{"id":1393,"date":"2019-05-03T16:47:14","date_gmt":"2019-05-03T14:47:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=1393"},"modified":"2022-12-08T16:15:34","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T15:15:34","slug":"civilian-prisoners-of-south-asia-in-germany-during-world-war-ii-in-german-archives","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/civilian-prisoners-of-south-asia-in-germany-during-world-war-ii-in-german-archives\/","title":{"rendered":"Civilian prisoners of South Asia in Germany during World War II<\/span> in German archives"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By Sven\u00adja von Jan
<\/strong>Pub\u00adlished in 2019<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132<\/a>0<\/a>22\u201300036<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image: Gabe Thomas, Milag: cap\u00adtives of the Kriegs\u00adma\u00adrine. Mer\u00adchant Navy pris\u00adon\u00aders of war, Milag Pris\u00adon\u00ader of War Asso\u00adci\u00ada\u00adtion, 1995, p. 105.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Table of Con\u00adtents
<\/strong>Camp\u00adscape<\/a> | Sta\u00adlag X B Sand\u00adbostel \u2013 Ilag and Milag<\/em><\/a>  | Mar\u00adlag and Milag Nord in Wes\u00adt\u00ader\u00adimke<\/a>  <\/em>| Bre\u00admen and Ham\u00adburg har\u00adbour<\/a> <\/em> |  <\/em>Sources<\/a> |  Poli\u00adtis\u00adches Archiv des Ausw\u00e4r\u00adti\u00adgen Amts<\/a>  <\/em>|  <\/em>Impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal War Muse\u00adum, Lon\u00addon<\/em><\/a>  |  Bre\u00admen and Ham\u00adburg State Archive<\/a> <\/em> |  <\/em>Con\u00adclu\u00adsion<\/a>  |  End\u00adnotes<\/a>  |  Bib\u00adli\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

South Asian civil\u00adian pris\u00adon\u00aders in Ger\u00adman cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty dur\u00ading World War II<\/span> have received very lit\u00adtle schol\u00adar\u00adly atten\u00adtion. Where\u00adas there has been exten\u00adsive research on the South Asian sol\u00addiers who have joined Sub\u00adhas Chan\u00addra Bose\u2019s Azad Hind Fauj and pre\u00adlim\u00adi\u00adnary research on ordi\u00adnary cap\u00adtives who had either cho\u00adsen not to join the Indi\u00adan Legion, as it was called in Ger\u00admany, or were con\u00adsid\u00adered unfit for it, South Asian civil\u00adian pris\u00adon\u00aders do not play a role in either of these his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adogra\u00adphies. Yet, these cap\u00adtives, main\u00adly Indi\u00adan sea\u00admen work\u00ading for the British Mer\u00adchant or Roy\u00adal Navy or Euro\u00adpean ship\u00adping com\u00adpa\u00adnies, inhab\u00adit\u00aded, for instance, the bar\u00adracks of the camps in Sand\u00adbostel and Wes\u00adt\u00ader\u00adimke in north\u00adern Low\u00ader Sax\u00adony and the make-shift arrange\u00adments in Ham\u00adburg and Bremen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this essay, I will first out\u00adline the his\u00adtoric con\u00adtext of South Asian civil\u00adian cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty in North\u00adern Ger\u00admany by iden\u00adti\u00adfy\u00ading, locat\u00ading and recon\u00adstruct\u00ading the for\u00adma\u00adtion of the dif\u00adfer\u00adent camps and intern\u00adment facil\u00adi\u00adties. Sec\u00adond, I draw atten\u00adtion to the sources, map\u00adping the archival land\u00adscape and point\u00ading out the rel\u00ade\u00advance of each hold\u00ading with\u00adin the over\u00adar\u00adch\u00ading frame\u00adwork of the MIDA<\/span> project and its Dig\u00adi\u00adtal Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon. Although I am dig\u00adi\u00adtal\u00adly reorder\u00ading the sources along the per\u00adti\u00adnence prin\u00adci\u00adple, the prove\u00adnance of the hold\u00adings is not lost as I start each sec\u00adtion with sit\u00adu\u00adat\u00ading the respec\u00adtive hold\u00ading in the struc\u00adture of its phys\u00adi\u00adcal repository.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Through\u00adout the paper, I reflect and com\u00adment on pos\u00adsi\u00adble van\u00adtage points for his\u00adtoric schol\u00adar\u00adship in this under researched field of study as they are emerg\u00ading out of this ten\u00adta\u00adtive sur\u00advey on the material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Campscape<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Stalag X B Sandbostel \u2013 Ilag and Milag<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ini\u00adtial\u00adly, the civil\u00adian pris\u00adon\u00aders were interned in the Kriegs\u00adge\u00adfan\u00adgenen-Mannschafts-Stamm\u00adlager X B Sand\u00adbostel, coined Sta\u00adlag X B in mil\u00adi\u00adtary jar\u00adgon. The camp, falling under the admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion of Wehrkreis (war area) X, encom\u00adpass\u00ading Schleswig-Hol\u00adstein, Ham\u00adburg, Bre\u00admen and north\u00adern Low\u00ader Sax\u00adony, was erect\u00aded in 1939 close to the vil\u00adlage Sand\u00adbostel, lend\u00ading its name to the facil\u00adi\u00adty (Ehres\u00admann 2015). It was in oper\u00ada\u00adtion through\u00adout the war until its lib\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion by the British army on April 29, 1945, hav\u00ading host\u00aded at least 313 000 civ\u00adil and mil\u00adi\u00adtary pris\u00adon\u00aders, thou\u00adsands of whom died from dis\u00adeases and phys\u00adi\u00adcal exhaus\u00adtion. Sovi\u00adet pris\u00adon\u00aders in par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar suf\u00adfered from the dis\u00adas\u00adtrous con\u00addi\u00adtions and mis\u00adtreat\u00adment under inten\u00adtion\u00adal dis\u00adre\u00adgard of the Gene\u00adva Con\u00adven\u00adtion. Sta\u00adlag X B was divid\u00aded into Ilag (Internierungslager) and Milag (Marine-Internierungslager). Where\u00adas both host\u00aded offi\u00adcers and ranks of the Mer\u00adchant as well as the Roy\u00adal Navy, colo\u00adnial sea\u00admen were only to be interned in Ilag. There were around 660 colo\u00adnial sea\u00admen cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adrized as Chi\u00adnese, Indi\u00adan, Arab and Malayan in Octo\u00adber 1941.[1]<\/a> Most of them were cap\u00adtured at sea when the Ger\u00adman forces seized their ships. Dur\u00ading an inspec\u00adtion of the camp in July 1941 by the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Red Cross, espe\u00adcial\u00adly the hygien\u00adic facil\u00adi\u00adties in both camps were con\u00adsid\u00adered absolute\u00adly insuf\u00adfi\u00adcient and the pris\u00adon\u00aders were observed to be lack\u00ading warm uni\u00adforms and under\u00adwear.[2]<\/a> With the harsh Ger\u00adman win\u00adter approach\u00ading, the Ger\u00adman mil\u00adi\u00adtary tried to nego\u00adti\u00adate an agree\u00adment with Italy to send the civil\u00adians to one of their intern\u00adment camps. How\u00adev\u00ader, the Ital\u00adian author\u00adi\u00adties with\u00addrew their ini\u00adtial offi\u00adcer, claim\u00ading to have exhaust\u00aded their capac\u00adi\u00adties. Instead, the whole Ilag and Mar\u00adlag branch of Sand\u00adbostel was relo\u00adcat\u00aded to a new camp 25 km towards the south, now being referred to as Mar\u00adlag and Milag Nord.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Marlag and Milag Nord in Westerimke<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In the course of the relo\u00adca\u00adtion, around 380 Indi\u00adan las\u00adcars, along with the oth\u00ader so-called coloured sea\u00admen, were trans\u00adferred to Wes\u00adt\u00ader\u00adimke close to Bre\u00admen in Octo\u00adber 1941. The new facil\u00adi\u00adty con\u00adsist\u00aded of two camps espe\u00adcial\u00adly cre\u00adat\u00aded to accom\u00admo\u00addate cap\u00adtives of the British Mer\u00adchant Navy, called Mar\u00adlag and Milag (Marine-Internierungslager). There, the Indi\u00adans were accom\u00admo\u00addat\u00aded in the Milag branch of the camp, their num\u00adbers now fig\u00adur\u00ading at 533.[3]<\/a> As this camp, too, was ill equipped and South Asians con\u00adsid\u00adered unfit to last the Ger\u00adman win\u00adter, their depor\u00adta\u00adtion to Italy was again debat\u00aded in Decem\u00adber 1941. In Feb\u00adru\u00adary of 1942, how\u00adev\u00ader, 486 Indi\u00adan civil\u00adians were still list\u00aded on the camp doc\u00adu\u00adments.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1943, anoth\u00ader small camp was built in their vicin\u00adi\u00adty to accom\u00admo\u00addate the bulk of Indi\u00adan, Ade\u00adnese, Chi\u00adnese and Burmese sea\u00admen. Some 630 sea\u00admen moved out of Milag to what came to be called the Inder Lager (Thomas 1995, p. 105). Sim\u00adi\u00adlar to the so-called Half\u00admoon Camp in Zossen-W\u00fcns\u00addorf dur\u00ading World War I, the South Asians were sep\u00ada\u00adrat\u00aded from their British offi\u00adcers and exposed to pro-Ger\u00adman pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda in an attempt to find allies among the colo\u00adnial sub\u00adjects (Thomas 1995, p. 273). Not only did this endeav\u00adour prove unsuc\u00adcess\u00adful as only a few sea\u00admen were recruit\u00aded to the Indi\u00adan Legion, but the com\u00adman\u00adders of the camp met with var\u00adi\u00adous inci\u00addents of pas\u00adsive resis\u00adtance from the inmates, both in Sand\u00adbostel and Wes\u00adt\u00ader\u00adimke (Thomas 1995, 272f; Lane 1990, 284). The damp cli\u00admate of North\u00adern Ger\u00admany, lack of fuel, food and suf\u00adfi\u00adcient cloth\u00ading, as well as the dis\u00adre\u00adgard of the dietary cus\u00adtoms of the pre\u00addom\u00adi\u00adnant\u00adly Mus\u00adlim inhab\u00adi\u00adtants of the Inder Lager made every\u00adday life an unpleas\u00adant expe\u00adri\u00adence. Red Cross Parcels with rations bare\u00adly reached the camp and the high\u00adly cen\u00adsored and dis\u00adrupt\u00aded cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence between the pris\u00adon\u00aders and the out\u00adside world fur\u00adther added to the atmos\u00adphere of resent\u00adment and iso\u00adla\u00adtion among the cap\u00adtives. While extra rations were indis\u00adpens\u00adable, the Indi\u00adan Red Cross in Sim\u00adla sent books, musi\u00adcal instru\u00adments and games. A the\u00adatre was con\u00adstruct\u00aded and sev\u00ader\u00adal plays were per\u00adformed with full musi\u00adcal accom\u00adpa\u00adni\u00adment and reli\u00adgious rou\u00adtines were main\u00adtained as far as the con\u00addi\u00adtions allowed it (Thomas 1995, 275).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Bremen and Hamburg harbour<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In addi\u00adtion to the South Asian sea\u00admen interned in Sand\u00adbostel and Wes\u00adt\u00ader\u00adimke, there were anoth\u00ader approx\u00adi\u00admate\u00adly 360 Indi\u00adan las\u00adcars held cap\u00adtive in Ham\u00adburg and Bre\u00admen. All of them employ\u00adees of the Hansa Line, a Ger\u00adman ship\u00adping com\u00adpa\u00adny pre\u00addom\u00adi\u00adnant\u00adly call\u00ading at South Asian ports, they were detained in Sep\u00adtem\u00adber 1939, when England\u2019s dec\u00adla\u00adra\u00adtion of war to Ger\u00admany led to a com\u00adplete lock down of all eco\u00adnom\u00adic rela\u00adtions with India. At that time, sev\u00aden ful\u00adly manned ships were anchored in Bre\u00admen and two at the Ham\u00adburg port. As their ships were denied voy\u00adage, the South Asian sea\u00admen found them\u00adselves out of employ\u00adment and ground\u00aded in Ger\u00admany. They were accom\u00admo\u00addat\u00aded either in make-shift arrange\u00adments in and around Bre\u00admen city, where they were main\u00adtained and guard\u00aded by the Hansa Line, or stayed on two small barges anchored in Ham\u00adburg port.[5]<\/a> As far as Bre\u00admen is con\u00adcerned, the Hansa Line ensured that they were pro\u00advid\u00aded with food pre\u00adpared in agree\u00adment with their reli\u00adgious beliefs and were even allowed to ven\u00adture out into the city in groups of ten.[6]<\/a> Their sup\u00adport for the las\u00adcar<\/em>s hints to the ambigu\u00adous sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion cer\u00adtain parts of the ship\u00adping indus\u00adtry found itself in dur\u00ading the war. Heav\u00adi\u00adly rely\u00ading on their inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal work\u00adforce, they were less sup\u00adport\u00adive of the nation\u00adal\u00adist cause as, for exam\u00adple, the heavy indus\u00adtry. Some sea\u00admen then found new employ\u00adment on Dutch steam\u00aders. Nev\u00ader\u00adthe\u00adless, at least two died in local hos\u00adpi\u00adtals.[7]<\/a> Upon request of their for\u00admer employ\u00ader, they were giv\u00aden warm clothes from the fun\u00addus of the local police. In Ham\u00adburg, the sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion was con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00adably less ami\u00adca\u00adble as the barges did not pro\u00advide suf\u00adfi\u00adcient shel\u00adter from the win\u00adter cli\u00admate for the ini\u00adtial 94 las\u00adcars. By Octo\u00adber 1939, already half of the crew was suf\u00adfer\u00ading from pneu\u00admat\u00adic dis\u00adeases.[8]<\/a> On Feb\u00adru\u00adary 14, 1940, the remain\u00ading 65 las\u00adcars in Ham\u00adburg were joined with the 215 still stay\u00ading in Bre\u00admen from where they were trans\u00adport\u00aded to the Nether\u00adlands. They were set free on the con\u00addi\u00adtion that they would not join ene\u00admy ser\u00advice.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The rel\u00ade\u00advant hold\u00adings regard\u00ading South Asian civil\u00adian pris\u00adon\u00aders in Ger\u00admany dur\u00ading World War II<\/span> are spread across three dif\u00adfer\u00adent Ger\u00adman state archives and one British col\u00adlec\u00adtion. As this is a pre\u00adlim\u00adi\u00adnary overview, I do not rule out the pos\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty that there will be more mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal in oth\u00ader archives, for exam\u00adple in the archives of the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Trac\u00ading Ser\u00advice in Bad Arolsen.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Politisches Archiv des Ausw\u00e4rtigen Amts<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Quan\u00adti\u00adta\u00adtive\u00adly, the most sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal is stored in the Poli\u00adtis\u00adches Archiv des Ausw\u00e4r\u00adti\u00adgen Amts (the Polit\u00adi\u00adcal Archive of the Fed\u00ader\u00adal For\u00adeign Office) [PAAA<\/span>]. It is struc\u00adtured accord\u00ading to the prove\u00adnance prin\u00adci\u00adple, reflect\u00ading the admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtive struc\u00adture of the Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Office at a giv\u00aden point in time. One branch caters only to the bureau\u00adcrat\u00adic out\u00adput of the admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion of the Third Reich. With\u00adin this branch, the mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal on the South Asian cap\u00adtives is found in five files in the hold\u00ading Recht\u00adsan\u00adgele\u00adgen\u00adheit\u00aden (legal mat\u00adters) under the sub-sec\u00adtion Kriegsrecht (mar\u00adtial law) \/ V\u00f6lk\u00ader\u00adrecht (inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal law). The mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal is par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly rel\u00ade\u00advant because it con\u00adfirms that Indi\u00adan civil\u00adians were first interned in Sand\u00adbostel before they were trans\u00adferred to Wes\u00adt\u00ader\u00adimke, which has elud\u00aded his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal schol\u00adar\u00adly atten\u00adtion so far. Per\u00adhaps most strik\u00ading\u00adly, the files con\u00adtain dense mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal on eight Indi\u00adan mer\u00adchants from Sind, per\u00adma\u00adnent\u00adly resid\u00ading in Gibral\u00adtar, who had been cap\u00adtured in 1940 in the Indi\u00adan Ocean on the S. S. Kem\u00admen\u00addine on their way to India after hav\u00ading been evac\u00adu\u00adat\u00aded from Gibral\u00adtar. They were interned as civ\u00adil pris\u00adon\u00aders first in Sta\u00adlag X B and lat\u00ader in Mar\u00adlag and Milag Nord. Eager to be released to Tang\u00adi\u00ader, Span\u00adish Moroc\u00adco, where they had long term busi\u00adness rela\u00adtions, their cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence with the Indi\u00adan Mer\u00adchant Asso\u00adci\u00ada\u00adtion in Tang\u00adi\u00ader, var\u00adi\u00adous con\u00adsulates and embassies, the Swiss lega\u00adtion and, of course, the Ger\u00adman author\u00adi\u00adties, make for a fas\u00adci\u00adnat\u00ading case study for the micro-his\u00adto\u00adry of camp pol\u00adi\u00adtics. As they dis\u00adcuss the finan\u00adcial, geo\u00adgraph\u00adic and legal aspects of their pend\u00ading repa\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adtion, insights into inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal war-time diplo\u00adma\u00adcy from a bot\u00adtom-up per\u00adspec\u00adtive can be gained. Despite their relent\u00adless efforts, the British-Indi\u00adans were still in Ger\u00adman cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty in March 1945.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fur\u00adther, the hold\u00ading con\u00adtains intern\u00adment lists of cap\u00adtives of both Sta\u00adlag X B and Mar\u00adlag and Milag Nord, as well as camp inspec\u00adtion reports of the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Red Cross in Gene\u00adva and the Swiss lega\u00adtion. Espe\u00adcial\u00adly the lat\u00adter are valu\u00adable sources as they pro\u00advide rare insights into the every\u00adday life of the camps and the con\u00addi\u00adtions of intern\u00adment of South Asian civil\u00adian pris\u00adon\u00aders viewed through the lens of inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal human\u00adi\u00adtar\u00adi\u00adan organizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Imperial War Museum, London<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The hold\u00ading in the PAAA<\/span> is inter\u00adlinked with a hold\u00ading in the Impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal War Muse\u00adum, Lon\u00addon. Although the pri\u00advate papers of Cap\u00adtain H. W. Jones have been stud\u00adied by schol\u00adars like Tony Lane (Lane 1990) and Gabe Thomas (Thomas 1995) and do not strict\u00adly fall under the cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adry of mod\u00adern India in Ger\u00adman archives, I am list\u00ading them here because they are cru\u00adcial for a com\u00adpre\u00adhen\u00adsive under\u00adstand\u00ading of the civil\u00adian camp\u00adscape of Word War II<\/span>. Cap\u00adtain H. W. Jones, Chief Offi\u00adcer of the Har\u00adrions Line\u2019s S. S. Dales\u00adman, manned with an Indi\u00adan crew, was excep\u00adtion\u00adal in a num\u00adber of ways. Not only had he learned Hin\u00addus\u00adtani, the lin\u00adgua-fran\u00adca of North\u00adern India to com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adcate with his staff, but also vol\u00adun\u00adteered to leave the officer\u2019s camp to join the Indi\u00adans as their Con\u00adfi\u00addence Offi\u00adcer. At the Inder Lager, he applied his ener\u00adgies to make life as tol\u00ader\u00ada\u00adble as pos\u00adsi\u00adble for the South Asians, who suf\u00adfered more than the Euro\u00adpeans from the impo\u00adsi\u00adtions of cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty. He inter\u00advened on their behalf for the prop\u00ader con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion of their dietary require\u00adments in line with their reli\u00adgious beliefs, made sure they were sup\u00adplied with essen\u00adtials, cloth\u00ading and blan\u00adkets, helped with the cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence in and out of the camp in the face of the Ger\u00adman cen\u00adsor, took respon\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty of the camp wages and ensured a min\u00adi\u00admum of leisure activ\u00adi\u00adties to be avail\u00adable for the inmates (Thomas 1995, 274\u20136). His pri\u00advate papers, stored in two card\u00adboard box\u00ades, con\u00adtain his copi\u00adous notes about life in the Inder Lager. He kept nom\u00adi\u00adnal lists of the Indi\u00adan but also oth\u00ader Asian, Caribbean and African cap\u00adtives, a volu\u00admi\u00adnous col\u00adlec\u00adtion of cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addences and peti\u00adtions on behalf of the South Asians to their rel\u00ada\u00adtives at home as well as the local author\u00adi\u00adties[11]<\/a>, bal\u00adance sheets, bills and receipts for rations, cin\u00ade\u00adma tick\u00adets, sale of effects of the deceased and camp wages,[12]<\/a> a camp diary of 1942, pho\u00adtographs, gro\u00adcery lists and dai\u00adly menus, and notes he had tak\u00aden dur\u00ading the vis\u00adit of the Swiss Lega\u00adtion who inspect\u00aded Mar\u00adlag in April 1944.[13]<\/a> After the war, he brought every\u00adthing back to Eng\u00adland where it even\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly came to rest in the cus\u00adtody of the Impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal War Muse\u00adum after his death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Bremen and Hamburg State Archive<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Although the mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal in the hold\u00adings of the Bre\u00admen State Archive and the Ham\u00adburg State Archive is less volu\u00admi\u00adnous than the one in PAAA<\/span>, their hold\u00adings are nev\u00ader\u00adthe\u00adless impor\u00adtant as they open a win\u00addow into the pol\u00adi\u00adtics of intern\u00adment out\u00adside the realm of the tra\u00addi\u00adtion\u00adal prison camps. The 360 las\u00adcars from Bom\u00adbay and Cal\u00adcut\u00adta of the Hansa Line were accom\u00admo\u00addat\u00aded in small barges in the port or hous\u00ading shel\u00adters in the port neigh\u00adbour\u00adhood with\u00adin close prox\u00adim\u00adi\u00adty of the local urban population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Bre\u00admen State Archive, the file on the cap\u00adtured South Asian sea\u00admen is stored along\u00adside doc\u00adu\u00adments on for\u00adeign work\u00adforce, social secu\u00adri\u00adty, labour issues, the Jew\u00adish ques\u00adtion, air raid shel\u00adter and pris\u00adon\u00aders of war as part of the hold\u00ading Sen\u00ada\u00adtor f\u00fcr Inneres, All\u00adge\u00admeine Reg\u00adi\u00ads\u00adtratur in Bre\u00admen between 1919 \u2013 1956.[14]<\/a> The file itself, labelled Aus\u00adl\u00e4n\u00adder\u00adpolizeiliche Behand\u00adlung indis\u00adch\u00ader Staat\u00adsange\u00adh\u00f6riger 1939 \u2013 1940 (treat\u00adment of Indi\u00adan nation\u00adals by the for\u00adeign\u00aders police), con\u00adtains the cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence between the Nation\u00adal Social\u00adist police forces in Berlin and Bre\u00admen, the may\u00ador of Bre\u00admen and his sen\u00ada\u00adtor of the inte\u00adri\u00ador as well as its Ham\u00adburg equiv\u00ada\u00adlent, the Hauptvere\u00adini\u00adgung der deutschen Getrei\u00adde- und Fut\u00adter\u00admit\u00adtel\u00adwirtschaft (the Ger\u00adman grain and feed\u00adstuff main asso\u00adci\u00ada\u00adtion) and rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtives of the Hansa Line about the treat\u00adment of the cap\u00adtured Indi\u00adan las\u00adcars. As the camp for civ\u00adil pris\u00adon\u00aders in Sand\u00adbostel was not yet in oper\u00ada\u00adtion, the place\u00adment of the South Asian sea\u00admen was a com\u00adpli\u00adcat\u00aded and press\u00ading issue for the author\u00adi\u00adties. In a request to the Bre\u00admen police, the Hansa Line emphat\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly urges the for\u00admer to keep the las\u00adcars in Bre\u00admen and in the cus\u00adtody of the ship\u00adping line, as only from here they could ensure their prop\u00ader treat\u00adment includ\u00ading the prepa\u00adra\u00adtion of meals along their reli\u00adgious beliefs and region\u00adal back\u00adground and their safe\u00adguard\u00ading against cold weath\u00ader.[15]<\/a> Issues revolved around the import and clear\u00adance of rice and tea by the cus\u00adtoms and around find\u00ading an accept\u00adable and afford\u00adable loca\u00adtion for their accom\u00admo\u00adda\u00adtion. A gro\u00adcery list divid\u00ading the crew between peo\u00adple from Cal\u00adcut\u00adta and Bom\u00adbay sheds light into the respec\u00adtive dietary require\u00adments from the per\u00adspec\u00adtive of their employ\u00aders. A com\u00adpre\u00adhen\u00adsive enu\u00admer\u00ada\u00adtion of all las\u00adcars interned, stat\u00ading their names, pro\u00adfes\u00adsions, age and place of recruit\u00adment, allows insights into the social com\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adtion of the mar\u00aditime work\u00adforce. Even\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly, it was agreed to deport the Indi\u00adans to Eng\u00adland. The Ham\u00adburg and Bre\u00admen las\u00adcars were pooled and sent by train to be hand\u00aded over to the British vice con\u00adsul on Feb\u00adru\u00adary 14 of 1940 in Rot\u00adter\u00addam.[16]<\/a> As opposed to the mer\u00adchant cap\u00adtured on the S. S. Kem\u00admen\u00addine, the Bre\u00admen and Ham\u00adburg las\u00adcars had a (finan\u00adcial\u00adly) strong lob\u00adby nego\u00adti\u00adat\u00ading on their behalf. As a result, they were released from Ger\u00admany after a rel\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly short peri\u00adod of six months in cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty, where\u00adas the mer\u00adchants from Gibral\u00adtar stayed in camp through\u00adout the entire war despite their relent\u00adless efforts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Hansa Line las\u00adcars also appear in the Ham\u00adburg State Archive, how\u00adev\u00ader not in the hold\u00ading of a gov\u00adern\u00adment min\u00adistry but of a med\u00adical insti\u00adtu\u00adtion, the Hafe\u00adnarzt (har\u00adbour physi\u00adcian). The unique insti\u00adtu\u00adtion was cre\u00adat\u00aded in 1893 in reac\u00adtion to the severe cholera epi\u00addem\u00adic that struck Ham\u00adburg in 1892 with the objec\u00adtive of a per\u00adma\u00adnent san\u00adi\u00adtary con\u00adtrol of the ships, crews and pas\u00adsen\u00adgers enter\u00ading Ham\u00adburg port from over\u00adseas. Besides the hygien\u00adic super\u00advi\u00adsion of ves\u00adsels and water, fight\u00ading (trop\u00adi\u00adcal) dis\u00adeases in the har\u00adbour also fell under the scope of func\u00adtions of the Hafe\u00adnarzt. There\u00adfore, in 1939, the med\u00adical treat\u00adment of the Ham\u00adburg las\u00adcars<\/em>, lodged in nar\u00adrow barges owned by the Hansa Line anchored in the port fell under this institution\u2019s field of respon\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty. The doc\u00adtor in charge in 1939, Dr. Kuck\u00aden\u00adburg, saw ill las\u00adcars dur\u00ading his office hours and trans\u00adferred them to hos\u00adpi\u00adtals in Ham\u00adburg if their con\u00addi\u00adtion required it. More\u00adover, the barges were inspect\u00aded at least once by pub\u00adlic health author\u00adi\u00adties and were labelled absolute\u00adly inap\u00adpro\u00adpri\u00adate for hous\u00ading the South Asian sea\u00admen.[17]<\/a> Expect\u00ading the immi\u00adnent trans\u00adfer of the las\u00adcars to Bre\u00admen, the rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtive of the Hansa Line, Cap\u00adtain Oetk\u00ader, was not as ded\u00adi\u00adcat\u00aded to the lascar\u2019s well\u00adbe\u00ading as his coun\u00adter\u00adparts in Bre\u00admen, who had reject\u00aded the idea of accom\u00admo\u00addat\u00ading the las\u00adcars on ships on human\u00adi\u00adtar\u00adi\u00adan grounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where\u00adas the Bre\u00admen files reveal the posi\u00adtion of cap\u00adi\u00adtal in cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence with the state and police author\u00adi\u00adties, the Ham\u00adburg files look at the same group of peo\u00adple from the per\u00adspec\u00adtive of hygiene. Dri\u00adven by the fear of an epi\u00addem\u00adic in the port area, the Ham\u00adburg health author\u00adi\u00adties and not the employ\u00aders pressed for bet\u00adter liv\u00ading con\u00addi\u00adtions for the cap\u00adtives. In Bre\u00admen, the employer\u2019s respon\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty to care for a loy\u00adal work\u00adforce was the dri\u00adving force behind the nego\u00adti\u00ada\u00adtion on the las\u00adcars\u2019 behalf. In com\u00adbi\u00adna\u00adtion with the mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal in the PAAA<\/span> and the pri\u00advate papers of Cap\u00adtain H.W. Jones, a sys\u00adtem\u00adat\u00adic analy\u00adsis of the liv\u00ading con\u00addi\u00adtions of South Asian sea\u00admen before the back\u00adground of dif\u00adfer\u00adent pro\u00adtect\u00ading bod\u00adies, be it their employ\u00aders, their supe\u00adri\u00adors, inspec\u00adtors of the health author\u00adi\u00adties or the Swiss Lega\u00adtion or the absence there\u00adof is possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

One of the main objec\u00adtives of the MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon is to draw atten\u00adtion to small\u00ader archives and pri\u00advate col\u00adlec\u00adtions housed in Ger\u00adman archives, which may offer new insights into the entan\u00adgled his\u00adto\u00adries as well as their accom\u00adpa\u00adny\u00ading entan\u00adgled archives out\u00adside the realm of the colo\u00adnial British archives. The numer\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly rather lim\u00adit\u00aded hold\u00adings on South Asian civ\u00adil pris\u00adon\u00aders in Ger\u00adman cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty spread out over mul\u00adti\u00adple archives may seem insignif\u00adi\u00adcant when stud\u00adied as iso\u00adlat\u00aded enti\u00adties. How\u00adev\u00ader, when analysed with regard to their inter\u00adre\u00adlat\u00aded nature, their rel\u00ade\u00advance for his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy becomes vis\u00adi\u00adble. As the hold\u00adings com\u00adple\u00adment and cor\u00adrob\u00ado\u00adrate each oth\u00ader, only the restruc\u00adtur\u00ading of the archival order along the\u00admat\u00adic lines reveals pos\u00adsi\u00adble research avenues. With archives as diverse as the PAAA<\/span>, the Ham\u00adburg and Bre\u00admen State Archive and the Impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal War Muse\u00adum in Lon\u00addon, and hold\u00adings rang\u00ading from pri\u00advate papers to the doc\u00adu\u00adments of the har\u00adbour physi\u00adcian, there unfolds an inter\u00adsect\u00aded puz\u00adzle of sources yet to be sys\u00adtem\u00adat\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly engaged with.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New research per\u00adspec\u00adtives, as I have out\u00adlined in this essay, include the human\u00adi\u00adtar\u00adi\u00adan and social con\u00addi\u00adtions of the camps as well as the every-day life of South Asian pris\u00adon\u00aders. More\u00adover, the influ\u00adence of inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal diplo\u00adma\u00adcy and lob\u00adby\u00ading on these con\u00addi\u00adtions as well as on the internees\u2019 chances of lib\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion and repa\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adtion can be scru\u00adti\u00adnized through these sources. Whether it was for per\u00adson\u00adal sym\u00adpa\u00adthy and gen\u00ader\u00adal human\u00adi\u00adtar\u00adi\u00adan con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtions, in the inter\u00adest of cap\u00adi\u00adtal or for the fear of a health cri\u00adsis, out\u00adside inter\u00adven\u00adtion on the pris\u00adon\u00aders\u2019 behalf sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant\u00adly improved their over\u00adall sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion. How\u00adev\u00ader, no mat\u00adter how strong the lob\u00adby, their expe\u00adri\u00adence in camp was gen\u00ader\u00adal\u00adly unpleas\u00adant, if not trau\u00adma\u00adtiz\u00ading, and some\u00adtimes even dead\u00adly, as the mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal has also shown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anoth\u00ader pos\u00adsi\u00adble tra\u00adjec\u00adto\u00adry for his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy is a com\u00adpar\u00ada\u00adtive study of the camps for South Asian civ\u00adil pris\u00adon\u00aders dur\u00ading World War I, on which there already exists a fair\u00adly sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant body of pri\u00adma\u00adry and sec\u00adondary sources, and their coun\u00adter\u00adparts in World War II<\/span>. Pos\u00adsi\u00adble van\u00adtage points are the imple\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion of Ger\u00adman pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda among the South Asians, the con\u00addi\u00adtions of their inter\u00adment, modes of resis\u00adtance to the camp regime as well as their own per\u00adspec\u00adtive on the war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These sug\u00adges\u00adtions are by no means exhaus\u00adtive and can eas\u00adi\u00adly be expand\u00aded to oth\u00ader fields of research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
[1]<\/a><\/td>PAAA_R40967<\/span>, p. 51.<\/td><\/tr>
[2]<\/a><\/td>PAAA_R40967<\/span>, p. 40.<\/td><\/tr>
[3]<\/a><\/td>PAAA_R40967<\/span>, p. 59.<\/td><\/tr>
[4]<\/a><\/td>PAAA_R40967<\/span>, p. 81<\/td><\/tr>
[5]<\/a><\/td>StaHH, 352\u20137 I Hafe\u00adnarzt I, Nr. 42 , Abschrift aus dem Bericht des Gesund\u00adhtsb. Maak vom 23. Sept.<\/td><\/tr>
[6]<\/a><\/td>StaB, 13\/1\u2011P.1.f.Nr. 35 (2981) Aus\u00adl\u00e4n\u00adder\u00adpolizeiliche Behand\u00adlung indis\u00adch\u00ader Staat\u00adsange\u00adh\u00f6riger 1939\u20131940, p. 16.<\/td><\/tr>
[7]<\/a><\/td>StaB, 13\/1\u2011P.1.f.Nr. 35, p. 36.<\/td><\/tr>
[8]<\/a><\/td>StaHH, 352\u20137 I Hafe\u00adnarzt I, Nr. 42, Hand\u00adschriftliche Notiz.<\/td><\/tr>
[9]<\/a><\/td>StaB, 13\/1\u2011P.1.f.Nr. 35, p. 33.<\/td><\/tr>
[10]<\/a><\/td>\n

See also the entry by Van\u00addana Joshi which deals with the sources on Indi\u00adan civil\u00adians and sol\u00addiers housed in ITS<\/span> archive in Bad Arolsen<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

[11]<\/a><\/td>\n

14\/10\/1\/1; 14\/10\/1\/2, Pri\u00advate Papers of Cap\u00adtain H. W. Jones.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

[12]<\/a><\/td>\n

14\/10\/1\/2; Pri\u00advate Papers of Cap\u00adtain H. W. Jones.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

[13]<\/a><\/td>\n

14\/10\/2, Pri\u00advate Papers of Cap\u00adtain H. W. Jones.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

[14]<\/a><\/td>\n

StaB, 4,13\/1 \u2014 Sen\u00ada\u00adtor f\u00fcr Inneres, All\u00adge\u00admeine Reg\u00adi\u00ads\u00adtratur (1940\u20131956).<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

[15]<\/a><\/td>\n

StaB, 13\/1\u2011P.1.f.Nr. 35, p. 8\u20139.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

[16]<\/a><\/td>\n

StaB, 13\/1\u2011P.1.f.Nr. 35, p. 33\u201334.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

[17]<\/a><\/td>\n

StaHH, 352\u20137 I Hafe\u00adnarzt I, Nr. 42, Abschrift aus dem Bericht des Gesund\u00adhtsb. Maak vom 23. Sept. 1939.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Unpublished Sources (holdings)<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Staat\u00adsarchiv Ham\u00adburg, 352\u20137 I Hafe\u00adnarzt I<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Staat\u00adsarchiv Bre\u00admen, 4,13\/1 \u2014 Sen\u00ada\u00adtor f\u00fcr Inneres, All\u00adge\u00admeine Reg\u00adi\u00ads\u00adtratur (1940\u20131956)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal War Muse\u00adum, Lon\u00addon, Pri\u00advate Papers of Cap\u00adtain H. W. Jones<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poli\u00adtis\u00adches Archiv des Ausw\u00e4r\u00adti\u00adgen Amts, Bestand Recht\u00adsan\u00adgele\u00adgen\u00adheit\u00aden, Kriegsrecht \/ V\u00f6lkerrecht<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Published Sources and Secondary Literature<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ehres\u00admann, <\/strong>Andreas, Das Sta\u00adlag X B Sand\u00adbostel. Geschichte und Nachgeschichte eines Kriegs\u00adge\u00adfan\u00adgenen\u00adlagers<\/em>. M\u00fcnchen\/Hamburg: D\u00f6lling und Galitz Ver\u00adlag, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hill, Cap\u00adtain A., Some expe\u00adri\u00adences of SS<\/span> Man\u00adda\u00adsor and her Crew dur\u00ading World War<\/em>. Edin\u00adburgh, 1947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lane, Tony, The Mer\u00adchant Seamen\u2019s War<\/em>, Liv\u00ader\u00adpool: The Blue\u00adcoat Press, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liebau, Heike, \u201cA voice record\u00ading, a por\u00adtrait pho\u00adto and three draw\u00adings: trac\u00ading the life of a colo\u00adnial sol\u00addier\u201d.  In ZMO<\/span> Work\u00ading Papers<\/em> (20\/2018), pp. 1\u201314.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gabe, Thomas, Milag: cap\u00adtives of the Kriegs\u00adma\u00adrine. Mer\u00adchant Navy pris\u00adon\u00aders of war<\/em>. Pon\u00adtar\u00addawe, Swansea: Milag Pris\u00adon\u00ader of War Asso\u00adci\u00ada\u00adtion, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roy, Franziska, \u201cIndi\u00adan Sea\u00admen in World War I Prison Camps in Ger\u00admany\u201d. In Su\u0308dasien-Chronik \u2014 South Asia Chron\u00adi\u00adcle<\/em> (5\/2015) pp. 63\u201391.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roy, <\/strong>Franziska, Heike Liebau and Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds.), When the war began we heard of sev\u00ader\u00adal kings. South Asian pris\u00adon\u00aders in World War I Ger\u00admany<\/em>.  New Del\u00adhi: Social Sci\u00adence Press, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sven\u00adja von Jan, CeMIS<\/em>, Georg-August-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1399,"template":"","categories":[54],"tags":[90,84,80,95,94,89],"class_list":["post-1393","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon","tag-kriegsgefangenschaft","tag-political-history","tag-politische-geschichte","tag-prisoners-of-war","tag-south-asian-soldiers","tag-suedasiatische-soldaten"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCivilian prisoners of South Asia in Germany during World War II in German archives - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Svenja von Jan on South Asian civilian prisoners of War detained in Germany during World War II and their presence in German archives.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/civilian-prisoners-of-south-asia-in-germany-during-world-war-ii-in-german-archives\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Civilian prisoners of South Asia in Germany during World War II in German archives - MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Svenja von Jan on South Asian civilian prisoners of War detained in Germany during World War II and their presence in German archives.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/civilian-prisoners-of-south-asia-in-germany-during-world-war-ii-in-german-archives\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-12-08T15:15:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/K640_SvJan.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"635\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"480\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"21 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/civilian-prisoners-of-south-asia-in-germany-during-world-war-ii-in-german-archives\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/civilian-prisoners-of-south-asia-in-germany-during-world-war-ii-in-german-archives\\\/\",\"name\":\"Civilian prisoners of South Asia in Germany during World War II in German archives - MIDA\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/civilian-prisoners-of-south-asia-in-germany-during-world-war-ii-in-german-archives\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/civilian-prisoners-of-south-asia-in-germany-during-world-war-ii-in-german-archives\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/05\\\/K640_SvJan.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-05-03T14:47:14+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-12-08T15:15:34+00:00\",\"description\":\"Svenja von Jan on South Asian civilian prisoners of War detained in Germany during World War II and their presence in German archives.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/civilian-prisoners-of-south-asia-in-germany-during-world-war-ii-in-german-archives\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/civilian-prisoners-of-south-asia-in-germany-during-world-war-ii-in-german-archives\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/civilian-prisoners-of-south-asia-in-germany-during-world-war-ii-in-german-archives\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/05\\\/K640_SvJan.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/05\\\/K640_SvJan.jpg\",\"width\":635,\"height\":480,\"caption\":\"Gabe Thomas, Milag: captives of the Kriegsmarine. 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