{"id":1420,"date":"2019-05-06T12:38:12","date_gmt":"2019-05-06T10:38:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=1420"},"modified":"2022-12-08T16:14:34","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T15:14:34","slug":"indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras\/","title":{"rendered":"Indo-German Entanglements in Science and Technology: The Indian Institute of Technology Madras"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By Roland Wit\u00adtje
<\/strong>Pub\u00adlished in 2019<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132022-00037<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image: Wal\u00adter Scheel (2nd from right), Min\u00adis\u00adter for Eco\u00adnom\u00adic Coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion and Devel\u00adop\u00adment of the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Repub\u00adlic of Ger\u00admany, vis\u00adit\u00ading IIT<\/span> Madras in 1963. Sec\u00adond from left is Pro\u00adfes\u00adsor B. Sen\u00adgup\u00adto, the first Direc\u00adtor of IIT<\/span> Madras (Pho\u00adto: Her\u00aditage Cen\u00adtre, IIT<\/span> Madras)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Table of Con\u00adtents
<\/strong>Intro\u00adduc\u00adtion<\/a>  |  The entan\u00adgled his\u00adto\u00adries of IIT<\/span> Madras<\/a> |  Archival mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal on the his\u00adto\u00adry of IIT<\/span> Madras in India<\/a> |  IIT<\/span> Madras in Ger\u00adman archives<\/a> |  Con\u00adclud\u00ading remarks: Writ\u00ading Indo-Ger\u00adman his\u00adto\u00adry from Ger\u00adman archives<\/a> | Archives<\/a> |  Bib\u00adli\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In my cur\u00adrent research project, I explore Indo-Ger\u00adman sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic and tech\u00adni\u00adcal col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion dur\u00ading the Cold War through archival mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal on the his\u00adto\u00adry of the Indi\u00adan Insti\u00adtute of Tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy (IIT<\/span>) Madras, avail\u00adable in India as well as in Ger\u00adman archives. IIT<\/span> Madras was found\u00aded and set up between 1956 and 1974 with the assis\u00adtance of the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Repub\u00adlic of Ger\u00admany in the con\u00adtext of an evolv\u00ading devel\u00adop\u00adment dis\u00adcourse. By the 1970s, IIT<\/span> Madras had devel\u00adoped into \u201cone of the Pre\u00admier Insti\u00adtu\u00adtions of its kind and the largest and most advanced tech\u00adni\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion project under\u00adtak\u00aden by the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Repub\u00adlic of Ger\u00admany out\u00adside Ger\u00admany\u201d (Fifth Indo-Ger\u00adman Agree\u00adment, 1979). Between 20 and 40 Ger\u00adman experts worked at any giv\u00aden time between 1959 and 1974 to set up lab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adto\u00adries and engi\u00adneer\u00ading cur\u00adric\u00adu\u00adla and estab\u00adlish a cor\u00adre\u00adspond\u00ading research agen\u00adda, while a first gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion of Indi\u00adan fac\u00adul\u00adty in return received their train\u00ading in Ger\u00admany through a schol\u00adar\u00adship pro\u00adgramme. Ger\u00adman ideas and prac\u00adtices of engi\u00adneer\u00ading edu\u00adca\u00adtion and research are man\u00adi\u00adfest\u00aded and mate\u00adri\u00adal\u00adized in lab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adto\u00adry setups and large amounts of Ger\u00adman sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What were the motives, aspi\u00adra\u00adtions and expe\u00adri\u00adences of the Indi\u00adan and Ger\u00adman actors involved? Rich archival mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal in both coun\u00adtries facil\u00adi\u00adtates an entan\u00adgled his\u00adto\u00adry, bring\u00ading togeth\u00ader both Indi\u00adan and Ger\u00adman per\u00adspec\u00adtives and nar\u00adra\u00adtives. The sta\u00adtus and acces\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty to archival sources is rather asym\u00admet\u00adric. IIT<\/span> Madras has only recent\u00adly tak\u00aden first steps to estab\u00adlish its insti\u00adtu\u00adtion\u00adal archive. A sur\u00advey of poten\u00adtial archival doc\u00adu\u00adments at IIT<\/span> Madras has yield\u00aded large amounts of mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal but also the urgent need for con\u00adser\u00adva\u00adtion and preser\u00adva\u00adtion. The ear\u00adli\u00adest doc\u00adu\u00adments on the plan\u00adning of the insti\u00adtu\u00adtion in 1956 are found in the Polit\u00adi\u00adcal Archive of the Fed\u00ader\u00adal For\u00adeign Office (Poli\u00adtis\u00adches Archiv des Ausw\u00e4r\u00adti\u00adgen Amts) in Berlin. The Ger\u00adman Fed\u00ader\u00adal Archives (Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv) in Koblenz hold an archive repos\u00adi\u00adto\u00adry on IIT<\/span> Madras by the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Min\u00adistry for Eco\u00adnom\u00adic Coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion and Devel\u00adop\u00adment (Bun\u00addesmin\u00adis\u00adteri\u00adum fu\u0308r wirtschaftliche Zusam\u00adme\u00adnar\u00adbeit und Entwick\u00adlung). Oth\u00ader key archives for the his\u00adto\u00adry of IIT<\/span> Madras include the archives of the tech\u00adni\u00adcal uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adties of Aachen, Berlin, Braun\u00adschweig, and Stuttgart, which were men\u00adtor insti\u00adtu\u00adtions in set\u00adting up IIT<\/span> Madras. Oral his\u00adto\u00adry inter\u00adviews with for\u00admer Indi\u00adan and Ger\u00adman fac\u00adul\u00adty and offi\u00adcials and a large pho\u00adto col\u00adlec\u00adtion at the IIT<\/span> Madras Her\u00aditage Cen\u00adtre com\u00adple\u00adment the archival material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>The entangled histories of IIT<\/span> Madras<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

How did the Ger\u00adman pro\u00adfes\u00adsors think Indi\u00adan engi\u00adneers should be trained giv\u00aden their own back\u00adground from the Ger\u00adman sys\u00adtem of tech\u00adni\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion? How did Ger\u00adman con\u00adcep\u00adtions cor\u00adre\u00adspond to the view\u00adpoints and expec\u00adta\u00adtions of their Indi\u00adan coun\u00adter\u00adparts? How did Indi\u00adan stu\u00addents, fac\u00adul\u00adty and oth\u00aders expe\u00adri\u00adence the first decades of Indo-Ger\u00adman col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion? Which kinds of dif\u00adfer\u00adences but also con\u00adver\u00adgences in aspi\u00adra\u00adtions can be traced on both the Indi\u00adan and Ger\u00adman sides? How did ideas and prac\u00adtices of engi\u00adneer\u00ading edu\u00adca\u00adtion and research unfold and trans\u00adform in the Indi\u00adan, or we might rather say in the Madras envi\u00adron\u00adment? It comes as lit\u00adtle sur\u00adprise for a foun\u00adda\u00adtion with Ger\u00adman involve\u00adment that Mechan\u00adi\u00adcal Engi\u00adneer\u00ading was, and still is, the largest fac\u00adul\u00adty at IIT<\/span> Madras. A \u2018sand\u00adwich sys\u00adtem\u2019, where first year stu\u00addents spent every alter\u00adnate week in the work\u00adshop has, how\u00adev\u00ader, been aban\u00addoned. While Indi\u00adan IIT-grad\u00adu\u00adates have become a suc\u00adcess\u00adful brand with\u00adin the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal cor\u00adpo\u00adrate world, the cur\u00adricu\u00adlum has grad\u00adu\u00adal\u00adly moved away from a focus on the lab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adto\u00adry and work\u00adshop, and towards com\u00adpu\u00adta\u00adtion and theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In my project, I trace the first gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion of Ger\u00adman experts, lab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adto\u00adry equip\u00adment and prac\u00adtices at IIT<\/span> Madras and place them with\u00adin con\u00adcepts and tra\u00addi\u00adtions of sci\u00adence and engi\u00adneer\u00ading edu\u00adca\u00adtion and research. This his\u00adto\u00adry is embed\u00added in a larg\u00ader con\u00adtext of Indo-Ger\u00adman polit\u00adi\u00adcal, eco\u00adnom\u00adic, sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic and indus\u00adtri\u00adal rela\u00adtion\u00adships, and Ger\u00adman involve\u00adment in tech\u00adni\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion and aid. The his\u00adto\u00adry of the Indi\u00adan Insti\u00adtutes of Tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy has so far been under\u00adstood as the import of a Mass\u00ada\u00adchu\u00adsetts Insti\u00adtute of Tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy (MIT<\/span>)-type insti\u00adtu\u00adtion into post-inde\u00adpen\u00addence Nehru\u00advian India that facil\u00adi\u00adtat\u00aded out\u00adsourc\u00ading and the rise of the Indi\u00adan IT<\/span> indus\u00adtry (Bas\u00adsett 2009 and 2016, Shar\u00adma 2016, Leslie and Kar\u00adgon 1996 and 2006, and Sela\u00adby 1972). After decol\u00ado\u00adniza\u00adtion, India was iden\u00adti\u00adfied with under\u00adde\u00advel\u00adop\u00adment. In the vision of Jawa\u00adhar\u00adlal <\/em>Nehru, the first Prime Min\u00adis\u00adter of India, sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic and tech\u00adni\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion was a pri\u00adma\u00adry engine to trans\u00adform India into a mod\u00adern and pros\u00adper\u00adous nation-state. The post-inde\u00adpen\u00addence Sarkar Com\u00admit\u00adtee Report became a blue\u00adprint for the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of the Indi\u00adan IITs. The report iden\u00adti\u00adfied specif\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly the need for a num\u00adber of \u201cMIT-type Insti\u00adtu\u00adtions\u201d to devel\u00adop and mod\u00adern\u00adize sci\u00adence and engi\u00adneer\u00ading edu\u00adca\u00adtion in India (Sarkar Com\u00admit\u00adtee 1948).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The his\u00adto\u00adry of IIT<\/span> Madras, how\u00adev\u00ader, reveals a more com\u00adplex sto\u00adry. When it was inau\u00adgu\u00adrat\u00aded in 1959, IIT<\/span> Madras was the third IIT<\/span> after Kharag\u00adpur, found\u00aded inde\u00adpen\u00addent\u00adly in 1951, and IIT<\/span> Bom\u00adbay, found\u00aded with the assis\u00adtance of the Sovi\u00adet Union in 1958, just a year after the Sput\u00adnik shock. The IIT<\/span> Kan\u00adpur Indo-Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Pro\u00adgramme came into exis\u00adtence only in 1961 (Sela\u00adby 1972). Accept\u00ading assis\u00adtance from both, the Sovi\u00adet Union and the Unit\u00aded States was cen\u00adtral to Indi\u00adan non-align\u00adment pol\u00adi\u00adcy. The agree\u00adment that Ger\u00admany would assist in set\u00adting up one of the IITs was made at the meet\u00ading between Nehru and Kon\u00adrad Ade\u00adnauer in 1956, which was dom\u00adi\u00adnat\u00aded by dis\u00adcours\u00ades on t<\/em>he divi\u00adsion of Ger\u00admany and ten\u00adsions between east and west. After obtain\u00ading sov\u00ader\u00adeign\u00adty in 1955, the <\/em>Fed\u00ader\u00adal Repub\u00adlic of Ger\u00admany could explore its role as an inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal play\u00ader and an artic\u00adu\u00adlat\u00aded mem\u00adber of the West\u00adern Block while the Hall\u00adstein doc\u00adtrine expressed the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Repub\u00adlic\u2019s claim to be the only legit\u00adi\u00admate rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtive of a Ger\u00adman state. The gov\u00ader\u00adnance of set\u00adting up IIT<\/span> Madras, until 1961 direct\u00adly under the For\u00adeign Office, fol\u00adlowed polit\u00adi\u00adcal guide\u00adlines, to which edu\u00adca\u00adtion\u00adal and sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic aspects were sub\u00ador\u00addi\u00adnate. Seen from the West-Ger\u00adman per\u00adspec\u00adtive, set\u00adting up IIT<\/span> Madras was pur\u00adsu\u00ading cold war for\u00adeign pol\u00adi\u00adtics by oth\u00ader means.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indo-Ger\u00adman intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal and sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic exchanges date back to the 18th and 19th cen\u00adturies, when Ger\u00admans were employed by the East India Com\u00adpa\u00adny and the British Indi\u00adan State, and stud\u00adied Indi\u00adan cul\u00adture, lan\u00adguages and phi\u00adlos\u00ado\u00adphy (Man\u00adjapra 2013). Free\u00addom fight\u00aders saw in Ger\u00admany the ene\u00admy of the despised British Raj, and there\u00adfore a poten\u00adtial ally. They also had a high regard for the Hum\u00adboldt\u00adian uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty and Ger\u00adman tech\u00adni\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion. The Ger\u00adman Tech\u00adnis\u00adche Hochschule<\/em> served at the fin de si\u00e8\u00adcle<\/em> as a mod\u00adel for high\u00ader engi\u00adneer\u00ading edu\u00adca\u00adtion in North Amer\u00adi\u00adca as well as in large parts of East\u00adern Europe and Scan\u00addi\u00adnavia (Wit\u00adtje 2006).<\/em> I inves\u00adti\u00adgate how the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of IIT<\/span> Madras com\u00adpares to these ear\u00adli\u00ader adap\u00adta\u00adtions of a Tech\u00adnis\u00adche Hochschule mod\u00adel. While the Indo-Ger\u00adman rela\u00adtion\u00adship was re-cast in the post-WWII world order, where the US<\/span> claimed a lead in Third World mod\u00adern\u00adiza\u00adtion, the Wirtschaftswun\u00adder <\/em>brought Ger\u00admany back as an eco\u00adnom\u00adic player.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Com\u00adpa\u00adnies like Siemens, Bosch, Daim\u00adler Benz and AEG<\/span> estab\u00adlished joint ven\u00adtures and pro\u00adduc\u00adtion plants in India and required local engi\u00adneers and work\u00aders who were skilled to sat\u00adis\u00adfy the needs of the Ger\u00adman shop floor. It remains to be stud\u00adied how IIT<\/span> Madras fits into this pic\u00adture. IIT<\/span> Madras was the largest, but only one of the many Ger\u00adman projects on tech\u00adni\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion in India, which was main\u00adly aimed at voca\u00adtion\u00adal train\u00ading. Indo-Ger\u00adman col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion in tech\u00adni\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion was not sheer self\u00adless devel\u00adop\u00adment aid but intend\u00aded to meet the needs of Ger\u00adman com\u00adpa\u00adnies on the Indi\u00adan mar\u00adket (Preuss 2013, Lubin\u00ads\u00adki 2018, Tet\u00adzlaff 2018). Diverg\u00ading aspi\u00adra\u00adtions for IIT<\/span> Madras between the Indi\u00adan and the Ger\u00adman side became clear in the ini\u00adtial doc\u00adu\u00adments, where\u00adby the Ger\u00admans labelled the insti\u00adtute as a Tech\u00adnis\u00adche Lehranstalt<\/em>, an insti\u00adtu\u00adtion for prac\u00adti\u00adcal train\u00ading of hands-on engi\u00adneer\u00ading skills rather than an elite research uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty like MIT<\/span>. It also needs to be stud\u00adied how Indo-Ger\u00adman coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion in tech\u00adni\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion relates to sim\u00adi\u00adlar coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion in Asian, Latin Amer\u00adi\u00adcan and African coun\u00adtries where Ger\u00adman com\u00adpa\u00adnies had sim\u00adi\u00adlar interests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the aspects I study is how the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of IIT<\/span> Madras relat\u00aded to the social, eco\u00adnom\u00adic, and cul\u00adtur\u00adal tex\u00adture of South India in gen\u00ader\u00adal and Madras as a city, in par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar. How did sci\u00adence and engi\u00adneer\u00ading edu\u00adca\u00adtion pol\u00adi\u00adcy trans\u00adlate into prac\u00adtice local\u00adly? The Ger\u00adman experts laid a large empha\u00adsis on prac\u00adti\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion and lament\u00aded the lop\u00adsided the\u00ado\u00adret\u00adi\u00adcal ori\u00aden\u00adta\u00adtion of their Indi\u00adan col\u00adleagues. Did the Ger\u00adman experts make attempts to con\u00adnect prac\u00adtice in engi\u00adneer\u00ading edu\u00adca\u00adtion to the arguably skil\u00adful arts and craft com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adties of South India, or to devel\u00adop an under\u00adstand\u00ading for the low sta\u00adtus accord\u00aded to prac\u00adti\u00adcal knowl\u00adedge and man\u00adu\u00adal labour in Indi\u00adan social struc\u00adture and caste-based soci\u00adety? It seems that they repli\u00adcat\u00aded a Ger\u00adman craft work\u00adshop instead. Their Indi\u00adan col\u00adleagues agreed on the impor\u00adtance of prac\u00adtice, but only in the\u00ado\u00adry, as Sabine Preuss has put it (Preuss 2013, p. 96). Instead of becom\u00ading engines of social trans\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adtion, as envi\u00adsioned in the Nehru\u00advian project, IIT<\/span> Madras and the oth\u00ader IITs became engines of social repro\u00adduc\u00adtion, as point\u00aded out by Anjan\u00adtha Sub\u00adra\u00adman\u00adian (Sub\u00adra\u00adman\u00adian 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bound\u00adary between Ger\u00admans and Indi\u00adans seems to have been clear\u00adly drawn with the Ger\u00adman com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty of experts pri\u00admar\u00adi\u00adly stay\u00ading among them\u00adselves rather than social\u00adly min\u00adgling with their Indi\u00adan col\u00adleagues. Nei\u00adther the com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty of Ger\u00adman experts nor their Indi\u00adan coun\u00adter\u00adparts, how\u00adev\u00ader, can be under\u00adstood as homo\u00adge\u00adneous groups. Both were com\u00adposed of indi\u00advid\u00adu\u00adals and sub\u00adgroups with diverg\u00ading, if not oppos\u00ading his\u00adto\u00adries, opin\u00adions and inter\u00adests. Among the Ger\u00adman group, ten\u00adsions seem to have been strongest between pro\u00adfes\u00adsors and tech\u00adni\u00adcians, and between experts on the ground in Chen\u00adnai and the admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtors in Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Archival material on the history of IIT<\/span> Madras in India<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Impor\u00adtant source mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal on the his\u00adto\u00adry of IIT<\/span> Madras in India are found at the IIT<\/span> Madras Her\u00aditage Cen\u00adtre and among the admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtive doc\u00adu\u00adments of IIT<\/span> Madras, for which the insti\u00adtute is cur\u00adrent\u00adly set\u00adting up an archive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The IIT<\/span> Madras Heritage Centre<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The IIT<\/span> Madras Her\u00aditage Cen\u00adtre was found\u00aded in 2006 by retired IIT<\/span> Madras Pro\u00adfes\u00adsor Ajit Kumar Kolar. It is locat\u00aded on the ground floor of the Admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion Build\u00ading of IIT<\/span> Madras and hous\u00ades a per\u00adma\u00adnent exhi\u00adbi\u00adtion on the his\u00adto\u00adry of the institution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/heritage.iitm.ac.in\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Her\u00aditage Cen\u00adtre is not an archive but has built up three impor\u00adtant online col\u00adlec\u00adtions relat\u00aded to the his\u00adto\u00adry of IIT<\/span> Madras: the col\u00adlec\u00adtion of his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal pho\u00adtographs, annu\u00adal reports and stu\u00addent pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions, and oral his\u00adto\u00adry interviews.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/heritage.iitm.ac.in\/#collection<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The col\u00adlec\u00adtion of pho\u00adtographs con\u00adtains about 15,000 pho\u00adtographs of con\u00advo\u00adca\u00adtions, lab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adto\u00adries and work\u00adshops, offi\u00adcial vis\u00adits of Indi\u00adan and Ger\u00adman sci\u00aden\u00adtists and politi\u00adcians, as well as pho\u00adtographs of ani\u00admals and plants on cam\u00adpus. The meta\u00adda\u00adta for the pho\u00adtographs is often missing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The col\u00adlec\u00adtion of annu\u00adal reports and stu\u00addent pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions con\u00adtains about 150 documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Her\u00aditage Cen\u00adtre has so far con\u00adduct\u00aded 57 oral his\u00adto\u00adry video inter\u00adviews with for\u00admer fac\u00adul\u00adty and alum\u00adni, of which 43 are avail\u00adable on the website.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Setting up the historical archive of IIT<\/span> Madras<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

IIT<\/span> Madras has start\u00aded the process of set\u00adting up its archive. Dur\u00ading a sur\u00advey on poten\u00adtial archival hold\u00adings con\u00adduct\u00aded in 2017 by Kumaran Satha\u00adsi\u00advam, Senior Exec\u00adu\u00adtive at the Her\u00aditage Cen\u00adtre and myself, we found large amounts of mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal which should be pre\u00adserved and made acces\u00adsi\u00adble for his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal research and the wider pub\u00adlic. We envi\u00adsion the archive at IIT<\/span> Madras not just as an admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtive unit but as a vibrant hub that facil\u00adi\u00adtates engage\u00adment with fac\u00adul\u00adty and stu\u00addents from a vari\u00adety of aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic fields in research and teach\u00ading projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To set up the archive, a plan\u00adning com\u00admit\u00adtee has been formed with myself as its chair and fac\u00adul\u00adty advi\u00adsor. An archive project team will plan the phys\u00adi\u00adcal archive and draft its gov\u00adern\u00ading doc\u00adu\u00adments over the course of three years. The archive project will be inau\u00adgu\u00adrat\u00aded as part of the 60th anniver\u00adsary cel\u00ade\u00adbra\u00adtions of IIT<\/span> Madras in 2019. The his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal archive as a per\u00adma\u00adnent set\u00adup, includ\u00ading stor\u00adage facil\u00adi\u00adties and a read\u00ading room, is sched\u00aduled to open to the pub\u00adlic by 2022. In addi\u00adtion to the records of the cen\u00adtral admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion and the aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic depart\u00adments and cen\u00adtres, the IIT<\/span> Madras His\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal Archive will col\u00adlect per\u00adson\u00adal papers of pro\u00adfes\u00adsors and oth\u00ader key actors at IIT<\/span> Madras. This will be done in col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion with the oral his\u00adto\u00adry inter\u00adviews that have already been con\u00adduct\u00aded by the IIT<\/span> Madras Her\u00aditage Centre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>IIT<\/span> Madras in German archives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In com\u00adpar\u00adi\u00adson to Indi\u00adan archives or col\u00adlec\u00adtions, large archive hold\u00adings on the his\u00adto\u00adry of IIT<\/span> Madras can be found in the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Archives of the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Repub\u00adlic of Ger\u00admany, as well as in the archive of the Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Berlin. These rel\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly large, sys\u00adtem\u00ada\u00adtised hold\u00adings in the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Archives reflect the polit\u00adi\u00adcal impor\u00adtance that was accord\u00aded to the project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office in Berlin<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Polit\u00adi\u00adcal Archive of the Fed\u00ader\u00adal For\u00adeign Office in Berlin holds the old\u00adest doc\u00adu\u00adments on the Indio-Ger\u00adman col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion to set up IIT<\/span> Madras since the project was orga\u00adnized ini\u00adtial\u00adly direct\u00adly under the For\u00adeign Office. The doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion starts with the ini\u00adtial offer made by the gov\u00adern\u00adment of the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Repub\u00adlic of Ger\u00admany to the Indi\u00adan Gov\u00adern\u00adment to sup\u00adport an Indi\u00adan Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Insti\u00adtute at a meet\u00ading between Nehru and Ade\u00adnauer in 1956 and the sub\u00adse\u00adquent India vis\u00adit of the Ruck\u00ader mis\u00adsion to start the plan\u00adning. The files of the Ger\u00adman Con\u00adsulate in Madras (AV<\/span> Neues Amt \u2013 Gen\u00ader\u00adalkon\u00adsulat Chen\u00adnai) are specif\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly illu\u00admi\u00adnat\u00ading since the Con\u00adsulate was cen\u00adtral to the local coor\u00addi\u00adna\u00adtion. The fold\u00aders, which are organ\u00adised both chrono\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly and the\u00admat\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly, con\u00adtain meet\u00ading pro\u00adto\u00adcols, reports, cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence and news\u00adpa\u00adper clip\u00adpings. They include doc\u00adu\u00adments relat\u00aded to the open\u00ading of the insti\u00adtute and the arrival of Ger\u00adman fac\u00adul\u00adty and staff, which was attend\u00aded by the consulate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The archives of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development in Koblenz<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In 1961, the Min\u00adistry for Eco\u00adnom\u00adic Coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion and Devel\u00adop\u00adment (Bun\u00addesmin\u00adis\u00adteri\u00adums fu\u0308r wirtschaftliche Zusam\u00adme\u00adnar\u00adbeit und Entwick\u00adlung) took over the plan\u00adning and admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion of the Ger\u00adman engage\u00adment at IIT<\/span> Madras. The project ran into a cri\u00adsis after the First Indo-Ger\u00adman Agree\u00adment expired in 1964. A new agree\u00adment was only signed in 1966 after the coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion was re-orga\u00adnized and the Madras-Com\u00admit\u00adtee (Madras-Auss\u00adchuss), con\u00adsist\u00ading of rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtives of the min\u00adistry and men\u00adtor uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adties (the tech\u00adni\u00adcal uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adties of Aachen, Berlin, Braun\u00adschweig and Stuttgart) took over plan\u00adning and administration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The hold\u00adings of the Min\u00adistry for Eco\u00adnom\u00adic Coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion and Devel\u00adop\u00adment con\u00adtain large amounts of mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal from the Madras-Com\u00admit\u00adtee and oth\u00ader mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal relat\u00aded to the plan\u00adning and admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion of the col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion from the mid 1960s onwards, includ\u00ading fold\u00aders on the indi\u00advid\u00adual lab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adto\u00adries to be set up, cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence with Ger\u00adman fac\u00adul\u00adty and staff, reports from Ger\u00adman fac\u00adul\u00adty and vis\u00adi\u00adtors in Madras, and min\u00adutes of the meet\u00adings of the Madras-Com\u00admit\u00adtee. The doc\u00adu\u00adments include a series of drafts of the Indo-Ger\u00adman gov\u00adern\u00adment agree\u00adments and a detailed report of the sta\u00adtus of IIT<\/span> Madras as well as the gen\u00ader\u00adal sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion of sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic and tech\u00adni\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion in India, draft\u00aded in 1967.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The archive of the Technical University of Berlin<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

As the Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Berlin was one of the men\u00adtor insti\u00adtu\u00adtions for IIT<\/span> Madras, its archive has com\u00adpar\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly large hold\u00adings on the coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion, start\u00ading from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s, when the set-up phase had been com\u00adplet\u00aded and the coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion had been trans\u00adformed into a part\u00adner\u00adship. The hold\u00adings con\u00adtain min\u00adutes of the meet\u00adings of the Madras-Com\u00admit\u00adtee, reports from Ger\u00adman fac\u00adul\u00adty vis\u00adit\u00ading IIT<\/span> Madras, doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion of col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtive projects, and brochures and reports sent by IIT<\/span> Madras. A sec\u00adtion of the mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal con\u00adcerns acqui\u00adsi\u00adtions for the IIT<\/span> Madras library, for which the library of the Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty was a mentor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The archive of the Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Berlin is so far the only uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty archive of any of the men\u00adtor uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adties, where larg\u00ader archival hold\u00adings on the coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion with IIT<\/span> Madras could be locat\u00aded. The uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty archive of the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Braun\u00adschweig has some mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal on Pro\u00adfes\u00adsor Robert Kraus, the first Ger\u00adman coor\u00addi\u00adna\u00adtor for IIT<\/span> Madras between 1959 and 1964, before the Madras-Com\u00admit\u00adtee was set up. The uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty archive of the RWTH<\/span> Aachen has some mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal on Hans A. Have\u00admann, Pro\u00adfes\u00adsor of Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion, who was cen\u00adtral to the reor\u00adga\u00adni\u00adza\u00adtion of the col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion in the mid-1960s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Concluding remarks: Writing Indo-German history from German archives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The rich archival hold\u00adings on the Indo-Ger\u00adman col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion to set up IIT<\/span> Madras in Ger\u00adman archives, togeth\u00ader with the equal\u00adly rich mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal in India, allow us to write entan\u00adgled his\u00adto\u00adries far beyond the insti\u00adtu\u00adtion\u00adal per\u00adspec\u00adtive. They help us to extend our per\u00adspec\u00adtives on the his\u00adto\u00adry of sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic and tech\u00adni\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion in India and the for\u00adma\u00adtion of the Indi\u00adan engi\u00adneer beyond the exist\u00ading nar\u00adra\u00adtives of the British colo\u00adnial engi\u00adneer, MIT<\/span>, and Sil\u00adi\u00adcon Val\u00adley (Ram\u00adnath 2017, Bas\u00adsett 2009 and 2016, Shar\u00adma 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The doc\u00adu\u00adments at IIT<\/span> Madras and the inter\u00adviews of the Her\u00aditage Cen\u00adtre pro\u00advide for a his\u00adto\u00adry of IIT<\/span> Madras from the per\u00adspec\u00adtive of Indi\u00adan actors while the files in the Ger\u00adman archives facil\u00adi\u00adtate a dis\u00adtinc\u00adtive view. Despite the rich\u00adness and avail\u00adabil\u00adi\u00adty of sources in Ger\u00adman archives, and the cir\u00adcum\u00adstance that set\u00adting up IIT<\/span> Madras has been the largest and most advanced tech\u00adni\u00adcal edu\u00adca\u00adtion project under\u00adtak\u00aden by the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Repub\u00adlic of Ger\u00admany out\u00adside of Ger\u00admany, its his\u00adto\u00adry has so far not attract\u00aded any atten\u00adtion among Ger\u00adman his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adans, not to men\u00adtion his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adans of sci\u00adence and tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy. The transna\u00adtion\u00adal biogra\u00adphies of sci\u00aden\u00adtists and engi\u00adneers like Robert Krauss and Hans A. Have\u00admann, who taught and worked in Britain, Chi\u00adna, Ger\u00admany, India, and the Unit\u00aded States, and the glob\u00adal ambi\u00adtions of insti\u00adtu\u00adtions like the Insti\u00adtute for Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion in Aachen, build\u00ading part\u00adner\u00adships from Tokyo to Ten\u00adnessee, and from Madras to Val\u00adparaiso, have so far left lit\u00adtle, if any, traces in his\u00adto\u00adry writ\u00ading. Such entan\u00adgled his\u00adto\u00adries would be cru\u00adcial to facil\u00adi\u00adtate a more glob\u00adal under\u00adstand\u00ading of the dynam\u00adics of 20th<\/sup> cen\u00adtu\u00adry sci\u00adence and tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy beyond the India-Ger\u00admany binary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Final\u00adly, a plea for archives in India. A com\u00admon pat\u00adtern I observe is his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adans of sci\u00adence and tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy of and in India either walk\u00ading on the beat\u00aden track of (post)colonial archives in the UK<\/span> and oth\u00ader coun\u00adtries, or becom\u00ading them\u00adselves archivists in India \u2013 a third solu\u00adtion is, of course, not to look at archival mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal at all. We should not sub\u00adsti\u00adtute writ\u00ading colo\u00adnial his\u00adto\u00adries of sci\u00adence and tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy from the British Library with writ\u00ading post\u00adcolo\u00adnial his\u00adto\u00adries of India from Ger\u00adman archives. The more I read about IIT<\/span> Madras in Ger\u00adman archives, the more it becomes a Ger\u00adman sto\u00adry, the less it remains Indi\u00adan. While the his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adan obvi\u00adous\u00adly rejoic\u00ades to find such rich archival sources on the his\u00adto\u00adry of IIT<\/span> Madras in Ger\u00admany, tru\u00adly entan\u00adgled his\u00adto\u00adries need more per\u00adspec\u00adtives and voic\u00ades, specif\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly those from Indi\u00adan archives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Archives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv Koblenz
<\/u>Bestand 213 \u2013 Bun\u00addesmin\u00adis\u00adteri\u00adum fu\u0308r wirtschaftliche Zusam\u00adme\u00adnar\u00adbeit und Entwicklung<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her\u00aditage Cen\u00adtre IIT<\/span> Madras
<\/u>Pho\u00adto\u00adgraph Col\u00adlec\u00adtion
http:\/\/heritage.iitm.ac.in\/listing\/categories\/Photograph?select=Collection<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Col\u00adlec\u00adtion of Insti\u00adtute Pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions
http:\/\/heritage.iitm.ac.in\/listing\/Categories\/Publication?select=Publication<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oral His\u00adto\u00adry Archives
http:\/\/heritage.iitm.ac.in\/listing\/artefacts\/Multimedia%20File?Category=Oral+History+Archives<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poli\u00adtis\u00adches Archiv des<\/u> Ausw\u00e4r\u00adti\u00adgen Amts Berlin
<\/u>AV<\/span> Neues Amt \u2013 Best\u00e4nde des Gen\u00ader\u00adalkon\u00adsulats der Bun\u00addesre\u00adpub\u00adlik Deutsch\u00adland in Madras (Chen\u00adnai)
Best\u00e4nde Zwis\u00adchenar\u00adchiv \u2013 Tech\u00adnis\u00adche Hil\u00adfe f\u00fcr Indi\u00aden
Best\u00e4nde Zwis\u00adchenar\u00adchiv \u2013 Indis\u00adche Tech\u00adnis\u00adche Hochschule Madras
Bestand B 58:35 \u2013 Tech\u00adnis\u00adche Lehranstalt<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t\u00adsarchiv der Tech\u00adnis\u00adchen Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t Berlin
<\/u>Bestand 111 Akademis\u00adches Auslandsamt<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bas\u00adsett, Ross, The Tech\u00adno\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal Indi\u00adan<\/em>. Cam\u00adbridge, Mass: Har\u00advard Univ. Press, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bas\u00adsett, Ross, \u201cAlign\u00ading India in the Cold War Era: Indi\u00adan Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Elites, the Indi\u00adan Insti\u00adtute of Tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy at Kan\u00adpur and Com\u00adput\u00ading in India and the Unit\u00aded States\u201d. Tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy and Cul\u00adture <\/em>50 (2009): pp. 783\u2013810.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deb, Sandi\u00adpan, The IITians: The Sto\u00adry of a Remark\u00adable Indi\u00adan Insti\u00adtu\u00adtion and How its Alum\u00adni are Reshap\u00ading the World<\/em>. New Del\u00adhi: Pen\u00adguin, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esderts, Peter, Tech\u00adnis\u00adche Hochschule Madras: Zwei Fall\u00adstu\u00addi\u00aden \u00fcber Ver\u00adlauf und Ergeb\u00adnisse eines Bil\u00addung\u00adspro\u00adjek\u00adtes im Rah\u00adman der Deutschen Tech\u00adnis\u00adchen Zusam\u00adme\u00adnar\u00adbeit mit Indi\u00aden<\/em>. Eschborn: GTZ<\/span>, 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leslie, Stu\u00adart W., Robert Kar\u00adgon, \u201cTrans\u00adlat\u00ading Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Mod\u00adels of the Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty to India and South Korea\u201d. In: Mar\u00adtine Bar\u00adrere (ed.) Sci\u00adences et D\u00e9veloppe\u00adment. <\/em>Paris, ORSTOM<\/span>, 1996, pp. 153\u2013166.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leslie, Stu\u00adart W., Robert Kar\u00adgon, \u201cExport\u00ading MIT<\/span>: Sci\u00adence, Tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy, and Nation-Build\u00ading in India and Iran\u201d. Osiris,<\/em> 21 <\/em>(2004): pp- 110\u2013130.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lubin\u00ads\u00adki, Christi\u00adna, \u201cBusi\u00adness beyond Empire: Ger\u00adman Multi\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adals in Pre- and Post-Inde\u00adpen\u00addence India (1890s\u20131960s)\u201d. Jour\u00adnal of South Asian Stud\u00adies<\/em> 41, 3 (2018): pp. 621\u2013641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Man\u00adjapra, Kris, Age of Entan\u00adgle\u00adment: Ger\u00adman and Indi\u00adan Intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adals Across Empire.<\/em> Cam\u00adbridge, Mass: Har\u00advard Univ. Press, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phalkey, Jah\u00adnavi (ed)\u201e \u201cFocus: Sci\u00adence, His\u00adto\u00adry, and Mod\u00adern India\u201d. Isis<\/em> 104, 2 (2013): pp. 330\u2013380.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preuss, Sabine (ed.), \u2018Ohne Tol\u00ader\u00adanz funk\u00adtion\u00adiert nichts\u2018 Indisch-deutsche Tech\u00adnis\u00adche Zusam\u00adme\u00adnar\u00adbeit: Berufs\u00adbil\u00addung, Hochschule, l\u00e4ndliche Entwick\u00adlung<\/em>\u2028<\/em>(1958 <\/em>\u2013<\/em> 2010): Reporta\u00adgen, Inter\u00adviews, Portr<\/em>\u00e4<\/em>ts.<\/em> Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Inter\u00adna\u00adtionale Zusam\u00adme\u00adnar\u00adbeit (GIZ<\/span>) GmbH. Frank\u00adfurt am Main: Bran\u00addes &<\/span> Apsel Ver\u00adlag GmbH, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ram\u00adnath, Apara\u00adjith, The Birth of an Indi\u00adan Pro\u00adfes\u00adsion: Engi\u00adneers, Indus\u00adtry, and the State, 1900<\/em>\u201347<\/em>. New Del\u00adhi: Oxford Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satha\u00adsi\u00advam, Kumaran, Ajit Kumar Kolar, Cam\u00adpaschimes.<\/em> Chen\u00adnai: IIT<\/span> Madras, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shar\u00adma, Dinesh, The Out\u00adsourcer: The Sto\u00adry of Indi\u00ada\u2019s IT<\/span> Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion. <\/em>Cam\u00adbridge, Mass: MIT<\/span> Press, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sarkar Com\u00admit\u00adtee (Nali\u00adni Ran\u00adjan Sarkar), Com\u00admit\u00adtee on Devel\u00adop\u00adment of High\u00ader Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Insti\u00adtu\u00adtions in India<\/em>. New Del\u00adhi: Man\u00adag\u00ader of Pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions, 1948 (1945).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sebaly, Kim Patrick, The assis\u00adtance of four nations in the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of the Indi\u00adan Insti\u00adtutes of Tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy 1945<\/em>\u2013<\/em>1970.<\/em> PhD dis\u00adser\u00adta\u00adtion, Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Michi\u00adgan, 1972.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sen, S. N., Sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic and Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Edu\u00adca\u00adtion in India 1781<\/em>\u20131900<\/em>. New Del\u00adhi: Indi\u00adan Nation\u00adal Sci\u00adence Acad\u00ade\u00admy, 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shrestha, Pra\u00admond Bahadur, Engi\u00adneer\u00ading edu\u00adca\u00adtion and train\u00ading as a tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy trans\u00adfer process facil\u00adi\u00adtat\u00ading eco\u00adnom\u00adic devel\u00adop\u00adment.<\/em> PhD dis\u00adser\u00adta\u00adtion. Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Alber\u00adta, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sub\u00adra\u00adman\u00adian, Ajan\u00adtha, \u201cMak\u00ading Mer\u00adit: The Indi\u00adan Insti\u00adtutes of Tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy and the Social Life of Caste\u201d. Com\u00adpar\u00ada\u00adtive Stud\u00adies in Soci\u00adety and His\u00adto\u00adry<\/em> 57, 2 (2015): pp. 291\u2013322.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tet\u00adzlaff, Ste\u00adfan, \u201e<\/strong>\u2018A New Pas\u00adsage to India?\u2019 West\u00addeutsche Au\u00dfen\u00adwirtschaft\u00adspoli\u00adtik und Wirtschafts\u00adbeziehun\u00adgen mit Indi\u00aden, ca. 1950 \u2013 72\u201c. In: Chris\u00adt\u00adian Klein\u00adschmidt, Dieter Ziegler (Hg.) Dekolonisierungs\u00adgewin\u00adner: <\/em>Deutsche Au\u00dfen\u00adpoli\u00adtik und Au\u00dfen\u00adwirtschafts\u00adbeziehun\u00adgen im Zeital\u00adter des Kalten Krieges<\/em>. <\/em>Berlin\/Boston: de Gruyter, 2018, S. 191\u2013210.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wit\u00adtje, Roland, \u201cThe founa\u00adtion of N.T.H. in 1910 in inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal con\u00adtext\u201d. In: Rein\u00adhard Sieg\u00admund-Schultze, Hen\u00adrik Kragh S\u00f8rensen (eds.) Per\u00adspec\u00adtives on Scan\u00addi\u00adna\u00advian sci\u00adence in the ear\u00adly twen\u00adti\u00adeth cen\u00adtu\u00adry<\/em>. Oslo: Novus for\u00adlag, 2006, pp. 111\u2013132.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roland Wit\u00adtje, Indi\u00adan Insti\u00adtute of Tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy Madras<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1423,"template":"","categories":[75],"tags":[117,81,83,85,116,79],"class_list":["post-1420","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon-en","tag-economic-history","tag-geschichte-der-arbeit","tag-history-of-science","tag-labour-history","tag-wirtschaftsgeschichte","tag-wissenschaftsgeschichte"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIndo-German Entanglements in Science and Technology: The Indian Institute of Technology Madras - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Roland Wittje describes the entangled history between the Indian Institute of Technology (Madras) and the Federal Republic of Germany.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Indo-German Entanglements in Science and Technology: The Indian Institute of Technology Madras - MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Roland Wittje describes the entangled history between the Indian Institute of Technology (Madras) and the Federal Republic of Germany.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-12-08T15:14:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Scheel-at-IIT-Madras-e1557474301602-1024x795.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"795\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"21 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras\\\/\",\"name\":\"Indo-German Entanglements in Science and Technology: The Indian Institute of Technology Madras - MIDA\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/05\\\/Scheel-at-IIT-Madras-e1557474301602.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-05-06T10:38:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-12-08T15:14:34+00:00\",\"description\":\"Roland Wittje describes the entangled history between the Indian Institute of Technology (Madras) and the Federal Republic of Germany.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/05\\\/Scheel-at-IIT-Madras-e1557474301602.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/05\\\/Scheel-at-IIT-Madras-e1557474301602.png\",\"width\":1705,\"height\":1324,\"caption\":\"Walter Scheel (2nd from right), Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development of the Federal Republic of Germany, visiting IIT Madras in 1963. 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