War II<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The doc\u00adu\u00adments were col\u00adlect\u00aded in var\u00adi\u00adous archives in India, Great Britain and Ger\u00admany like for instance at the Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum and Library, Del\u00adhi (NMML<\/span>), the Nation\u00adal Archives of India, Del\u00adhi (NAI<\/span>), the Poli\u00adtis\u00adches Archiv des Ausw\u00e4r\u00adti\u00adgen Amtes, Berlin (PAAA<\/span>; Polit\u00adi\u00adcal Archive of the Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Office) or the Dim\u00aditroff-Muse\u00adum, Leipzig.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This post focus\u00ades on one of the results of such a name search in the Horst Kr\u00fcger col\u00adlec\u00adtion: files relat\u00aded to K.M. Ashraf. These files occu\u00adpy a dis\u00adtinct and impor\u00adtant space in the Kr\u00fcger Papers, and can be seen as a graph\u00adic illus\u00adtra\u00adtion of entan\u00adgled ideas and archives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Kunwar Muhammad Ashraf Papers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Marx\u00adist intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal and cul\u00adtur\u00adal milieu in the GDR<\/span> was deeply entan\u00adgled with the growth of pro\u00adgres\u00adsive social\u00adist think\u00ading and pol\u00adi\u00adtics among Mus\u00adlims in South Asia. Aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic insti\u00adtu\u00adtions like the Acad\u00ade\u00admy of Sci\u00adences, Berlin (Deutsche Akademie der Wis\u00adsenschaften zu Berlin, <\/em>and lat\u00ader Akademie der Wis\u00adsenschaften der DDR<\/span>\/ AdW<\/em>) and the Indo-Ori\u00aden\u00adtal Sem\u00adi\u00adnar at the Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin with its empha\u00adsis on \u201cNew Indol\u00ado\u00adgy\u201d, opened a new chap\u00adter to ini\u00adti\u00adate schol\u00adar\u00adly engage\u00adments with Islam and Mus\u00adlim schol\u00adar\u00adship in India.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this post, I want to pur\u00adsue a strand of the entan\u00adgled Indo-GDR intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal his\u00adto\u00adries by fol\u00adlow\u00ading the tra\u00adjec\u00adto\u00adry of Kun\u00adwar Muham\u00admad Ashraf (1903\u20131962)[3]<\/a> and his efforts to find answers to the \u201cMus\u00adlim Ques\u00adtion\u201d with\u00adin the con\u00adtext of Indi\u00adan cul\u00adtur\u00adal inte\u00adgra\u00adtion through his engage\u00adment with \u201dNew Indol\u00ado\u00adgy\u201d in the GDR<\/span>. His ideas and per\u00adson\u00adal papers are housed in the Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span> Library, Del\u00adhi, while many of his per\u00adson\u00adal writ\u00adings and papers are in the Horst Kr\u00fcger col\u00adlec\u00adtions in the archive of the Leib\u00adniz-Zen\u00adtrum Mod\u00adern\u00ader Ori\u00adent (ZMO<\/span>). Ashraf\u00b4s think\u00ading and writ\u00adings on the \u201cMus\u00adlim Ques\u00adtion\u201d were pro\u00adduced in dia\u00adlogue with Ger\u00adman ideas and intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adals at the Insti\u00adtute of Indol\u00ado\u00adgy, Hum\u00adboldt- Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin.[4]<\/a> It was a sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant deci\u00adsion that the Insti\u00adtute chose a Mus\u00adlim Marx\u00adist schol\u00adar as a vis\u00adit\u00ading pro\u00adfes\u00adsor of Medieval Indi\u00adan his\u00adto\u00adry and culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K.M Ashraf had a long asso\u00adci\u00ada\u00adtion with Marx\u00adist inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal cir\u00adcles as a stu\u00addent in Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Lon\u00addon from 1927\u201332. He con\u00adnect\u00aded with the wider net\u00adwork of South Asian Com\u00admu\u00adnists in Ger\u00admany, includ\u00ading Saj\u00adjad Zaheer, Viren\u00addranath Chat\u00adtopad\u00adhayay and M. N. Roy. His polit\u00adi\u00adcal role as a Con\u00adgress social\u00adist par\u00adty leader in charge of the Mus\u00adlim mass con\u00adtact pro\u00adgramme between 1935 until 1947, and sub\u00adse\u00adquent dis\u00adil\u00adlu\u00adsion\u00adment and move to the Com\u00admu\u00adnist Par\u00adty, is a trag\u00adic tale of missed oppor\u00adtu\u00adni\u00adties.[5]<\/a> Ashraf was a staunch oppo\u00adnent of \u201cMus\u00adlim sep\u00ada\u00adratism\u201d and a firm believ\u00ader in pro\u00adgres\u00adsive inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal sol\u00adi\u00addar\u00adi\u00adty. Based on the Gan\u00adgad\u00adhar Adhikari the\u00adsis, the Com\u00admu\u00adnist Par\u00adty of India\u2019s (CPI<\/span>) deci\u00adsion on the \u201cMus\u00adlim Ques\u00adtion\u201d was in favour of the cre\u00adation of Pak\u00adistan. Despite his per\u00adson\u00adal reser\u00adva\u00adtions, Ashraf moved to Pak\u00adistan due to par\u00adty pre\u00adcepts. In Pak\u00adistan, he came under polit\u00adi\u00adcal sus\u00adpi\u00adcion and was arrest\u00aded on charges of being a Com\u00admu\u00adnist. He was nei\u00adther wel\u00adcomed in Pak\u00adistan nor accept\u00aded back in India.[6]<\/a> Nei\u00adther here nor there, Ashraf became emblem\u00adat\u00adic of the unre\u00adsolved \u201cMus\u00adlim Ques\u00adtion\u201d in post-par\u00adti\u00adtion South Asia: he became a state\u00adless per\u00adson and was in exile in Eng\u00adland before he was reha\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adtat\u00aded in Kirori Mal Col\u00adlege, Del\u00adhi where he taught his\u00adto\u00adry from 1956\u201360.[7]<\/a> Con\u00adstant\u00adly under sus\u00adpi\u00adcion and attack in India, he moved to Berlin on a vis\u00adit\u00ading pro\u00adfes\u00adsor\u00adship. A vic\u00adtim of par\u00adti\u00adtion pol\u00adi\u00adtics in South Asia, Ashraf\u00b4s Berlin stay was also marked by the hard\u00aden\u00ading of divi\u00adsion between the two Ger\u00admanys. He wit\u00adnessed the clo\u00adsure of the free cor\u00adri\u00addor between the two Ger\u00adman states on 13 August 1961.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deter\u00admined to use his time to engage with the issue that had affect\u00aded both his aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic and per\u00adson\u00adal life, Ashraf start\u00aded work\u00ading on the theme of Mus\u00adlim iden\u00adti\u00adty and Indi\u00adan cul\u00adture. As an aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic and polit\u00adi\u00adcal activist in colo\u00adnial India, he had writ\u00adten on the top\u00adic of the \u201cMus\u00adlim Ques\u00adtion\u201d in India, which was sub\u00adse\u00adquent\u00adly pub\u00adlished as His\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal Back\u00adground of Hin\u00addu- Mus\u00adlim Ques\u00adtion in India<\/em>.[8]<\/a> He had also writ\u00adten on the \u201cMus\u00adlim ques\u00adtion\u201d and pol\u00adi\u00adtics in the Urdu jour\u00adnal Awa\u00admi Daur <\/em>and was work\u00ading on revis\u00ading his con\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adtions and pub\u00adlish\u00ading them as a book. It even\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly came out as An Overview of Indi\u00adan Mus\u00adlim Pol\u00adi\u00adtics 1920\u20131947<\/em>.[9]<\/a> This issue was close to his heart and fel\u00adlow com\u00admu\u00adnist leader Saj\u00adjad Zaheer was involved in the process of mate\u00adri\u00adal\u00adiz\u00ading the book. In fact, Ashraf and Zaheer dis\u00adcussed it dur\u00ading their Berlin meet\u00ading in May 1961. Zaheer even\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly also wrote the fore\u00adword for the book. As Zaheer not\u00aded, Ashraf\u00b4s work was char\u00adac\u00adter\u00adized by a strong desire that the \u201cMus\u00adlims will join rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary, most log\u00adi\u00adcal and most sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic and humane move\u00adment of India in order that Mus\u00adlims must have a place of hon\u00adour and dig\u00adni\u00adty in the coun\u00adtry.\u201d[10]<\/a> It was this desire that impelled Ashraf to turn to pro\u00adgres\u00adsive inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adism as an answer to the Minor\u00adi\u00adty Question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The GDR<\/span> was involved in build\u00ading new ties with the erst\u00adwhile colonies and third-world coun\u00adtries and was devel\u00adop\u00ading what they called \u201cMod\u00adern Ori\u00aden\u00adtol\u00adogy\u201d.[11]<\/a> This vision of mod\u00adern Ori\u00aden\u00adtol\u00adogy was to be realised and imple\u00adment\u00aded at the Insti\u00adtute for Ori\u00aden\u00adtal Stud\u00adies at the Acad\u00ade\u00admy of Sci\u00adences, Berlin. [12]<\/a>The New Marx\u00adist Ori\u00aden\u00adtol\u00ado\u00adgists in the GDR<\/span>, while pay\u00ading homage to and \u201ccon\u00adtin\u00adu\u00ading the human\u00adis\u00adtic tra\u00addi\u00adtion of clas\u00adsi\u00adcal Ger\u00adman Indol\u00ado\u00adgy,\u201d want\u00aded to bring fun\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtal changes to the dis\u00adci\u00adpline.[13]<\/a> Mod\u00adern Ori\u00aden\u00adtol\u00adogy had its ori\u00adgins in the writ\u00adings of Karl Marx, sim\u00adi\u00adlar to which it aimed to con\u00adcen\u00adtrate on the mod\u00adern his\u00adto\u00adry and cul\u00adture of India with the study of social\u00adist ideas as the main aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic con\u00adcern. K. M Ashraf\u00b4s Berlin years were marked by aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic vital\u00adi\u00adty and activism that his Ger\u00adman col\u00adleague Horst Kr\u00fcger fond\u00adly describes in his rem\u00adi\u00adnis\u00adcences of Ashraf.[14]<\/a> Both had met in Del\u00adhi in 1957 and bond\u00aded over shared research inter\u00adests and method\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy. Kr\u00fcger con\u00adsid\u00adered him not just a good friend or col\u00adleague but in his own words \u201cDr. Ashraf was not sim\u00adply my guru <\/em>but at the same time the liv\u00ading and inspir\u00ading exam\u00adple of the Indi\u00adan people\u00b4s strug\u00adgle for free\u00addom and bet\u00adter life.\u201d[15]<\/a>  Ashraf\u2019s vis\u00adit to Berlin as a Guest Pro\u00adfes\u00adsor of Medieval His\u00adto\u00adry in 1960 fur\u00adther cement\u00aded this bond over shared aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic and every\u00adday activ\u00adi\u00adties in Berlin. His vis\u00adit coin\u00adcid\u00aded with the 150 years cel\u00ade\u00adbra\u00adtions of the Hum\u00adboldt Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t and a con\u00adfer\u00adence on \u201cThe Nation\u00adal Awak\u00aden\u00ading of peo\u00adple of Asia and Africa and Task of Ori\u00aden\u00adtol\u00adogy\u201d. Ashraf, Kr\u00fcger recounts, not only active\u00adly par\u00adtic\u00adi\u00adpat\u00aded in the con\u00adfer\u00adence but also gave an impromp\u00adtu lec\u00adture on \u201cAnti-Impe\u00adri\u00adal\u00adist tra\u00addi\u00adtions in Urdu lit\u00ader\u00ada\u00adture.\u201d[16]<\/a> Dur\u00ading his stay, he also gave a series of lec\u00adtures on the theme of \u201cThe Mus\u00adlim Ques\u00adtion in Indi\u00adan Pol\u00adi\u00adtics\u201d, which were based on his own polit\u00adi\u00adcal expe\u00adri\u00adence and schol\u00adar\u00adly writ\u00adings. [17]<\/a> The same year also saw him being elect\u00aded the pres\u00adi\u00addent of the Indi\u00adan His\u00adto\u00adry Con\u00adgress at its ses\u00adsion in Ali\u00adgarh, where he gave an impor\u00adtant pres\u00adi\u00adden\u00adtial address.[18]<\/a> This lec\u00adture reflect\u00aded on the com\u00adplex issue of \u201cMus\u00adlim cul\u00adture\u201d and the pol\u00adi\u00adtics of knowl\u00adedge pro\u00adduc\u00adtion on Indi\u00adan his\u00adto\u00adry. Ashraf cri\u00adtiqued the absence of medieval his\u00adto\u00adry in the tra\u00addi\u00adtion\u00adal Indol\u00ado\u00adgist stud\u00adies of Indi\u00adan cul\u00adture, which focussed on San\u00adskrit lin\u00adguis\u00adtic and tex\u00adtu\u00adal stud\u00adies to define the core of Indi\u00adan cul\u00adture \u2013 a trend that also con\u00adtin\u00adued under colo\u00adnial and nation\u00adal\u00adist his\u00adto\u00adry-writ\u00ading where the medieval peri\u00adod became the peri\u00adod of cul\u00adtur\u00adal deca\u00addence. He did not spare the Mus\u00adlim apol\u00ado\u00adgist his\u00adto\u00adry-writ\u00adings of Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Zakaullah.[19]<\/a> Instead, he advo\u00adcat\u00aded a Marx\u00adist his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy as devel\u00adoped by Muham\u00admad Habib at Ali\u00adgarh Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty, who cri\u00adtiqued Mus\u00adlim com\u00admu\u00adnal\u00adist and sep\u00ada\u00adratist his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy. Remem\u00adber\u00ading the vio\u00adlent par\u00adti\u00adtion of the coun\u00adtry, Ashraf sug\u00adgest\u00aded a crit\u00adi\u00adcal engage\u00adment with the his\u00adto\u00adry and cul\u00adture of Mus\u00adlims in India to rethink the issue of con\u00adflict and (re)conciliation. In this direc\u00adtion, he empha\u00adsized a pro\u00adgres\u00adsive out\u00adlook and cit\u00aded the exam\u00adple of new Indol\u00ado\u00adgy in the social\u00adist world, which was \u201cmore holis\u00adtic and diverse in its approach\u201d and pro\u00advid\u00aded new ori\u00aden\u00adta\u00adtions in the study of Indi\u00adan his\u00adto\u00adry.[20]<\/a> He high\u00adlight\u00aded the new ini\u00adtia\u00adtive at the Ori\u00aden\u00adtal insti\u00adtutes in Berlin, Halle and Leipzig in their study of Mus\u00adlim cul\u00adture in India.[21]<\/a> The prob\u00adlem of Mus\u00adlim cul\u00adture in medieval and mod\u00adern India and its con\u00adti\u00adnu\u00adities and trans\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adtion remained a recur\u00adring research theme in his work. Unfor\u00adtu\u00adnate\u00adly, he could not attain his vision, dying sud\u00adden\u00adly on 7 June, 1962 in Berlin due to a heart attack. He was buried at the Zen\u00adtral\u00adfried\u00adhof in Berlin Friedrichs\u00adfelde, also known as Sozial\u00adis\u00adten\u00adfried\u00adhof (Ceme\u00adtery of the Social\u00adists)\u201d.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf was an impor\u00adtant actor in forg\u00ading an entan\u00adgled his\u00adto\u00adry of pro\u00adgres\u00adsive ideas among Marx\u00adist intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adals in GDR<\/span> and India. His engage\u00adment with the new Indol\u00ado\u00adgy project in East Berlin allowed him to rethink his own work on Mus\u00adlims and nation\u00adal\u00adism. Fur\u00adther, it threw new light on the pol\u00adi\u00adcy fol\u00adlowed by the Com\u00admu\u00adnist Par\u00adty on Pak\u00adistan, sup\u00adport\u00ading the move\u00adment in the loom\u00ading Cold War con\u00adtext. The fail\u00adure to come to terms with minori\u00adties and the inabil\u00adi\u00adty to resolve the ques\u00adtion of \u201cnation\u00adal cul\u00adture\u201d remained a fraught sub\u00adject, which was sel\u00addom dis\u00adcussed open\u00adly. Ashraf revis\u00adit\u00aded the \u201cMus\u00adlim Ques\u00adtion\u201d not as a reli\u00adgious but as a polit\u00adi\u00adcal and cul\u00adtur\u00adal ques\u00adtion of minori\u00adties to analyse the cat\u00ade\u00adgories of reli\u00adgion and his\u00adto\u00adry writ\u00ading in GDR<\/span> and India. He engaged with and pro\u00admot\u00aded new ways of study\u00ading Mus\u00adlim and Indi\u00adan his\u00adto\u00adry to not only empha\u00adsize the his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal con\u00adstruc\u00adtion and trans\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adtion of \u201cMus\u00adlim and Indi\u00adan cul\u00adture\u201d but also to demon\u00adstrate them as mutu\u00adal\u00adly con\u00adsti\u00adtut\u00ading, and not sep\u00ada\u00adrate, cat\u00ade\u00adgories. The pro\u00adgres\u00adsive and inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal schol\u00adar\u00adly milieu of East Berlin pro\u00advid\u00aded a space and fur\u00adnished him with resources to artic\u00adu\u00adlate some of these unre\u00adsolved ques\u00adtions from the past and imag\u00adine new futures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Entangled Ideas and Archives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This entan\u00adgled his\u00adto\u00adry of intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal exchange and the trans\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adtion of ideas shared between Ashraf and FRG<\/span> schol\u00adars is pre\u00adserved as Ashraf files in the Kr\u00fcger col\u00adlec\u00adtions at the ZMO<\/span> archive (for details about the files relat\u00aded to Ashraf see the appen\u00addix). The mak\u00ading and remak\u00ading of this archive is in itself a sub\u00adject wor\u00adthy of study.[23]<\/a> Due to Ashraf\u2019s sud\u00adden death in East Berlin, it seemed that his papers and oth\u00ader doc\u00adu\u00adments includ\u00ading pho\u00adtographs were giv\u00aden to the Acad\u00ade\u00admy of Sci\u00adences of the DGR<\/span>, Berlin, most like\u00adly by his wife Phyl\u00adlis Mary Kemp Ashraf, a social\u00adist activist schol\u00adar, who had accom\u00adpa\u00adnied him to East Berlin in 1960.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Kunwar
Fig\u00adure 1: P.M. Ashraf\u00b4s Bio data. Box No.38. Kr\u00fcger Nach\u00adlass, ZMO<\/span> Library &<\/span> Archives.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Also found in the Kr\u00fcger Papers are pho\u00adtos that young Ashraf sent to her. A ten\u00adder pri\u00advate moment of love appears amidst pub\u00adlic and polit\u00adi\u00adcal papers that are con\u00adcerned with com\u00admu\u00adnist and rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary work and writings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
Fig\u00adure 2: K. M Ashraf in Lahore 1937: Box.No. 3, Kr\u00fcger Nach\u00adlass, ZMO<\/span> Library &<\/span> Archives.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Anoth\u00ader sur\u00adviv\u00ading spec\u00adi\u00admen of his per\u00adson\u00adal archive is the hand-writ\u00adten auto\u00adbi\u00ado\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal note in which Ashraf recounts his extra\u00ador\u00addi\u00adnary jour\u00adney from being a devout Mus\u00adlim in Mewat to becom\u00ading a com\u00admit\u00adted com\u00admu\u00adnist in East Berlin. These were appar\u00adent\u00adly trans\u00adferred to NMML<\/span>, Del\u00adhi due to the efforts of his son Moham\u00admad Jaweed Ashraf. How\u00adev\u00ader, it seems Kr\u00fcger also had addi\u00adtion\u00adal copies as some orig\u00adi\u00adnal doc\u00adu\u00adments and pho\u00adtos remained with him for his work on the Ashraf Festschrift vol\u00adume and found their way into the archive of the Leib\u00adniz- Zen\u00adtrum Mod\u00adern\u00ader Ori\u00adent with\u00adin the Kr\u00fcger collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Along with Ashraf\u00b4s own intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal work and writ\u00adings, the Ashraf Files also pro\u00advide us with an insight into the mak\u00ading of his Festschrift vol\u00adume and the numer\u00adous let\u00adters of con\u00addo\u00adlence and affec\u00adtion that arrived on his untime\u00adly death, includ\u00ading one per\u00adson\u00adal\u00adly signed by Jawa\u00adhar\u00adlal Nehru to com\u00admem\u00ado\u00adrate Ashraf\u00b4s life and works. Sev\u00ader\u00adal of these let\u00adters and essays were incor\u00adpo\u00adrat\u00aded in the felic\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion vol\u00adume and many oth\u00aders now sur\u00advive as let\u00adters in the Ashraf Files with\u00adin the Horst Kr\u00fcger Papers. Kr\u00fcger also col\u00adlect\u00aded all the pub\u00adlic\u00adi\u00adty mate\u00adri\u00adals gen\u00ader\u00adat\u00aded for the book, includ\u00ading brochures and the reviews that appeared after\u00adwards, irre\u00adspec\u00adtive of whether they were crit\u00adi\u00adcal of or glo\u00adri\u00adfy\u00ading Ashraf. The Ashraf Files in the Kr\u00fcger col\u00adlec\u00adtion show that the pro\u00adtag\u00ado\u00adnists did not mere\u00adly share an aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic or intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal con\u00adnec\u00adtion but a bond that was root\u00aded in mutu\u00adal admi\u00adra\u00adtion and affec\u00adtion. Ashraf seems to have left a last\u00ading impres\u00adsion on Kr\u00fcger\u00b4s intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal and per\u00adson\u00adal career. The Kr\u00fcger col\u00adlec\u00adtion pro\u00advides an archive of this entan\u00adgled his\u00adto\u00adry of ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The
Fig\u00adure 3: Box\u00ades con\u00adtain\u00ading files relat\u00aded to Ashraf: pho\u00adtographed by the author, ZMO<\/span> Library &<\/span> Archives.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Appendix<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Doc\u00adu\u00adment list based on elec\u00adtron\u00adic search K.M Ashraf in Kr\u00fcger papers, ZMO<\/span> Archives<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Box<\/strong><\/span><\/td>Num\u00admer<\/strong><\/span><\/td>Sach\u00adgruppe<\/strong><\/span><\/td>Autor<\/strong><\/span><\/td>Titel<\/strong><\/span><\/td>Quelle<\/strong><\/span><\/td>Ort<\/strong><\/span><\/td>Jahr<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>Habib H.<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf from the Edi\u00adtor of \u2018The Agra Cititzen\u2019).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span> Library<\/td>Agra<\/td>06.06.1938<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee<\/td>(?)<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span> Library<\/td>Lahore<\/td>19.03.1938<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>Vak\u00adil, M.Sh.<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf from the \u2018Indi\u00adan Insti\u00adtute of Sociology\u2019).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span> Library<\/td>Bom\u00adbay<\/td>01.04.1938<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>(?)<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span> Library<\/td>Del\u00adhi<\/td>02.04.1938<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>Kachroo, D.N.(?)<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf in con\u00adnec\u00adtion with \u2018The \u2018Stu\u00addents Review\u2019, the jour\u00adnal of the \u2018Benares Stu\u00addents Association\u2019).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span> Library<\/td>Sri\u00adna\u00adgar<\/td>11.06.1938<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>Brelvi, S.A<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>Bom\u00adbay<\/td>18.05.1937<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>Mazum\u00addar, G.<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>Cal\u00adcut\u00adta<\/td>05.05.1937<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>(?)<\/td>Arti\u00adcle (in \u2018The Search\u00adlight\u2019 regard\u00ading a speech held by K.M. Ashraf at a pub\u00adlic meet\u00ading on the rela\u00adtion\u00adship towards the Con\u00adgress and the Muslims).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>(?)<\/td>27.04.1937<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>(?)<\/td>Arti\u00adcle (in a news\u00adpa\u00adper) :\u201dMus\u00adlim Cul\u00adture And Lead\u00ader\u00adship. Con\u00adgress Lead\u00ader\u2019s View.\u201d (regard\u00ading a speech held by K.M. Ashraf at a pub\u00adlic meet\u00ading at Patna).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>(?)<\/td>25.04.1937 (?)<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>Mazum\u00addar, G.<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>Cal\u00adcut\u00adta<\/td>09.09.1937<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>Brelvi, S.A.<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>Bom\u00adbay<\/td>26.04.1937<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,4<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>Mar\u00addana, V.(?)<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>(?)<\/td>14.10.1938<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,4<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>(?)<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf from the Gen\u00ader\u00adal Sec\u00adre\u00adtary of the Pun\u00adjab Con\u00adgress Social\u00adist Party).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>Lahore<\/td>22.09.1938<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,4<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee<\/td>Lon\u00addon, M.N.<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>Agra<\/td>05.10.1938<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>9,5<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>Bazaz, P.N.(?)<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf, Sec\u00adre\u00adtary of the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Com\u00admit\u00adtee\u2019, Allahabad).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>(?)<\/td>(?)<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>10,2<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>Kumar\u00adman\u00adgalam, M.<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>Cam\u00adbridge<\/td>03.01.1938<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>10,2<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>(?)<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>Amrit\u00adsar<\/td>29.11.1937<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>10,2<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>(?)<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf from the Sec\u00adre\u00adtary of the Con\u00adgress Committee).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>Bijapur<\/td>19.12.1937<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>10,3<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee<\/td>(?)<\/td>Let\u00adter (to K.M. Ashraf from the Man\u00adag\u00ader of \u2018The Dai\u00adly Asia Agra\u2019).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>Agra<\/td>06.12.1937<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>11,6<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>(?)<\/td>Col\u00adlec\u00adtion (of sev\u00ader\u00adal Indi\u00adan news\u00adpa\u00adpers arti\u00adcles regard\u00ading K.M. Ashraf and the rela\u00adtions between the Con\u00adgress and the Muslims).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>(?)<\/td>22.01.1960<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>11,7<\/td>Papers on the \u2018All India Con\u00adgress Committee\u2019<\/td>(?)<\/td>Com\u00admu\u00adnique (pub\u00adlished by K.M. Ashraf in \u2018The Dec\u00adcan Times\u2019 regard\u00ading a let\u00adter from J. Nehru to R.A. Kidwai).<\/td>Nehru Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Muse\u00adum &<\/span>Library<\/td>Madras<\/td>26.09.1937<\/td><\/tr>
17<\/td>100,1<\/td>J. Nehru Papers<\/td>Nehru, J.<\/td>\u201cLet\u00adter (to Dr. H. Kr\u00fcger regard\u00ading K.M. Ashraf 2 copies).<\/td>Kr\u00fcger Files<\/td>New Del\u00adhi<\/td>(?)<\/td><\/tr>
23<\/td>128,1<\/td>K.M. Ashraf Papers<\/td>(?)<\/td>\u201cAnno\u00adta\u00adtion : \u201dKun\u00adwar Moham\u00admad Ashraf 1903 \u20111962. An Indi\u00adan Schol\u00adar And Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary.\u201d (edit\u00aded by H. Kr\u00fcger pub\u00adlished in \u2018Cat\u00ada\u00adlogue\u2019, 1973).<\/td>Kr\u00fcger Files<\/td>New Del\u00adhi<\/td>(?)<\/td><\/tr>
23<\/td>128,1<\/td>K.M. Ashraf Papers<\/td>(?)<\/td>\u201cReview : \u201dKun\u00adwar Moham\u00admad Ashraf: An Indi\u00adan Schol\u00adar And Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary 1903 \u2014 1962.\u201d (edit\u00aded by H. Kr\u00fcger pub\u00adlished in the jour\u00adnal \u2018Eco\u00adnom\u00adic And Polit\u00adi\u00adcal Weekly\u2019).\u201d<\/td>Kr\u00fcger Files<\/td>New Del\u00adhi<\/td>(?)<\/td><\/tr>
23<\/td>128,2<\/td>K.M. Ashraf Papers<\/td>(?)<\/td>Let\u00adters, reviews and anno\u00adta\u00adtions (in con\u00adnec\u00adtion with the book \u201dKun\u00adwar Moham\u00admad Ashraf\u201d by H. Kr\u00fcger).<\/td>Kr\u00fcger Files<\/td>(?)<\/td>(?)<\/td><\/tr>
23<\/td>128,3<\/td>K.M. Ashraf Papers<\/td>(?)<\/td>Let\u00adter (to H. Kr\u00fcger from J. Nehru includ\u00ading pho\u00adtos from K.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Kr\u00fcger Files<\/td>New Del\u00adhi<\/td>13.10.1963<\/td><\/tr>
38<\/td>288,1<\/td>Pro\u00adfiles of var\u00adi\u00adous Indi\u00adan and Ger\u00adman Schol\u00adars and Politicians<\/td>(?)<\/td>Bio\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal sketch (of P.M. Ashraf).<\/td>Kr\u00fcger Files<\/td>(?)<\/td>(?)<\/td><\/tr>
49<\/td>363,1<\/td>Horst Kr\u00fcger Papers<\/td>Kr\u00fcger, H.<\/td>\u201cArti\u00adcle (in a spe\u00adcial edi\u00adtion issued by the Insti\u00adtut f\u00fcr Ori\u00adent\u00adforschung der Deutschen Akademie der Wis\u00adsenschaften zu Berlin) : \u201c\u201cKun\u00adwar Moham\u00admad Ashraf, An Indi\u00adan Schol\u00adar And Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary (1903\u20131962).\u201d\u201d\u201d<\/td>Kr\u00fcger Files<\/td>Berlin<\/td>(?)<\/td><\/tr>
58<\/td>424,1<\/td>K.M. Ashraf Papers<\/td>Ashraf, K. M.<\/td>Hand\u00adwrit\u00adten notes (K. M. Ashraf on himself ).<\/td>Kr\u00fcger Files<\/td>(?)<\/td>(?)<\/td><\/tr>
58<\/td>424,1<\/td>K.M. Ashraf Papers<\/td>Ashraf, K. M.<\/td>Typed script: \u201c\u201cK. M. Ashraf\u2019s pres\u00adi\u00adden\u00adtial address to the Fourth Ses\u00adsion of the All-India Stu\u00addents\u2019 Fed\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion held in Cal\u00adcut\u00adta on the 1st Jan\u00adu\u00adary, 1939. The Con\u00adfer\u00adence was opened by Sj. Sarat Chan\u00addra Bose\u201d\u201d \u201d<\/td>Indi\u00adan Annu\u00adal Reg\u00adis\u00adter, 1939, Vol. 1<\/td>Cal\u00adcut\u00adta<\/td>1939<\/td><\/tr>
58<\/td>424,1<\/td>K.M. Ashraf Papers<\/td>Ashraf, K. M. \/ Gup\u00adta, N. L.<\/td>\u201cTyped script:\u201c\u201c Inter\u00adview with K. M. Ashraf dat\u00aded 27th Octo\u00adber 1960\u201d\u201d\u201d<\/td>Kr\u00fcger Files<\/td>Del\u00adhi<\/td>27. Octo\u00adber 1960<\/td><\/tr>
63<\/td>440,3<\/td>Papers on P. M. Ashraf<\/td>(?)<\/td>Pho\u00adtos of P. M. Ashraf (belong\u00ading to Mrs. P. M. Ashraf)<\/td>Kr\u00fcger Files<\/td>Lahore<\/td>1907 ?<\/td><\/tr>
75<\/td>504<\/td>Jawa\u00adhar\u00adlal Nehru: files and news\u00adpa\u00adper articles<\/td>(?)<\/td>Nehru papers relat\u00ading to Ashraf, Bald\u00adwin, Bridge\u00adman, Brod\u00adck\u00adway, Chat\u00adtopad\u00adhyaya, Tarak\u00adnath Das, Edo Tin\u00adnen, Innes, Pol\u00adlit, Ral\u00adland, M.N. Roy, Agnes Smed\u00adley, H.N. Spald\u00ading, Ernst Toller, Shcukat Usmani \/ Cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence between Nehru and Motilal<\/td>(?)<\/td>(?)<\/td>1936<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
[1]<\/a><\/td>See ZMO<\/span> Web\u00adpage Best\u00e4nde \/ Nach\u00adlass Dr. Horst Kr\u00fcger. https:\/\/www.zmo.de\/biblio\/sammlung_krueger.html<\/td><\/tr>
[2]<\/a><\/td>On the  larg\u00ader his\u00adto\u00adry and schol\u00adar\u00adly activ\u00adi\u00adties at the Deutsche Akademie der Wis\u00adsenschaften (Adw) zu Berlin <\/em>see: Annemarie Hafn\u00ader, <\/em>\u201eIndologie\/S\u00fcdasienwissenschaften an der Deutschen Akademie der Wis\u00adsenschaften (AdW) zu Berlin bzw. der Akademie der Wis\u00adsenschaften der DDR<\/span> zwischen1947 und 1991.\u201c In Maria Framke, Han\u00adnelore L\u00f6tzke, Ingo Strauch (eds.).  Indolo\u00adgie und S\u00fcdasien\u00adstu\u00addi\u00aden in Berlin: Geschichte und Posi\u00adtions\u00adbes\u00adtim\u00admung. <\/em>Stu\u00addi\u00aden zur Geschichte und Gegen\u00adwart Asiens.<\/em>  Vol. 4, 2014. pp. 259\u2013284.<\/td><\/tr>
[3]<\/a><\/td>For the bio\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal details, includ\u00ading his polit\u00adi\u00adcal career in Con\u00adgress Social\u00adist Part and Com\u00admu\u00adnist Par\u00adty in India, see, Khizar Humayun Ansari. The Emer\u00adgence of  Social\u00adist Thought Among North Indi\u00adan Mus\u00adlims (1917\u20131947)<\/em>. Karachi: Oxford Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2015.<\/td><\/tr>
[4]<\/a> <\/td>On the  emer\u00adgence of and affini\u00adties between the \u201cJew\u00adish Ques\u00adtion\u201d in Ger\u00admany and the \u201cMus\u00adlim Ques\u00adtion\u201d in South Asia see, Aamir Mufti. Enlight\u00aden\u00adment in the Colony: The Jew\u00adish Ques\u00adtion and the Cri\u00adsis of Post\u00adcolo\u00adnial Cul\u00adture. <\/em>Prince\u00adton NJ<\/span>: Prince\u00adton Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2007.<\/td><\/tr>
[5]<\/a> <\/td>Chowd\u00adhury, Abdul Haye, \u201cThe Free\u00addom Move\u00adment in Mewat and Dr. K. M. Ashraf\u201d, in: Horst Kr\u00fcger<\/em>, (ed.). Kun\u00adwar Mohammed Ashraf: An Indi\u00adan Schol\u00adar and Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary 1903\u20131962<\/em>. Del\u00adhi: Peo\u00adple\u2019s Pub\u00adlish\u00ading House, 1969, pp. 291 \u2013 340, here pp. 330\u2013333.<\/td><\/tr>
[6]<\/a><\/td>On Ashraf\u2019s role in Mus\u00adlim mass con\u00adtact pro\u00adgramme see: Venkat Dhuli\u00adpala. Cre\u00adat\u00ading A New Med\u00adi\u00adna: State Pow\u00ader, Islam, and  the Quest for Pak\u00adistan in Late Colo\u00adnial North India.<\/em> New Del\u00adhi: Cam\u00adbridge Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2015.<\/td><\/tr>
[7]<\/a> <\/td>Chowd\u00adhury, Abdul Haye, \u201cThe Free\u00addom Move\u00adment in Mewat\u201d, pp. 331\u2013333.<\/td><\/tr>
[8]<\/a> <\/td>Kun\u00adwar Moham\u00admad Ashraf. Hin\u00addu-Mus\u00adlim Ques\u00adtion And Our Free\u00addom Strug\u00adgle.<\/em> Two Vols. New Del\u00adhi: Sun\u00adrise Pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions, 2005.<\/td><\/tr>
[9]<\/a><\/td>Kun\u00adwar Moham\u00admad Ashraf. An Overview of Indi\u00adan Mus\u00adlim Pol\u00adi\u00adtics 1920\u20131947. Trans\u00adlat\u00aded by Jaweed  Ashraf. <\/em>New Del\u00adhi: Man\u00adak Pub\u00adlish\u00aders, 2001. The Urdu ver\u00adsion was orig\u00adi\u00adnal\u00adly pub\u00adlished in 1963 and has been trans\u00adlat\u00aded by Jaweed Ashraf.<\/td><\/tr>
[10]<\/a><\/td>Ibid.,7.<\/td><\/tr>
[11]<\/a>  <\/td>Ibid.<\/td><\/tr>
[12]<\/a> <\/td>Michael Maschke &<\/span> Jana Tschurenev. \u201cVon der Philolo\u00adgie Zur Gesellschaftswis\u00adsenschaft: Berlin\u00ader S\u00fcdasien\u00adforschung in der Zeit der DDR<\/span>.\u201c In Maria Framke, Han\u00adnelore L\u00f6tzke, Ingo Strauch (eds.). Indolo\u00adgie und S\u00fcdasien\u00adstu\u00addi\u00aden in Berlin: Geschichte und Posi\u00adtions\u00adbes\u00adtim\u00admung. Stu\u00addi\u00aden zur Geschichte und Gegen\u00adwart Asiens.<\/em>  Vol. 4, 2014. pp. 165\u2013203.<\/td><\/tr>
[13]<\/a> <\/td>Kr\u00fcger<\/em> (ed.), Kun\u00adwar Mohammed Ashraf<\/em>. On Kr\u00fcger and his per\u00adson\u00adal papers  see,
https:\/\/www.zmo.de\/biblio\/sammlung_Kr\u00fcger.html<\/td><\/tr>
[14]<\/a> <\/td>Horst Kr\u00fcger on K.M. Ashraf, in: Kr\u00fcger (ed.), Kun\u00adwar Mohammed Ashraf, p. 380.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
[15]<\/a> <\/td>Ibid., 380\u2013381.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
[16]<\/a> <\/td>Ibid.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
[17]<\/a> <\/td> Ibid.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
[18]<\/a><\/td>K. M Ashraf. \u201cPres\u00adi\u00adden\u00adtial Address to the Medieval His\u00adto\u00adry Sec\u00adtion of the Indi\u00adan His\u00adto\u00adry Con\u00adgress, Ali\u00adgarh 1960.\u201d Cit\u00aded in Horst Kr\u00fcger (ed.). Kun\u00adwar Mohammed Ashraf: An Indi\u00adan Schol\u00adar and Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary 1903\u2013l962. Del\u00adhi: Peo\u00adple\u2019s Pub\u00adlish\u00ading House, 1966, pp. 403\u2013411.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
[19]<\/a> <\/td>Ibid., 405.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
[20]<\/a> <\/td>Ibid., 408.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
[21]<\/a> <\/td>Ibid.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
[22]<\/a> <\/td>Ibid., 384.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
[23]<\/a><\/td>See also the post by Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai. \u201cTrac\u00ading India in a Berlin Archive: Reflec\u00adtions on the Joachim and  Petra Hei\u00addrich papers in the Leib\u00adniz-Zen\u00adtrum  Mod\u00adern\u00ader Ori\u00adent Archive.\u201d MIDA<\/span> Web\u00adsite Post.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ansari, Khizar Humayun, The Emer\u00adgence of Social\u00adist Thought Among North Indi\u00adan Mus\u00adlims<\/em> (1917\u20131947). Karachi: Oxford Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf, Kun\u00adwar Moham\u00admad, An Overview of Indi\u00adan Mus\u00adlim Pol\u00adi\u00adtics 1920\u20131947<\/em>. Trans\u00adlat\u00aded by Jaweed Ashraf. New Del\u00adhi: Man\u00adak Pub\u00adlish\u00aders, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2013, His\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal Back\u00adground of Hin\u00addu- Mus\u00adlim Ques\u00adtion in India 1725\u20131943<\/em>.\u201d Two Vols. New Del\u00adhi: Sun\u00adrise Pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2013, Indi\u00adan His\u00adto\u00adri\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy and Oth\u00ader Relat\u00aded Papers<\/em>. Trans\u00adlat\u00aded from Urdu  and pre\u00adpared for Pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtion  by Jaweed Ashraf. New Del\u00adhi: Sun\u00adrise Pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baj\u00adpai, Anan\u00addi\u00adta, Trac\u00ading, Cat\u00ada\u00adlogu\u00ading, Index\u00ading: Reflec\u00adtions on the Joachim and Petra Hei\u00addrich papers in the Leib\u00adniz-Zen\u00adtrum Mod\u00adern\u00ader Ori\u00adent Archive<\/em>, 2018, https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/reflexicon\/tracing-cataloguing-indexing-reflections-on-the-joachim-and-petra-heidrich-papers-in-the-leibniz-zentrum-moderner-orient-archive\/<\/a>. (Last accessed on: 03-05-2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chowd\u00adhury, Abdul Haye, \u201cThe Free\u00addom Move\u00adment in Mewat and Dr. K. M. Ashraf\u201d. In: Horst Kr\u00fcger<\/em> (ed.), Kun\u00adwar Mohammed Ashraf: An Indi\u00adan Schol\u00adar and Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary 1903\u20131962<\/em>. Del\u00adhi: Peo\u00adple\u2019s Pub\u00adlish\u00ading House, 1969, pp. 291 \u2014 340. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dalmia, Vasud\u00adha, Poet\u00adics, Plays and Per\u00adfor\u00admances: The Pol\u00adi\u00adtics of Mod\u00adern Indi\u00adan The\u00adatre<\/em>. Del\u00adhi: Oxford Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dhuli\u00adpala, Venkat, Cre\u00adat\u00ading A New Med\u00adi\u00adna: State Pow\u00ader, Islam, and the Quest for Pak\u00adistan in Late Colo\u00adnial North India<\/em>. New Del\u00adhi: Cam\u00adbridge Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kr\u00fcger<\/em>,<\/em> Horst<\/em> (ed.), Kun\u00adwar Mohammed Ashraf: An Indi\u00adan Schol\u00adar and Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary 1903\u20131962<\/em>. Del\u00adhi: Peo\u00adple\u2019s Pub\u00adlish\u00ading House, 1969.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2013, Die Inter\u00adna\u00adtionale Arbeit\u00ader\u00adbe\u00adwe\u00adgung und die indis\u00adche nationale Befreiungs\u00adbe\u00adwe\u00adgung, <\/em>in 4 B\u00e4n\u00adden. Berlin: Akademie-Ver\u00adlag, 1984<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2013, Anf\u00e4nge sozial\u00adis\u00adtis\u00adchen Denkens in Indi\u00aden : der Beginn der Rezep\u00adtion sozial\u00adis\u00adtis\u00adch\u00ader Ideen in Indi\u00aden vor 1914<\/em>. Berlin : Akademie \u2013Ver\u00adlag, 1985.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2013, Indis\u00adche Nation\u00adal\u00adis\u00adten und Welt\u00adpro\u00adle\u00adtari\u00adat. Der nationale Befreiungskampf in Indi\u00aden und die inter\u00adna\u00adtionale Arbeit\u00ader\u00adbe\u00adwe\u00adgung vor 1914<\/em>. Berlin: Akademie Ver\u00adlag, 1984.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mufti, Aamir, Enlight\u00aden\u00adment in the Colony: The Jew\u00adish Ques\u00adtion and the Cri\u00adsis of Post\u00adcolo\u00adnial Cul\u00adture.<\/em> Prince\u00adton NJ<\/span>: Prince\u00adton Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maschke, Michael, Jana Tschurenev, \u201cVon der Philolo\u00adgie Zur  Gesellschaftswis\u00adsenschaft: Berlin\u00ader S\u00fcdasien\u00adforschung in der Zeit der DDR<\/span>\u201d. In: Maria Framke, Han\u00adnelore L\u00f6tzke, Ingo Strauch (eds.), Indolo\u00adgie und S\u00fcdasien\u00adstu\u00addi\u00aden in Berlin: Geschichte und Posi\u00adtions\u00adbes\u00adtim\u00admung<\/em>. Stu\u00addi\u00aden zur Geschichte und Gegen\u00adwart Asiens: 4. Berlin: trafo, 2014, S. 165\u2013203.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Razak Khan, MIDA<\/span>, CeMIS, Georg-August-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1236,"template":"","categories":[54],"tags":[104,106,103,105,83,79],"class_list":["post-1037","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon","tag-biographie","tag-biography","tag-geschichte-der-beziehungen-ddr-indien","tag-history-of-indo-gdr-relations","tag-history-of-science","tag-wissenschaftsgeschichte"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEntangled Ideas: K. M Ashraf, Horst Kr\u00fcger and New Indology in the German Democratic Republic - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Razak Khan explores the Horst Kr\u00fcger papers stored at the archive of the Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient, touching upon his relationship with the marxist intellectual Kunwar Muhammad Ashraf and the history of Indology in the GDR.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/entangled-ideas-k-m-ashraf-horst-krueger-and-new-indology-in-the-german-democratic-republic\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Entangled Ideas: K. 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