{"id":1507,"date":"2019-05-08T17:26:03","date_gmt":"2019-05-08T15:26:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=1507"},"modified":"2022-12-08T16:13:45","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T15:13:45","slug":"german-soldiers-in-eighteenth-century-india","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/german-soldiers-in-eighteenth-century-india\/","title":{"rendered":"German soldiers in eighteenth century India"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By Chen Tzoref Ashke\u00adnazi
<\/strong>Pub\u00adlished in 2019<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132022-00034<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image: Brunswick (\u201cHesse\u201d) troops, Amer\u00adi\u00adcan War of Inde\u00adpen\u00addence. From Richard Kn\u00f6\u00adtel. Image detail. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ad\/Knoetel_American_War_of_Independence.jpg<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Table of Con\u00adtents
<\/strong>Intro\u00adduc\u00adtion<\/a>  |  The present sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion<\/a>  |  The poten\u00adtial<\/a>  |  Archival Hold\u00adings<\/a>  |  Pub\u00adlished sources<\/a>  |  Sec\u00adondary literature<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mar\u00adtin Christof-F\u00fcchsle\u2019s essay (in the MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon)<\/a> on Ger\u00adman archival sources for the study of the Anglo-Mysore wars con\u00adcen\u00adtrates on the hold\u00adings of two major archives that are indeed the most per\u00adti\u00adnent for this sur\u00advey: the hold\u00adings of the Nieder\u00ads\u00e4ch\u00adsis\u00adches Lan\u00addesarchiv in Hanover, con\u00adtain\u00ading files relat\u00ading to the two Hanover\u00adian reg\u00adi\u00adments in EIC<\/span> ser\u00advice between 1782 and 1792, and the archive of the Dan\u00adish-Halle mis\u00adsion in Tran\u00adque\u00adbar, locat\u00aded in the Archiv der Franck\u00adeschen Stiftun\u00adgen zu  Halle. He fur\u00adther points out the exis\u00adtence of per\u00adti\u00adnent mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal in oth\u00ader Ger\u00adman archives, such as the Th\u00fcringis\u00adches Staat\u00adsarchiv in Gotha and the Bran\u00adden\u00adbur\u00adgis\u00adches Haupt\u00adstaat\u00adsarchiv in Pots\u00addam. Begin\u00adning his sur\u00advey of these archival hold\u00adings with hold\u00adings con\u00adtain\u00ading doc\u00adu\u00adments relat\u00ading to mil\u00adi\u00adtary and admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtive issues, he then goes on to dis\u00adcuss in greater detail files con\u00adtain\u00ading ego-doc\u00adu\u00adments that can sup\u00adply a more per\u00adson\u00adal, poten\u00adtial\u00adly a pecu\u00adliar Ger\u00adman per\u00adspec\u00adtive of the mil\u00adi\u00adtary events. In the present essay, I want to sup\u00adply a fol\u00adlow-up to Christof-F\u00fcchsle\u2019s essay, high\u00adlight\u00ading what I con\u00adsid\u00ader to be a very promis\u00ading poten\u00adtial for find\u00ading addi\u00adtion\u00adal sources in Ger\u00adman archives, includ\u00ading per\u00adson\u00adal let\u00adters and diaries. Sub\u00adse\u00adquent\u00adly, I dis\u00adcuss the val\u00adue of these doc\u00adu\u00adments, argu\u00ading for tak\u00ading their intend\u00aded or pre\u00adsumed read\u00ader\u00adship into account.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>The present situation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

  Christof-F\u00fcch\u00adsle starts his sur\u00advey of Ger\u00adman sources on the sec\u00adond Anglo-Mysore war (1780\u20131784) with a ref\u00ader\u00adence to the pub\u00adlished nar\u00adra\u00adtions and trav\u00adel jour\u00adnals that Hanover\u00adian offi\u00adcers began pub\u00adlish\u00ading soon after embark\u00ading on EIC<\/span> ships to India, con\u00adtin\u00adu\u00ading to do so many years after return\u00ading to Ger\u00admany (the lat\u00adest was Best 1807). In one of the cas\u00ades, that of Chap\u00adlain Friedrich Lud\u00adwig Lang\u00adst\u00adedt (1750\u20131804), the expe\u00adri\u00adence in India even became the basis and start\u00ading point of his career as an author and trans\u00adla\u00adtor of books relat\u00aded to world trade and trav\u00adel in var\u00adi\u00adous con\u00adti\u00adnents (Lang\u00adst\u00adedt 1789, 1799, 1801, 1803). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Until now, the con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary pub\u00adlished texts by these Hanover\u00adian offi\u00adcers are more numer\u00adous in quan\u00adti\u00adty than the per\u00adson\u00adal let\u00adters and diaries that have been locat\u00aded in the archives. For against five books (Lang\u00adst\u00adedt 1789, Lang\u00adst\u00adedt 1799, Scharn\u00adhorst 1788, Scharn\u00adhorst 1789 and Best 1807) and about thir\u00adty mag\u00ada\u00adzine arti\u00adcles in vary\u00ading lengths (see the list in Tzoref Ashke\u00adnazi 2009:208\u201311) we have at our dis\u00adpos\u00adal only five sub\u00adstan\u00adtial per\u00adson\u00adal tes\u00adti\u00admonies in man\u00adu\u00adscript form, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. the let\u00adters of Fer\u00addi\u00adnand Brey\u00admann (1764\u20131794) (being rather short, they can be con\u00adsid\u00adered a sin\u00adgle doc\u00adu\u00adment for the present pur\u00adpose; NLA<\/span> HA<\/span> Bestand Kleine Erwer\u00adbun\u00adgen A 48 Nr. 2);<\/li>
  2. the diary of Carl de Roques (1757\u20131786) (NLA<\/span> HA<\/span> Bestand Kleine Erwer\u00adbun\u00adgen A 48 Nr.1);<\/li>
  3. a let\u00adter by Peter Joseph du Plat (1761\u20131824) (NLA<\/span> HA<\/span> 38c Nr. 23, pp. 20\u201328), with a copy among the papers of August Georg Ulrich von Hard\u00aden\u00adberg (1762\u20131806), (Bran\u00adden\u00adbur\u00adgis\u00adches Lan\u00addeshauptarchiv Bestand 37 Herrschaft Neuhard\u00aden\u00adberg, Kr. Lebus \u2013Akten (1211\u20131945) Film 1739: Teil\u00adnahme August Georg Ulrichs von Hard\u00aden\u00adberg an den englis\u00adchen Feldz\u00fc\u00adgen in Indien);<\/li>
  4. the diary of Chris\u00adt\u00adian August von Wan\u00adgen\u00adheim (locat\u00aded in Th\u00fcringis\u00adches Staat\u00adsarchiv Gotha, Bestand 2\u201397-0958: Fam\u00adi\u00adlie von Wan\u00adgen\u00adheim, Archiva\u00adlien-Sig\u00adnatur 529: Tage\u00adbuch des Christoph August von Wan\u00adgen\u00adheim (1741\u20131830) \u00fcber seine Reise nach Ostin\u00addi\u00aden (Mysore-Krieg));<\/li>
  5. the mil\u00adi\u00adtary-geo\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal sur\u00advey of the Dec\u00adcan by Carl August Schlegel (1762\u20131789), which, hav\u00ading been ini\u00adtial\u00adly com\u00adposed as an offi\u00adcial report is not strict\u00adly speak\u00ading an ego-doc\u00adu\u00adment but does con\u00adtain an indi\u00advid\u00adual per\u00adspec\u00adtive of the mil\u00adi\u00adtary sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion. (Nieder\u00ads\u00e4ch\u00adsis\u00adche Staats- und Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4ts\u00adbib\u00adlio\u00adthek, Cod. Ms. Hist. 815).<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    <\/a>The potential<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Approx\u00adi\u00admate\u00adly at the same time that the Hanove\u00adri\u00adans served in India, thou\u00adsands of Ger\u00adman troops from six Ger\u00adman prin\u00adci\u00adpal\u00adi\u00adties served as aux\u00adil\u00adiary troops of the British Crown in North Amer\u00adi\u00adca. Their ser\u00advice began in 1776, short\u00adly before the recruit\u00adment of the Hanove\u00adri\u00adans, and last\u00aded until 1783, when the Hanove\u00adri\u00adans had just arrived in India. About twen\u00adty thou\u00adsand were sent at the com\u00admence\u00adment of the war in 1776, with the total num\u00adber of those who were recruit\u00aded dur\u00ading the sev\u00aden years of the con\u00adflict reach\u00ading up to thir\u00adty-eight thou\u00adsand, although not all reached Amer\u00adi\u00adca. The Ger\u00adman troops in North Amer\u00adi\u00adca rep\u00adre\u00adsent\u00aded a larg\u00ader pro\u00adpor\u00adtion of the British troops than did the Hanove\u00adri\u00adans in India. There the Hanove\u00adri\u00adans rep\u00adre\u00adsent\u00aded only a frac\u00adtion of the total troops, both Indi\u00adan and Euro\u00adpeans, but up to twen\u00adty-five per\u00adcent when con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00ading only the Euro\u00adpeans. The Ger\u00adman troops in Amer\u00adi\u00adca rep\u00adre\u00adsent\u00aded about a third of the Crown troops, reach\u00ading at its peak up to forty per\u00adcent (Con\u00adway 2014: 90\u201395, Krebs 2013:24). Sim\u00adi\u00adlar to the Hanove\u00adri\u00adans in India, some of them began pub\u00adlish\u00ading their impres\u00adsions in Ger\u00adman peri\u00adod\u00adi\u00adcals already dur\u00ading their ser\u00advice. Nev\u00ader\u00adthe\u00adless, the num\u00adber of con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions by mem\u00adbers of these troops remained mod\u00adest and is rough\u00adly equal to those by Hanover\u00adian sol\u00addiers in India. A far larg\u00ader num\u00adber of man\u00adu\u00adscripts, includ\u00ading let\u00adters and diaries, writ\u00adten by Ger\u00adman sol\u00addiers in North Amer\u00adi\u00adca are kept in archives in Ger\u00admany and North Amer\u00adi\u00adca. Accord\u00ading to Christof Mauch, \u201cmore than a thou\u00adsand diaries and per\u00adson\u00adal tes\u00adti\u00admonies by Ger\u00adman sol\u00addiers, includ\u00ading long let\u00adters are at our dis\u00adpos\u00adal\u201d (Mauch 2003:412). These include, fur\u00adther\u00admore, not only texts writ\u00adten by offi\u00adcers but also by ordi\u00adnary sol\u00addiers. Since the late nine\u00adteenth cen\u00adtu\u00adry, dozens of vol\u00adumes of such texts have been pub\u00adlished both in the orig\u00adi\u00adnal Ger\u00adman and in Eng\u00adlish trans\u00adla\u00adtions (for a bib\u00adli\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy see Haunert 2014:218\u2013224). How can the small quan\u00adti\u00adty of Hanover\u00adian per\u00adson\u00adal tes\u00adti\u00admonies on the expe\u00addi\u00adtion to India \u2013 com\u00adpared to the large num\u00adber of such tes\u00adti\u00admonies on the Amer\u00adi\u00adcan war \u2013 be account\u00aded for, even when tak\u00ading the fact that the num\u00adber of Ger\u00adman troops sent to Amer\u00adi\u00adca was more than ten times high\u00ader into account? One could argue that the strong polit\u00adi\u00adcal inter\u00adest in the Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion in Ger\u00admany led more sol\u00addiers to write down their impres\u00adsions. But the almost equal num\u00adber of con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions by mem\u00adbers of both expe\u00addi\u00adtions speaks against this hypoth\u00ade\u00adsis. Christof Mauch and Lena Haunert believe that the main rea\u00adson for the pro\u00adduc\u00adtion of so many diaries by Ger\u00adman sol\u00addiers in North Amer\u00adi\u00adca was the encounter with land\u00adscapes and soci\u00adeties so dif\u00adfer\u00adent from their own (Mauch 2003:412, Haunert 2014:4). This kind of incen\u00adtive for writ\u00ading would not have been any weak\u00ader among sol\u00addiers of the Hanover\u00adian reg\u00adi\u00adments in India. Their social com\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adtion was like\u00adwise sim\u00adi\u00adlar to that of the Ger\u00adman aux\u00adil\u00adiary troops in Amer\u00adi\u00adca. Anoth\u00ader expla\u00adna\u00adtion would demand tak\u00ading the much high\u00ader mor\u00adtal\u00adi\u00adty rates of sol\u00addiers in India and the mis\u00ader\u00adable health con\u00addi\u00adtion of many of the sur\u00advivors into account. This con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion explains why most of the man\u00adu\u00adscripts by Hanove\u00adri\u00adans are from the first years of ser\u00advice in India. But this does not ful\u00adly explain the dif\u00adfer\u00adence in num\u00adbers between texts on India and Amer\u00adi\u00adca. It seems rea\u00adson\u00adable to assume that the strong polit\u00adi\u00adcal inter\u00adest in the Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion did play a role, but this dif\u00adfer\u00adence may have been reflect\u00aded not so much in the num\u00adber of texts writ\u00adten as by the effort put by pro\u00adfes\u00adsion\u00adal and ama\u00adteur his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adans to unearth them. More blunt\u00adly put, far less Hanover\u00adian texts are known to us because inter\u00adest in them was min\u00adi\u00admal com\u00adpared to the inter\u00adest in texts describ\u00ading the Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion. Since Ger\u00adman texts about the Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion are still being unearthed today (sev\u00ader\u00adal impor\u00adtant find\u00adings were made in the present cen\u00adtu\u00adry), it seems plau\u00adsi\u00adble that the vast major\u00adi\u00adty of Ger\u00adman per\u00adson\u00adal man\u00adu\u00adscripts on the sec\u00adond Anglo-Mysore war remain unknown to us. Many of those that remained out\u00adside state archives may have been destroyed dur\u00ading the pre\u00advi\u00adous 230 years, but oth\u00aders may still be wait\u00ading to be dis\u00adcov\u00adered. As in the Amer\u00adi\u00adcan case, these may well include man\u00adu\u00adscripts by ordi\u00adnary sol\u00addiers and not just offi\u00adcers as is the case with the man\u00adu\u00adscripts known to us now, although admit\u00adted\u00adly man\u00adu\u00adscripts by ordi\u00adnary sol\u00addiers, com\u00ading from less afflu\u00adent fam\u00adi\u00adlies, were much less like\u00adly to survive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Where are the manuscripts<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Addi\u00adtion\u00adal man\u00adu\u00adscripts by Hanover\u00adian sol\u00addiers in India are most like\u00adly to be dis\u00adcov\u00adered in fam\u00adi\u00adly col\u00adlec\u00adtions. As indi\u00adcat\u00aded by Christof-F\u00fcch\u00adsle, two impor\u00adtant sources for man\u00adu\u00adscripts on the Hanover\u00adian expe\u00addi\u00adtion to India are indeed locat\u00aded in fam\u00adi\u00adly col\u00adlec\u00adtions in archives (in the Bran\u00adden\u00adbur\u00adgis\u00adches Lan\u00addeshauptarchiv in Pots\u00addam: Bestand 37 Herrschaft Neuhard\u00aden\u00adberg; in the Lan\u00addesarchiv Th\u00fcrin\u00adgen \u2014 Staat\u00adsarchiv Gotha: Bestand 2\u201397-0958 Fam\u00adi\u00adlie von Wan\u00adgen\u00adheim). Oth\u00ader col\u00adlec\u00adtions may be found in fam\u00adi\u00adly pos\u00adses\u00adsions. The let\u00adters addressed to the Hes\u00ads\u00adian army offi\u00adcer and offi\u00adcial Georg Ernst von und zu Gilsa (1740\u20131798) by offi\u00adcers serv\u00ading in Amer\u00adi\u00adca were recent\u00adly dis\u00adcov\u00adered acci\u00adden\u00adtal\u00adly in fam\u00adi\u00adly pos\u00adses\u00adsion and deliv\u00adered to the archive. (Gr\u00e4f, 2010). Dur\u00ading my work on the Hanover\u00adian reg\u00adi\u00adments, I made a few ran\u00addom attempts to unearth such man\u00adu\u00adscripts, writ\u00ading to the mem\u00adbers of two Hanover\u00adian aris\u00adto\u00adcrat\u00adic fam\u00adi\u00adlies (von Wersebe and von Hin\u00fcber) that had ances\u00adtors among the offi\u00adcers in India. The gen\u00adtle\u00admen I approached replied that while they were well aware of the Indi\u00adan adven\u00adture in the fam\u00adi\u00adly past, they regret\u00adted that they had no per\u00adti\u00adnent doc\u00adu\u00adments. After hav\u00ading pub\u00adlished a tran\u00adscrip\u00adtion of Peter Joseph du Plat\u2019s let\u00adter from India in the Nieder\u00ads\u00e4ch\u00adsis\u00adches Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Lan\u00addes\u00adgeschichte<\/em> (Tzoref-Ashke\u00adnazi 2018), I received a very friend\u00adly let\u00adter from a Low\u00ader Sax\u00adon aris\u00adto\u00adcrat whose ances\u00adtor, Johann Wil\u00adhelm von Pla\u00adto (1734\u20131783), had been men\u00adtioned in du Plat\u2019s text. He attached tran\u00adscripts of let\u00adters writ\u00adten by his ances\u00adtor on the way to India, adding that the fam\u00adi\u00adly held longer, jour\u00adnal-like let\u00adters writ\u00adten by him. This inci\u00addence indi\u00adcates the impor\u00adtance of hav\u00ading some luck, but also the impor\u00adtance of pub\u00adlic\u00adi\u00adty in local venues for draw\u00ading the atten\u00adtion of the hold\u00aders of the rel\u00ade\u00advant papers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Anoth\u00ader case in point is that of Georg Friedrich Gaupp (1719\u20131798), who in 1750 raised in his home region of Baden one of the \u201cSwiss\u201d com\u00adpa\u00adnies hired by the EIC<\/span>, sub\u00adse\u00adquent\u00adly serv\u00ading the EIC<\/span> army in India between 1751 and 1760 and par\u00adtic\u00adi\u00adpat\u00ading in the Car\u00adnat\u00adic wars and the bat\u00adtle of Plassey (1757). After return\u00ading to Ger\u00admany he invest\u00aded in a cot\u00adton fac\u00adto\u00adry, draw\u00ading on Indi\u00adan tech\u00adni\u00adcal knowl\u00adedge. His son Lud\u00adwig wrote a detailed biog\u00adra\u00adphy of his father based on his per\u00adson\u00adal papers. Karl Heb\u00adster could still use this source for his arti\u00adcles on Gaupp writ\u00adten in the 1930s. The man\u00adu\u00adscript has since dis\u00adap\u00adpeared but could still be kept in fam\u00adi\u00adly pos\u00adses\u00adsion some\u00adwhere (Herb\u00adster 1930, Herb\u00adster 1936, Sander 2003:121\u2013122). Oth\u00ader doc\u00adu\u00adments did sur\u00advive. Papers relat\u00aded to Gaupp\u2019s fac\u00adto\u00adry are kept in the Gen\u00ader\u00adal\u00adlan\u00addesarchiv Karl\u00adsruhe (Bestand 212 L\u00f6r\u00adrach: Stadt, 18: Gewerbe). Gaupp also cor\u00adre\u00adspond\u00aded con\u00adcern\u00ading Indi\u00adan trade with Karo\u00adline Louise von Baden (1723\u20131783), wife of the mar\u00adgrave of Baden-Durlach, Karl Friedrich (1728\u20131811) (Mey\u00ader 1981). This cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence is pre\u00adserved in the Mark\u00adgr\u00e4\u00adfich\u00ades Fam\u00adi\u00adlien\u00adar\u00adchiv in the Gen\u00ader\u00adal\u00adlan\u00addesarchiv in Karl\u00adsruhe. (Bestand FA<\/span> Nr. 5 A Corr 11). The mis\u00adsion archive of the Franck\u00adesche Stiftun\u00adgen holds a let\u00adter by him to mis\u00adsion\u00adary Johann Philipp Fabri\u00adcius (1711\u20131791 (AFSt\/M 1 D 18:9) and a nar\u00adra\u00adtive by him of the war in Ben\u00adgal in 1756 (AFSt\/M 1 B 47:33).        <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Evaluating the sources<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    In his arti\u00adcle \u2018The Prob\u00adlem of Speech Gen\u00adres\u2019 Michael Bakhtin dis\u00adtin\u00adguished between two kinds of utter\u00adances, which con\u00adsti\u00adtute the con\u00adcrete and indi\u00advid\u00adual enti\u00adties through which lan\u00adguage is man\u00adi\u00adfest\u00aded. Dai\u00adly dia\u00adlogues and pri\u00advate let\u00adters are pri\u00adma\u00adry utter\u00adances. Sec\u00adondary or com\u00adplex utter\u00adances include all sorts of artis\u00adtic, sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic and com\u00admen\u00adtary texts, but also less sophis\u00adti\u00adcat\u00aded but more stan\u00addard\u00adized texts such as all mil\u00adi\u00adtary and bureau\u00adcrat\u00adic doc\u00adu\u00adments. While pri\u00adma\u00adry utter\u00adances are also part of an end\u00adless chain of speech, sec\u00adondary utter\u00adances are part of a much more com\u00adplex com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adtion sys\u00adtem. They are much more ide\u00ado\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal, not in the polit\u00adi\u00adcal sense but in the sense of relat\u00ading to a sys\u00adtem of ideas (Bakhtin 1987). Apply\u00ading this clas\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion to the Hanover\u00adian man\u00adu\u00adscripts on the sec\u00adond Anglo-Mysore war that were found in the archives, it seems that most of them should be regard\u00aded as sec\u00adondary utter\u00adances. This is most obvi\u00adous con\u00adcern\u00ading the offi\u00adcial doc\u00adu\u00adments such as mil\u00adi\u00adtary reports, includ\u00ading Schlegel\u2019s text, whose ori\u00adgin was as an offi\u00adcial report. But it also holds for some of the per\u00adson\u00adal let\u00adters and diaries. Du Plat\u2019s let\u00adter belongs most clear\u00adly to this cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adry, being the extract of a let\u00adter to a rel\u00ada\u00adtive in Ger\u00admany of which a copy was found in Hardenberg\u2019s papers. This is a clear indi\u00adca\u00adtion that the extract was pre\u00adpared for the pur\u00adpose of cir\u00adcu\u00adlat\u00ading among offi\u00adcers and oth\u00ader mem\u00adbers of the Hanover\u00adian social elite. This pro\u00adce\u00addure was a com\u00admon prac\u00adtice in the eigh\u00adteenth cen\u00adtu\u00adry and was often applied to the let\u00adters arriv\u00ading from India. The Han\u00adnoverisches Mag\u00ada\u00adzin<\/em> even pub\u00adlished calls for recip\u00adi\u00adents of let\u00adters from India to hand them over to the peri\u00adod\u00adi\u00adcal for pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtion. This means the offi\u00adcers writ\u00ading let\u00adters home knew well that the let\u00adters would prob\u00ada\u00adbly be read by a far wider read\u00ader\u00adship than their addressees. This was espe\u00adcial\u00adly true for let\u00adters that includ\u00aded much infor\u00adma\u00adtion of the kind that made them suit\u00adable for cir\u00adcu\u00adla\u00adtion, as was the case of du Plat\u2019s let\u00adter. This does not mean that the let\u00adter does not include the per\u00adson\u00adal per\u00adspec\u00adtive of the author, but it does mean that it belongs, to a large degree, to a pub\u00adlic dis\u00adcourse in Hanover, and that the author would not write any\u00adthing that might be polit\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly sen\u00adsi\u00adtive. The let\u00adters of Fer\u00addi\u00adnand Brey\u00admann are, on the oth\u00ader hand, much more pri\u00advate and emo\u00adtion\u00adal, and much of their con\u00adtent unsuit\u00adable for cir\u00adcu\u00adla\u00adtion, and thus much clos\u00ader to a pri\u00adma\u00adry utterance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The diaries were much more under the con\u00adtrol of their authors as long as they remained in their pos\u00adses\u00adsion, but authors usu\u00adal\u00adly intend\u00aded them to be read by a wider pub\u00adlic, either in the fam\u00adi\u00adly or beyond. Often, they were meant to serve as the basis for a trav\u00adel book. Wangenheim\u2019s diary is rather con\u00adcise. It includes short entries with\u00adout long trans\u00adgres\u00adsions sup\u00adply\u00ading com\u00adpre\u00adhen\u00adsive descrip\u00adtions of India, but rather con\u00adcen\u00adtrat\u00ading on the events of the day. The lack of long reflec\u00adtions could result from Wangenheim\u2019s many occu\u00adpa\u00adtions as reg\u00adi\u00adment com\u00adman\u00adder or from him being accus\u00adtomed to a mil\u00adi\u00adtary style as a long serv\u00ading offi\u00adcer. But it does not mean that the jour\u00adnal was meant only for his per\u00adson\u00adal use. De Roques\u2019 diary is dif\u00adfer\u00adent, in that it includes long trans\u00adgres\u00adsions with reflec\u00adtions on Indi\u00adan soci\u00adety that indi\u00adcate that this is a much less imme\u00addi\u00adate text. It may well be that de Roques con\u00adtem\u00adplat\u00aded the pos\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty of pub\u00adlish\u00ading it after return\u00ading home, as some of his com\u00adrades did. The style, too, is at times quite lit\u00ader\u00adary, and in some places, such as his sec\u00adond thoughts about war in gen\u00ader\u00adal, with\u00adout ques\u00adtion\u00ading his own par\u00adtic\u00adi\u00adpa\u00adtion in the expe\u00addi\u00adtion to India, appear heav\u00adi\u00adly influ\u00adenced by the con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary cul\u00adtur\u00adal trend of Empfind\u00adsamkeit<\/em> (sen\u00adti\u00admen\u00adtal\u00adi\u00adty). There\u00adfore, it should be classed as a sec\u00adondary utterance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    This does not mean that sources that are pri\u00adma\u00adry utter\u00adances are more valu\u00adable than sec\u00adondary ones, but each allows for a dif\u00adfer\u00adent per\u00adspec\u00adtive of the sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion to which they refer, a dif\u00adfer\u00adence that should be con\u00adsid\u00adered when ana\u00adlyz\u00ading the sources. A dif\u00adfer\u00adent per\u00adspec\u00adtive is also what the Ger\u00adman sources can offer us in gen\u00ader\u00adal. Yet, what they sup\u00adply is not nec\u00ades\u00adsar\u00adi\u00adly a Ger\u00adman per\u00adspec\u00adtive. They rather add a range of dif\u00adfer\u00adent per\u00adspec\u00adtives to those afford\u00aded by British sources, be it the mis\u00adsion\u00adary per\u00adspec\u00adtive, the Hanover\u00adian per\u00adspec\u00adtive, and some\u00adtimes a more gen\u00ader\u00adal Euro\u00adpean per\u00adspec\u00adtive, besides mul\u00adti\u00adple indi\u00advid\u00adual per\u00adspec\u00adtives. In the case of the Hanover\u00adian texts, the Hanover\u00adian per\u00adspec\u00adtive is revealed for exam\u00adple when some of them nar\u00adrate mil\u00adi\u00adtary action in a way that defends the per\u00adfor\u00admance of the Hanove\u00adri\u00adans or treat British inter\u00adests in India in a dis\u00adtanced man\u00adner. A Euro\u00adpean per\u00adspec\u00adtive is high\u00adlight\u00aded when they regard colo\u00adnial pres\u00adence in India as affect\u00ading Euro\u00adpeans in gen\u00ader\u00adal, as du Plat for exam\u00adple does. Their under\u00adstand\u00ading of Indi\u00adan soci\u00adety, while based on British infor\u00adma\u00adtion, also tends to reflect con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary Euro\u00adpean images on India rather than more spe\u00adcif\u00adic British notions con\u00adstruct\u00aded through colo\u00adnial encounter. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/a>Archival Holdings<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Nieder\u00ads\u00e4ch\u00adsis\u00adches Lan\u00addesarchiv, Han\u00adnover
    <\/strong>Bestand Kleine Erwer\u00adbun\u00adgen
    NLA<\/span> HA<\/span> 38 C Ostindis\u00adche Regimente<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bran\u00adden\u00adbur\u00adgis\u00adches Lan\u00addeshauptarchiv, Pots\u00addam
    <\/strong>Bestand 37 Herrschaft Neuhard\u00aden\u00adberg, Kr. Lebus \u2013Akten (1211\u20131945)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lan\u00addesarchiv Th\u00fcrin\u00adgen \u2014  Staat\u00adsarchiv, Gotha
    <\/strong>Bestand 2\u201397-0958: Fam\u00adi\u00adlie von Wangenheim<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Archiv der  der Franck\u00adeschen Stiftun\u00adgen zu Halle
    <\/strong>Bestand: Mis\u00adsion\u00adsarchiv
    AFSt\/M 1 B 47
    AFSt\/M 1 D<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Gen\u00ader\u00adal\u00adlan\u00addesarchiv Karl\u00adsruhe
    <\/strong>Bestand 212 L\u00f6r\u00adrech: Stadt, 18: Gewerbe.
    Bestand FA<\/span> 5A<\/span> Markgr\u00e4fiches\/Gro\u00dfherzogliches Fam\u00adi\u00adlien\u00adar\u00adchiv, Karo\u00adline Louise, Mark\u00adgr\u00e4fin, Korrespondenz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/a>Published sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Best, Carl Con\u00adrad, Briefe \u00fcber Ost-Indi\u00aden, das Vorge\u00adbirge der guten Hoff\u00adnung und die Insel St. Hele\u00adna<\/em>. Leipzig: G\u00f6schen, 1807.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Gall, Man\u00adfred von, Hg., Hanauer Jour\u00adnale und Briefe aus dem amerikanis\u00adchen Unab\u00adh\u00e4ngigkeit\u00adskrieg 1776\u20131783<\/em>. Hanau: Hanauer Geschichtsvere\u00adin, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Gr\u00e4f, Th. Hol\u00adger et al., Krieg in Ameri\u00adka und Aufk\u00adl\u00e4rung in Hes\u00adsen: die Pri\u00advat\u00adbriefe (1772\u20131784) an Georg Ernst von und zu Gilsa<\/em>. Mar\u00adburg: Hes\u00adsis\u00adches Lan\u00addesamt f\u00fcr geschichtliche Lan\u00addeskunde, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lang\u00adst\u00adedt, Lud\u00adwig Friedrich, Reisen nach S\u00fcdameri\u00adka, Asien und Afri\u00adka: neb\u00adst geo\u00adgraphis\u00adchen, his\u00adtorischen und das Kom\u00admerz\u00adi\u00adum betr\u00ade\u00adf\u00adfend\u00aden Anmerkun\u00adgen<\/em>. Hildesheim: Tucht\u00adfeld, 1789.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2014\u2014\u2013, Hin\u00addostanis\u00adche Denkw\u00fcrdigkeit\u00aden: ein Lese\u00adbuch zur Beherzi\u00adgung f\u00fcr jeden Kos\u00admopo\u00adliten<\/em>. N\u00fcrn\u00adberg: Raspe, 1799.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2014\u2014\u2013, Ueber die evan\u00adge\u00adlis\u00adchen Mis\u00adsion\u00adsan\u00adgele\u00adgen\u00adheit\u00aden, sowohl \u00fcber\u00adhaupt, als ins\u00adbeson\u00addere die ostindis\u00adchen<\/em>. Ein\u00adbeck: Fey\u00adsel, 1801.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2014\u2014\u2013, Prac\u00adtis\u00adche Geschichte des asi\u00adatis\u00adchen Han\u00addels<\/em>. N\u00fcrn\u00adberg: Raspe, 1803.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [Scharn\u00adhorst, Lud\u00adwig von], Kurze Beschrei\u00adbung ein\u00ader Reise von Arcot in Ostin\u00addi\u00aden nach\u2026 Deutsch\u00adland<\/em>. Ham\u00adburg: Hoff\u00admann, 1788.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2014\u2014\u2013, Briefe auf ein\u00ader Reise von Stade nach Madras<\/em>. Bre\u00admen: F\u00f6rster, 1789.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tzoref-Ashke\u00adnazi, Chen, \u201e\u201aDie indis\u00adchen Ver\u00adherun\u00adgen sind von jeher als grausam in der Geschichte bekan\u00adnt\u2018. Brief eines han\u00adnover\u00adschen Offiziers aus dem britis\u00adchen Indi\u00aden, 1784\u201c. Nieder\u00ads\u00e4ch\u00adsis\u00adches Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Lan\u00addes\u00adgeschichte<\/em> 90 (2018): pp. 101\u2013136.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Wan\u00adgen\u00adheim, Christoph August von, Im Dien\u00adste der British East India Com\u00adpa\u00adny.<\/em> Hg. Stef\u00adfen Arndt. Gotha: Th\u00fcringis\u00adches Staat\u00adsarchiv, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/a>Secondary literature<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Bakhtin, Michael, \u201cThe prob\u00adlem of speech gen\u00adres\u201c. In: Ibid. (ed.) Speech gen\u00adres and oth\u00ader late essays.<\/em> Austin: Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Texas Press, 1987: pp. 60\u2013102.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Con\u00adway, Stephen, \u201cCon\u00adti\u00adnen\u00adtal Euro\u00adpean Sol\u00addiers in British Impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Ser\u00advice\u201d. Eng\u00adlish His\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal Review <\/em>129 (2014): pp. 79-<\/em>106.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Haunert, Lena, Ein\u00adsatz in der Fremde?<\/em> das Amerik\u00ada\u00adbild der deutschen Sub\u00adsi\u00addi\u00aden\u00adtrup\u00adpen im amerikanis\u00adchen Unab\u00adh\u00e4ngigkeit\u00adskrieg.<\/em> Darm\u00adstadt: Hes\u00adsis\u00adche His\u00adtorische Kom\u00admis\u00adsion, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Herb\u00adster, Karl, \u201eAus den L\u00f6r\u00adracher Tagen des Gro\u00dfbri\u00adtan\u00adnis\u00adchen Haupt\u00admanns Georg  Friedrich Gaupp\u201c. Das Mark\u00adgr\u00e4fler\u00adland: Beitr\u00e4ge zu sein\u00ader Geschichte und Kul\u00adtur <\/em>1, 3 (1930): pp. 74\u201382.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2014\u2014\u2013, \u2018Georg Friedrich Gaupp: Kolo\u00adnialof\u00adfizier, Indus\u00adtrieller und Muster\u00adland\u00adwirt 1719\u20131798\u2019. Mein Heimat\u00adland. Badis\u00adche Bl\u00e4t\u00adter f\u00fcr Volk\u00adskunde, Heimat- und Naturschutz, Denkmalpflege, Fam\u00adi\u00adlien\u00adforschung und Kun\u00adst<\/em>, 23 (1936): pp. 76\u201377.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Krebs, Daniel, A Gen\u00ader\u00adous and Mer\u00adci\u00adful Ene\u00admy.<\/em> Nor\u00adman, Okl.: Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Okla\u00adhoma Press, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    May\u00ader, Gas\u00adton, \u201eMin\u00ader\u00adal\u00ado\u00adgis\u00adche Mit\u00adteilun\u00adgen des gro\u00dfbri\u00adtan\u00adnis\u00adchen Haupt\u00admanns und Unternehmers Georg Friedrich Gaupp an die Mark\u00adgr\u00e4fin Car\u00ado\u00adline Louise von Baden 1763\/4 und 1772\u201c Auf\u00adschluss<\/em> 32 (1981): pp. 37\u201342.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sander, Friedrich, \u201eCap\u00adtain Georg Friedrich Gaupp 1719\u20131798\u201c. Pforzheimer Geschichts\u00adbl\u00e4t\u00adter <\/em>11 (2003): pp. 121\u2013128.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tzoref-Ashke\u00adnazi, Chen, \u201cGer\u00adman Voic\u00ades from India: Offi\u00adcers of the Hanover\u00adian Reg\u00adi\u00adments in East India Com\u00adpa\u00adny Ser\u00advice\u201d. South Asia<\/em> 32, 2 (2009): pp. 189\u2013211.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Chen Tzoref Ashkenazi<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

    Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
    Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
    Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
    Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

    ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1510,"template":"","categories":[54],"tags":[84,80],"class_list":["post-1507","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon","tag-political-history","tag-politische-geschichte"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nGerman soldiers in eighteenth century India - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chen Tzoref Ashkenazi gives an account of the personal biographies of German soldiers in eighteenth century India which can be unearthed in German archives.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/german-soldiers-in-eighteenth-century-india\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"German soldiers in eighteenth century India - 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