{"id":1525,"date":"2019-05-09T15:26:27","date_gmt":"2019-05-09T13:26:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=1525"},"modified":"2022-12-08T16:13:21","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T15:13:21","slug":"memory-and-memorialisation-interment-and-exhumation-propaganda-and-politics-during-wwii-through-the-lens-of-international-tracing-service-its-collections","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/memory-and-memorialisation-interment-and-exhumation-propaganda-and-politics-during-wwii-through-the-lens-of-international-tracing-service-its-collections\/","title":{"rendered":"Memory and Memorialisation, Interment and Exhumation, Propaganda and Politics during WWII<\/span> through the lens of International Tracing Service (ITS<\/span>) Collections"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By Van\u00addana Joshi
<\/strong>Pub\u00adlished in 2019<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132022-00023<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Down\u00adload PDF<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Image: The main build\u00ading of the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Trac\u00ading Ser\u00advice (ITS<\/span>) in Bad Arolsen built in 1952. Copy\u00adright: Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Trac\u00ading Ser\u00advice (ITS<\/span>), pho\u00adto: Andreas Greiner-Napp\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Table of Con\u00adtents
<\/strong>The Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Trac\u00ading Ser\u00advices (ITS<\/span>) as a unique archive<\/a>  |  Ori\u00adgins<\/a>  |  Mis\u00adsion<\/a>  |  British-Indi\u00adan Sol\u00addiers at the ITS<\/span><\/a>  |  Mem\u00ado\u00adry and memo\u00adri\u00adal\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion, inter\u00adment and exhuma\u00adtion<\/a>  |  Hid\u00adden tran\u00adscript<\/a>  |  The domain of work and non-work<\/a>  | Bib\u00adli\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>The International Tracing Services (ITS<\/span>) as a unique archive<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This post brings to atten\u00adtion the exis\u00adtence of an inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal archive in the heart of Europe, large\u00adly over\u00adlooked by South Asian researchers work\u00ading on WWII<\/span>, who rou\u00adtine\u00adly vis\u00adit the India Office Library (British Library), the Nation\u00adal Archives of India, The Nation\u00adal Archives in Kew, UK<\/span>, and oth\u00ader region\u00adal archives engag\u00ading with the his\u00adto\u00adry of the British Raj. The (ITS<\/span>) hold\u00adings com\u00adple\u00adment the afore\u00admen\u00adtioned sources both quan\u00adti\u00adta\u00adtive\u00adly and qual\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtive\u00adly if one is writ\u00ading the his\u00adto\u00adry of British-Indi\u00adan sol\u00addiers and civil\u00adians. Its spe\u00adcial\u00adi\u00adty lies in giv\u00ading his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adans access to indi\u00advid\u00adual des\u00adtinies of South Asian sol\u00addiers, who entered the reg\u00adis\u00adters of Ger\u00adman offi\u00adcial\u00addom as an enslaved mass, serv\u00ading a spe\u00adcif\u00adic pur\u00adpose in cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty, and the civil\u00adians who endured in the vagaries of the Third Reich.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Origins<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As ear\u00adly as 1943, the Allied Forces trans\u00adformed their Depart\u00adment of Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Affairs into a Trac\u00ading Bureau in Lon\u00addon for trac\u00ading and reg\u00adis\u00adter\u00ading miss\u00ading per\u00adsons. The loca\u00adtion of the ITS<\/span> moved from Lon\u00addon to Ver\u00adsailles, on to Frank\u00adfurt am Main and final\u00adly to Bad-Arolsen in Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1946. Bad Arolsen, a small town in Hesse\/Germany, was cho\u00adsen because of its cen\u00adtral loca\u00adtion between the four occu\u00adpa\u00adtion zones and because its infra\u00adstruc\u00adture was still intact after WWII<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Mission<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The ITS<\/span> has a four\u00adfold mis\u00adsion: doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion, research, infor\u00adma\u00adtion and com\u00admem\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion. The ini\u00adtial mis\u00adsion in the imme\u00addi\u00adate post-war years was human\u00adi\u00adtar\u00adi\u00adan, aimed at help\u00ading the kin and the vic\u00adtims trace each oth\u00ader and help\u00ading sur\u00advivors in their reha\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion. Grad\u00adu\u00adal\u00adly, it devel\u00adoped into a store\u00adhouse for pos\u00adter\u00adi\u00adty. This involved the preser\u00adva\u00adtion and pro\u00adduc\u00adtion of doc\u00adu\u00adments relat\u00aded to sev\u00ader\u00adal types of Nazi Par\u00adty organ\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtions and their actions, as well as those relat\u00aded to vic\u00adtims of Nazism. An impor\u00adtant part of this was the reg\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion of the per\u00adse\u00adcut\u00aded for\u00adeign\u00aders and Ger\u00admans alike by Ger\u00adman pub\u00adlic insti\u00adtu\u00adtions, social wel\u00adfare agen\u00adcies (Sozialamt<\/em>) and com\u00adpa\u00adnies from 1939\u201347. The ITS<\/span> thus gath\u00adered large amounts of approx\u00adi\u00admate\u00adly 30 mil\u00adlion doc\u00adu\u00adments from con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adtion camps, ghet\u00adtos, pris\u00adons, labour camps, sana\u00adto\u00adria, infir\u00admaries, asy\u00adlums and lat\u00ader DP<\/span> camps. The doc\u00adu\u00adments were gen\u00ader\u00adat\u00aded in the form of filled out ques\u00adtion\u00adnaires on death, birth, mar\u00adriage, divorce, hos\u00adpi\u00adtal stays, and sana\u00adto\u00adri\u00adum, asy\u00adlum or DP<\/span> camp admis\u00adsion cards. Oth\u00ader doc\u00adu\u00adments includ\u00aded labour cards, med\u00adical cards or health insur\u00adance cards. This led to the gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion of pro\u00adfiles of per\u00adse\u00adcut\u00aded indi\u00advid\u00adu\u00adals across nation\u00adal\u00adi\u00adties and regions.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Anna
Fig\u00adure 1:<\/strong> Anna Meier-Osin\u00ads\u00adki, Head of Trac\u00ading Inves\u00adti\u00adga\u00adtions into Nazi Vic\u00adtims Branch, among the cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence files of the ITS<\/span>. About three mil\u00adlion cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence files are kept in the archives of the ITS<\/span>. They com\u00adprise cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence between the ITS<\/span> and offices, sur\u00advivors of Nazi per\u00adse\u00adcu\u00adtion and their fam\u00adi\u00adly mem\u00adbers.
Copy\u00adright: Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Trac\u00ading Ser\u00advice (ITS<\/span>),
Pho\u00adto: Uwe Zucchi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Today, the archive helps schol\u00adars of the world in research\u00ading the ways in which one of the most well-organ\u00adised and smooth\u00adly func\u00adtion\u00ading states, name\u00adly Nazi Ger\u00admany, oper\u00adat\u00aded in com\u00admit\u00adting crimes against human\u00adi\u00adty. The ITS<\/span> allows us to get under\u00adneath the skin of a crim\u00adi\u00adnal state and lays bare how the per\u00adpe\u00adtra\u00adtors\u2019 mind oper\u00adat\u00aded dur\u00ading the war years, by pre\u00adserv\u00ading the records of the pre\u00adrog\u00ada\u00adtive state. Simul\u00adta\u00adne\u00adous\u00adly, it also gen\u00ader\u00adat\u00aded its own records in the post-war era, which filled infor\u00adma\u00adtion\u00adal gaps, espe\u00adcial\u00adly in the chaot\u00adic peri\u00adod from 1943\u20134, when the Ger\u00adman land\u00adscape was filled with DPs and state\u00adless people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>British-Indian Soldiers at the ITS<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The first clue to the pres\u00adence of British-Indi\u00adan sol\u00addiers, the largest cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adry in the ITS<\/span> cat\u00ada\u00adlogue, is the Allied Order of Decem\u00adber 6, 1945. It instruct\u00aded all civil\u00adian author\u00adi\u00adties of Ger\u00admany to con\u00adduct exhaus\u00adtive search\u00ades for doc\u00adu\u00adments and infor\u00adma\u00adtion con\u00adcern\u00ading mil\u00adi\u00adtary and civil\u00adian per\u00adsons belong\u00ading to the Unit\u00aded King\u00addom since 1939 and to sub\u00admit their find\u00adings imme\u00addi\u00adate\u00adly to their respec\u00adtive com\u00admand of occu\u00adpa\u00adtion forces. This British high\u00adway to the abode of British-Indi\u00adan vic\u00adtims and sur\u00advivors of the Third Reich led me to rich evi\u00addence for the his\u00adto\u00adry of insti\u00adtu\u00adtion\u00adal remem\u00adbrance of British-Indi\u00adan sub\u00adjects in the heart of Ger\u00admany. The very estab\u00adlish\u00adment of the ITS<\/span> chal\u00adlenged  Nazi knowl\u00adedge pro\u00adduc\u00adtion and reversed it by con\u00adduct\u00ading tar\u00adget\u00aded search\u00ades into what Nazis want\u00aded to hide or destroy in the last years of war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The avail\u00adable hold\u00adings deal with the iden\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion, enu\u00admer\u00ada\u00adtion, reg\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion and doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion of British-Indi\u00adans as sol\u00addiers, civil\u00adians and dis\u00adplaced per\u00adsons. An over\u00adwhelm\u00ading pro\u00adpor\u00adtion of these hold\u00adings con\u00adsist of infor\u00adma\u00adtion about pris\u00adon\u00aders of war, dead or alive, from a host of Sta\u00adlags <\/em>(POW<\/span> camps) Arbeit\u00adskom\u00adman\u00addos<\/em> (labour camps), Lazarette <\/em>(sick bays) and san\u00adi\u00adtaria or men\u00adtal asy\u00adlums. There are about 383 scanned images under Attribute <\/em>IND<\/span>, which con\u00adsist of lists of sol\u00addiers in graves or ceme\u00adter\u00adies (with details such as the rea\u00adson of death, date of birth and death, and grave loca\u00adtion), labour camps and fac\u00adto\u00adries that housed them, pay\u00adment reg\u00adis\u00adters, and so on. There is anoth\u00ader set of 36 scanned images under Attribute Per\u00adson\u00adalien<\/em> IND<\/span>, which deal with 5 civil\u00adians (among them stu\u00addents, house\u00adwives, DPs, sea\u00admen, civil\u00adians) and births and deaths of chil\u00addren born dur\u00ading the war years. As far as British Indi\u00adan sol\u00addiers are con\u00adcerned, the ITS<\/span> col\u00adlec\u00adtion is cloaked in icy silences when it comes to the spo\u00adken words of the per\u00adse\u00adcut\u00aded. So, we prac\u00adti\u00adcal\u00adly have no ego doc\u00adu\u00adments or arte\u00adfacts such as diaries, tes\u00adti\u00admonies or let\u00adters from the sur\u00advivors to give us a peek into their sub\u00adjec\u00adtive world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A strik\u00ading fea\u00adture of the lists is that they show the  spa\u00adtial spread and pres\u00adence of the cap\u00adtives, despite their rel\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly small num\u00adbers, a pres\u00adence, which was marked by their erasure\/disappearance\/death. There was no escape from the omnipresent threat of death dur\u00ading war years.  This applied even more so to cap\u00adtives. If we bare\u00adly take death records of the cap\u00adtives as an indi\u00adca\u00adtor, their geo\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal spread is exhaus\u00adtive. Their corpses could be found in remote vil\u00adlages and towns such as Ans\u00adbach, Fuessen, Bad-Neustadt, Bad- Reichen\u00adhall, Bischoef\u00ads\u00adgru\u00aden, Bercht\u00ades\u00adgaden, Oelkofen, Garmisch, Regens\u00adburg, Ober\u00adroning, West\u00ader\u00adtimke, Her\u00adborn, Darm\u00adstadt, Bre\u00admer\u00advo\u00aderde, N\u00fcrn\u00adberg  and Starn\u00adberg, Augs\u00adburg, Koenigs\u00adbrueck, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Wet\u00adter\u00ading, Lauter\u00adhofen, Ful\u00adda, Giessen, Wies\u00adbaden, West\u00ader\u00adtimke, Darm\u00adstadt and Son\u00adthofen as iso\u00adlat\u00aded or cluster-graves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Memory and memorialisation, interment and exhumation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pris\u00adon\u00aders of war sel\u00addom speak out, deceased pris\u00adon\u00aders of war even less so. But the cul\u00adtur\u00adal pol\u00adi\u00adtics of interment\/knowledge\/power, as it was played out over their mor\u00adtal remains, left clues about the con\u00adtes\u00adta\u00adtion over their impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal own\u00ader\u00adship. In the bur\u00adial \u2018rites\u2019, if one may call them rites at all, it became grad\u00adu\u00adal\u00adly clear as to which empire lord\u00aded over whose corpse and whose corpse was dis\u00adowned by both. The British and Ger\u00adman empires locked horns once again in the post-war years amid the corpses of their cap\u00adtives on the bat\u00adtle field of mem\u00ado\u00adry and memo\u00adri\u00adal\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion, inter\u00adment and exhuma\u00adtion. So, there were these corpses and there were those corpses. There were some whose pres\u00adence was not\u00aded on a shred of paper stamped \u201cgrave registration\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These could be the very ordi\u00adnary pris\u00adon\u00aders of war, nei\u00adther defin\u00adi\u00adtive\u00adly on this nor on that side. Then there were some oth\u00aders that lay buried in mil\u00adi\u00adtary or civil\u00adian ceme\u00adter\u00adies with grave num\u00adbers and per\u00adson\u00adal details record\u00aded on the cer\u00adtifi\u00adcates. These were pos\u00adsi\u00adbly the Indi\u00adan Legion sol\u00addiers. And then there were those corpses that were exhumed by the ITS<\/span> team, brought to a war ceme\u00adtery in Berlin, or trans\u00adport\u00aded to a more appro\u00adpri\u00adate loca\u00adtion. There they were interred once again, this time with full state hon\u00adours. Their mar\u00adtyr\u00addom and mem\u00ado\u00adry was etched in stone for pos\u00adter\u00adi\u00adty. They secured a place in the cul\u00adtur\u00adal his\u00adto\u00adry of memo\u00adri\u00adal\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion as a reward for their loy\u00adal\u00adty to the British Empire till the bit\u00adter end.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Thomp\u00adson\u00adian sense, then, the ITS<\/span> hold\u00adings enable his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adans to res\u00adcue British Indi\u00adan sol\u00addiers, dead or alive, irre\u00adspec\u00adtive of their virtues and vices, from the con\u00adde\u00adscen\u00adsion of pos\u00adter\u00adi\u00adty (Thomp\u00adson, 1980: 12), as twice colonised peas\u00adants in uni\u00adforms, as cul\u00adtur\u00adal\u00adly and social\u00adly exposed to a cos\u00admopoli\u00adtan envi\u00adron\u00adment behind the barbed wire, which taught them sur\u00advival strate\u00adgies that they knew lit\u00adtle of when they left home on an uncer\u00adtain journey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although usu\u00adal\u00adly inher\u00adent to knowl\u00adedge gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion for pos\u00adter\u00adi\u00adty, some of the hold\u00adings nonethe\u00adless betray an ele\u00adment of com\u00adpul\u00adsion \u2018from above\u2019, (this time from the \u201cAllied\u201d), to report the dead, sur\u00adviv\u00ading, or miss\u00ading per\u00adsons. The offi\u00adcial reluc\u00adtance on the part of the Ger\u00admans to gen\u00ader\u00adate or fur\u00adnish such doc\u00adu\u00adments can be traced in some instances. This is proven by the pres\u00adence of grave cer\u00adtifi\u00adcates that were pro\u00adduced at a much lat\u00ader date. To give one exam\u00adple- on one instance the cer\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion from a civ\u00adil func\u00adtionary reads at the end of a doc\u00adu\u00adment: \u201cI cer\u00adti\u00adfy to the best of my knowl\u00adedge and con\u00adscience that the required infor\u00adma\u00adtion giv\u00aden above is the cor\u00adrect and com\u00adplete repro\u00adduc\u00adtion of avail\u00adable doc\u00adu\u00adments at hand\u201d. The doc\u00adu\u00adment is stamped for the year 1950, though the actu\u00adal dates of deaths were much ear\u00adli\u00ader (1944 and 1945).  Thus, as can be seen in the image below, there was reluc\u00adtance in report\u00ading deaths as can be dis\u00adcerned from the fact that such sworn doc\u00adu\u00adments were fur\u00adnished years later.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Death
Fig\u00adure 2:<\/strong> Death Cer\u00adtifi\u00adcate of four British-Indi\u00adan sol\u00addiers. The cer\u00adtifi\u00adcate was issued on Jan\u00adu\u00adary 20, 1950 for deaths that occurred in late 1944 and ear\u00adly 1945.
Copy of 2.1.1.1\/70311783, in con\u00adfor\u00admi\u00adty with the ITS<\/span> Archives, Bad Arolsen, Archivnum\u00admer: 5724, attribute IND<\/span> 192. Image cour\u00adtesy The ITS<\/span> Archives, Bad Arolsen.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/a>Hidden transcript<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

What was record\u00aded and pre\u00adserved will\u00ading\u00adly or unwill\u00ading\u00adly at the ITS<\/span>, might fill any his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adan with a sense of void, the loss of spo\u00adken word, of non-ver\u00adbal exchanges, of ges\u00adture and gaze. Nev\u00ader\u00adthe\u00adless, if one goes with the sen\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adties of anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgists and every\u00adday his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adans such as James Scott, Car\u00adlo Ginzberg and Alf L\u00fcdtke, one might be able to find hid\u00adden tran\u00adscripts (Scott:1990), the off-stage every\u00adday life, and attempt to recre\u00adate it through the small clues and hints that oppres\u00adsors\u2019 records have left behind. The fol\u00adlow\u00ading exam\u00adple illus\u00adtrates this: It is tak\u00aden from the lists of deceased cap\u00adtives. Despite the sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant geo\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal spread of cap\u00adtives\u2019 graves, I found clues to omis\u00adsions, wil\u00adful or oth\u00ader\u00adwise. Some cas\u00ades were report\u00aded as late as 1947, 1948 or even 1951. Columns such as place of birth and death and rea\u00adson of death were either left blank or not\u00aded unknown in sev\u00ader\u00adal forms. Renewed search\u00ades were con\u00adduct\u00aded, which result\u00aded in Sup\u00adple\u00admen\u00adtary Lists of Graves. Fresh sites were dug up by search teams, corpses were exhumed and their per\u00adson\u00adal details added to reg\u00adis\u00adtered deaths sub\u00adse\u00adquent\u00adly.  One such Sup\u00adple\u00admen\u00adtary List of Graves report\u00aded a col\u00adlec\u00adtive grave of 10 cap\u00adtives in July 1949. They had been dead since Sep\u00adtem\u00adber. 1944. It turned out that 9 of them died in a sin\u00adgle air raid and the one remain\u00ading suc\u00adcumbed to his abdom\u00adi\u00adnal mem\u00adbrane infec\u00adtion a week after the air raid.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Supplementary
Fig\u00adure 3:<\/strong> Sup\u00adple\u00admen\u00adtary List of Graves from Darm\u00adstadt.
Copy of 2.1.1.2\/70497245 in con\u00adfor\u00admi\u00adty with the ITS<\/span> Archives, Bad Arolsen, 27.11.2014, Archivnum\u00admer 5724, attribute IND<\/span> 234. Image cour\u00adtesy The ITS<\/span> Archives, Bad Arolsen.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The oth\u00ader numer\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly rich, but spa\u00adtial\u00adly con\u00adcen\u00adtrat\u00aded cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adry of  cap\u00adtives con\u00adsists of forced labour around  Sax\u00adony, Rhein\u00adland Palati\u00adnate and parts of Baden Wuert\u00adtem\u00adberg as shown in the image below.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"
Fig\u00adure 4:<\/strong> A page from the list of cap\u00adtive British-Indi\u00adan labour employed in an alu\u00admini\u00adum fac\u00adto\u00adry in Bit\u00adter\u00adfeld, a coun\u00adty of Sax\u00adony-Anhalt.
Copy of 2.1.4.2\/70971035, in con\u00adfor\u00admi\u00adty with the ITS<\/span> Archives, Bad Arolsen, 27.11.2014, Archivnum\u00admer 5724, attribute IND<\/span> 300. Image cour\u00adtesy The ITS<\/span> Archives, Bad Arolsen.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/a>The domain of work and non-work<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

What did every\u00adday life mean to a cap\u00adtive? What was the domain of his work and non-work? To get a sense of how the every\u00adday forms of dom\u00adi\u00adna\u00adtion and sub\u00ador\u00addi\u00adna\u00adtion worked, we need to go to local sites inhab\u00adit\u00aded by Indi\u00adan cap\u00adtives to observe how Indi\u00adan offi\u00adcers act\u00aded on the ground to con\u00advert cap\u00adtives for the cause of the Indi\u00adan Legion and per\u00adsuade them to join it. \u201cThe POWs were often ill treat\u00aded. It became a cus\u00adtom to make the pris\u00adon\u00ader vis\u00adit \u2018the con\u00adver\u00adsion camp\u2019 at Lacanau where he was shown the advan\u00adtages of a legionary\u2019s life. Those who declined were pres\u00adsurised by oth\u00ader means to com\u00adply\u201d (Oester\u00adheld 2015). Though such sub\u00adjec\u00adtive nar\u00adra\u00adtives can\u00adnot be found at the ITS<\/span>, I found some pay\u00adment entries of the IG<\/span> Far\u00adben, a Ger\u00adman enter\u00adprise, which allow us a glimpse into what work might have meant to the cap\u00adtive. These reg\u00adis\u00adters show a sched\u00adule of 8 hours a day, 6 days a week until lib\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion in mid1945 for half a Reichs\u00admark per day. Hack\u00aden\u00adholz, who worked on the his\u00adto\u00adry of IG<\/span> Far\u00adben, sug\u00adgests that even Russ\u00adian cap\u00adtives received bet\u00adter wages than the Indi\u00adan ones. Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders received between 20 to 60 % of a reg\u00adu\u00adlar West European\u2019s wage and the east Euro\u00adpean pris\u00adon\u00ader stood some\u00adwhere in between (Hack\u00aden\u00adholz: 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All cap\u00adtives were indis\u00adpens\u00adable labour for the war indus\u00adtry and their loss was detri\u00admen\u00adtal to war effort. Not all cap\u00adtives could remain fit for work in the long run. In Annaburg there were 6 report\u00aded deaths due to lung infec\u00adtion, sui\u00adcide, heart attack, abdom\u00adi\u00adnal dis\u00adeases, and sim\u00adi\u00adlar unnat\u00adur\u00adal rea\u00adsons. Else\u00adwhere, deaths were caused by depres\u00adsion, schiz\u00ado\u00adphre\u00adnia, sui\u00adcide, exhaus\u00adtion, ner\u00advous break-down and men\u00adtal ill\u00adness in iso\u00adlat\u00aded locations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Though the affec\u00adtive domain was all encom\u00adpass\u00ading, its traces are more chal\u00adleng\u00ading to find. The ITS<\/span> records are dom\u00adi\u00adnat\u00aded by loom\u00ading silences and era\u00adsure. I have relied on  snip\u00adpets from the Sicher\u00adheits\u00addi\u00adenst<\/em> (SD<\/span>) reports, mem\u00adoirs and judi\u00adcial records to recre\u00adate the world of cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty, which have been pub\u00adlished else\u00adwhere (Joshi: 2015). Here I will cite just one illus\u00adtra\u00adtive exam\u00adple, name\u00adly the fort\u00adnight\u00adly reports of the SD<\/span> on the  mood and  morale of the gen\u00ader\u00adal pub\u00adlic, com\u00adpiled and pub\u00adlished by Heinz Bober\u00adach (Bober\u00adach: 1984). The SD<\/span> observers were state appoint\u00aded \u2018silent mass observers\u2019, who con\u00adstant\u00adly had their fin\u00adger on the pulse of the ordi\u00adnary peo\u00adple, includ\u00ading the cap\u00adtives. They record\u00aded dis\u00adloy\u00adal\u00adty, dis\u00adgruntle\u00adment and grum\u00adblings among the pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion so that appro\u00adpri\u00adate mea\u00adsures could be tak\u00aden for the smooth func\u00adtion\u00ading of the sys\u00adtem. Unlike the quan\u00adti\u00adta\u00adtive approach of the ITS<\/span>, this SD<\/span> obser\u00adva\u00adtion is full of vivid details on South Asian cap\u00adtives\u2019 deport\u00adment, behav\u00adiour, and atti\u00adtudes. These are the most colour\u00adful exam\u00adples in which pow\u00ader hold\u00aders revealed their atti\u00adtudes, bias\u00ades, hope and fears. The SD<\/span> report filed on 20 March 1944, starts with the fol\u00adlow\u00ading observation: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The expe\u00adri\u00adence with Indi\u00adan cap\u00adtives is as neg\u00ada\u00adtive as with British POWs. They are unsuit\u00adable for indus\u00adtri\u00adal and pro\u00adfes\u00adsion\u00adal use and can only be employed either in dig\u00adging the earth (e.g. for air raid shel\u00adters) or as helpers in muni\u00adtions firms. Their per\u00adfor\u00admance is so much below the low\u00adest Ger\u00adman aver\u00adage that the firms soon look for replace\u00adment. They cat\u00ade\u00adgor\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly refuse to work and invoke the Gene\u00adva Con\u00adven\u00adtion. Even the request to their super\u00advi\u00adsors to exert an edu\u00adca\u00adtion\u00adal influ\u00adence is dis\u00admissed with the remark that any puni\u00adtive mea\u00adsures would be use\u00adless. If one con\u00adfines them, they have the option of sleep\u00ading in arrest. Depriv\u00ading them of food sim\u00adi\u00adlar\u00adly brings them no great harm as they are abun\u00addant\u00adly sup\u00adplied with Red Cross parcels and food pack\u00adets from home. This pas\u00adsive atti\u00adtude of the super\u00advi\u00adsors extends to the entire con\u00adtin\u00adgent. Half of the con\u00adtin\u00adgent just looks on while the oth\u00ader half digs the earth. Rather than keep\u00ading them\u00adselves warm by work\u00ading, they pre\u00adfer to freeze. They keep their hands per\u00adpet\u00adu\u00adal\u00adly in their trousers\u2019 pock\u00adets and cov\u00ader their heads with shawls in such a man\u00adner that only their eyes and noses are vis\u00adi\u00adble. Those who work pick just one-third of soil in their shov\u00adel of what an aver\u00adage work\u00ader would (Bober\u00adach 1984: 6424\u20135).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

While the SD<\/span> obser\u00adva\u00adtions con\u00addemn Indi\u00adan cap\u00adtives as shirk\u00aders and a finan\u00adcial lia\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty on the Reich, the pay\u00adment reg\u00adis\u00adters of Faser\u00adw\u00aderk M\u00fch\u00adlanger, sup\u00adplied to the ITS<\/span> team tell anoth\u00ader sto\u00adry. One pay\u00adment list of 17 cap\u00adtives shows that they worked on a Sun\u00adday 11.7.43 (Pay\u00adment list of Indi\u00adan POWs, 2.1.4.2\/71044351). The IG<\/span> Far\u00adben lists show that one Kalyan Singh worked for 10 hours per day for 2 weeks and 10 hours per day for 9 days in the rest of the two weeks in Feb\u00adru\u00adary 1945. This made it 230 hours in 28 days for which he got paid only 34 RM<\/span>. The aver\u00adage month\u00adly pay\u00adment for oth\u00aders was 22\/23 RM<\/span>. Anoth\u00ader Karak Bahadur worked 10 hours per day, twice even 11 hours for the entire month of Feb\u00adru\u00adary 1945 and received 48 RMs for a total of 290 hours, one Dhan Bahadur worked for up to 12 hours, 5 days in week, 60 hours per week in the sec\u00adond week of Jan\u00adu\u00adary, earn\u00ading 36 RMs for the month, for 245 hours of work. Why were they work\u00ading so hard in the bit\u00adter cold of Feb\u00adru\u00adary 1945? Earn\u00ading more would hard\u00adly have been an incen\u00adtive as they were paid in coupons that were exchanged for food and for\u00adbid\u00adden exchange invit\u00aded fur\u00adther punishments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Silences and era\u00adsures notwith\u00adstand\u00ading, the ITS<\/span> hold\u00adings have a unique pur\u00adpose and val\u00adue. They pro\u00advide us with lists of British-Indi\u00adan sol\u00addiers in large num\u00adbers, with  names and iden\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion details that might be dif\u00adfi\u00adcult to find in oth\u00ader type of records gen\u00ader\u00adat\u00aded by Nazi offi\u00adcial\u00addom such as decrees, com\u00admands and instruc\u00adtions from the For\u00adeign office. The same holds true for  media accounts, which most\u00adly report\u00aded the spec\u00adtac\u00adu\u00adlar and news\u00adwor\u00adthy to cre\u00adate fear and alarm in order to ensure com\u00adpli\u00adance, or  pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal that was more of a pro\u00adjec\u00adtion rather than the real\u00adi\u00adty of the camp uni\u00adverse. The ITS<\/span> hold\u00adings cov\u00ader an exhaus\u00adtive range of details con\u00adnect\u00aded with iden\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adable indi\u00advid\u00adu\u00adals that his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adans and researchers can fol\u00adlow up by look\u00ading at com\u00adple\u00admen\u00adtary sub\u00adjec\u00adtive doc\u00adu\u00adments and oth\u00ader instruc\u00adtive mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal in order to write a his\u00adto\u00adry of the every\u00adday life of British-Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders in the Third Reich.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bober\u00adach, Heinz, Mel\u00addun\u00adgen aus dem Reich 1938\u201345. SD<\/span> Berichte zu Inlands\u00adfra\u00adgen vom 27. Dezem\u00adber-20 1943 bis April 1944<\/em>. Band 16. Herrsching, 1984.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hack\u00aden\u00adholz, Dirk, Die Eleck\u00adtro\u00adchemis\u00adchen\u00adwerke in Bit\u00adter\u00adfeld 1914\u201345: Ein Stan\u00addort der IG<\/span> Far\u00adben<\/em>. M\u00fcn\u00adster: Lit Ver\u00adlag, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joshi, Van\u00addana, \u201cShreds from the Lives of South Asian Pris\u00adon\u00aders of War in Stamm\u00adlagers, Arbeit\u00adskom\u00adman\u00addos, Lazaretts and Graves Dur\u00ading World War II<\/span> (1939\u201345)\u201d. S\u00fcdasienchronik<\/em> 5 (2015): S. 144\u2013168. https:\/\/edoc.hu-berlin.de\/bitstream\/handle\u200c\/18452\/9148\/145.pdf?\u200csequence=1&<\/span>is\u200cAllowed=y<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oester\u00adheld, Joachim, \u201cThe Last Chap\u00adter of the Indi\u00adan Legion\u201d. S\u00fcdasienchronik<\/em> 5 (2015): pp. S. 120\u2013143. https:\/\/\u200cedoc.hu-berlin.de\/bitstream\/handle\/18452\/9147\/121.pdf?sequence=1&<\/span>isAllowed=y<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scott, James, Dom\u00adi\u00adna\u00adtion and the Arts of Resis\u00adtance: Hid\u00adden Tran\u00adscripts<\/em>. Yale: Yale Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thomp\u00adson, E.P., The Mak\u00ading of the Eng\u00adlish Work\u00ading Class<\/em>. New York: Pan\u00adtheon Books, 1964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Van\u00addana Joshi, Sri Venkateswara Col\u00adlege, Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Delhi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1536,"template":"","categories":[54],"tags":[90,84,80,95],"class_list":["post-1525","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon","tag-kriegsgefangenschaft","tag-political-history","tag-politische-geschichte","tag-prisoners-of-war"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMemory and Memorialisation, Interment and Exhumation, Propaganda and Politics during WWII through the lens of International Tracing Service (ITS) Collections - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Vandana Joshi on the history, mission, and contents of the International Tracing Services archive with a special reference to South Asian soldiers.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/memory-and-memorialisation-interment-and-exhumation-propaganda-and-politics-during-wwii-through-the-lens-of-international-tracing-service-its-collections\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Memory and Memorialisation, Interment and Exhumation, Propaganda and Politics during WWII through the lens of International Tracing Service (ITS) Collections - 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Since 2015, the archive has grad\u00adu\u00adal\u00adly been pub\u00adlish\u00ading an increas\u00ading num\u00adber of its hold\u00adings on its Dig\u00adi\u00adtal Col\u00adlec\u00adtion Online plat\u00adform, which pro\u00advides small insights into the archive at https:\/\/digitalcollections.its-arolsen.org\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n