{"id":2068,"date":"2020-09-22T11:35:17","date_gmt":"2020-09-22T09:35:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=2068"},"modified":"2022-12-08T16:10:01","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T15:10:01","slug":"dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/","title":{"rendered":"Dietrich Brandis (1824\u20131907) \u2013 Botanist and Founder of the Science of Tropical Forestry"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n
\"Eine<\/figure>
\n
\n

By Michael Mann<\/a>
<\/strong>Pub\u00adlished in 2020<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132022-00016<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
Down\u00adload PDF<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Image: A draw\u00ading of Tamar\u00adix Artic\u00adu\u00adla\u00adta from \u201cThe for\u00adest flo\u00adra of north-west and cen\u00adtral India (1874)\u201d by Diet\u00adrich Brandis<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

This is a trans\u00adlat\u00aded ver\u00adsion of the 2018 MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon entry \u201cDiet\u00adrich Bran\u00addis (1824 \u2014 1907) \u2013 Botaniker und Begr\u00fcn\u00adder der tro\u00adpis\u00adchen Forstwissenschaften<\/a>\u201d. The text was trans\u00adlat\u00aded by Rekha Rajan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table of Con\u00adtents
<\/strong>Biop\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal and Sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic Back\u00adground<\/a>   |   Inspec\u00adtor Gen\u00ader\u00adal of Forests<\/a>   | Forestry and For\u00adest Enter\u00adprise in British India<\/a>  |   Archival Hold\u00adings<\/a>   |  End\u00adnotes<\/a>   |   Select\u00aded Bib\u00adli\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy for the life and works of Diet\u00adrich Brandis<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diet\u00adrich Bran\u00addis is known to many forestry sci\u00aden\u00adtists and some foresters as the founder of the sci\u00adence of trop\u00adi\u00adcal forestry. From 1856 till 1883 he was in British-India where he first stud\u00adied the teak forests in Bur\u00adma. From the time he became Inspec\u00adtor Gen\u00ader\u00adal of Forests in British-India in 1865, until his retire\u00adment from civ\u00adil ser\u00advice, he was instru\u00admen\u00adtal in estab\u00adlish\u00ading forestry in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How\u00adev\u00ader, owing to his work with\u00adin the frame\u00adwork of the British Empire, Bran\u00addis is also known in Cana\u00adda and Aus\u00adtralia. Besides this, he is also known in the Unit\u00aded States of Amer\u00adi\u00adca, where his exper\u00adtise and advice con\u00adtributed deci\u00adsive\u00adly to the devel\u00adop\u00adment of forestry in the British Empire. Less well known is that Bran\u00addis was trained as a botanist and that he pur\u00adsued his botan\u00adi\u00adcal inter\u00adests through\u00adout his life. The Bran\u00addis herbar\u00adi\u00adum acquired by the Ham\u00adburg Sen\u00adate in 1907 and inte\u00adgrat\u00aded into the Insti\u00adtute for Plant Sci\u00adences and Micro\u00adbi\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy of the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Ham\u00adburg is an elo\u00adquent tes\u00adti\u00admo\u00adny to this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Biographical and scientific background<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Diet\u00adrich Bran\u00addis came from an aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic fam\u00adi\u00adly which was embed\u00added in a wide fam\u00adi\u00adly and friends\u2019 net\u00adwork of sci\u00aden\u00adtists, who lived and\/or worked in Athens, Berlin, Kiel, Copen\u00adhagen and G\u04e7t\u00adtin\u00adgen. Bran\u00addis, who as a young\u00adster and as a stu\u00addent had stayed in these places, gained a broad inter\u00adest in botany here. How\u00adev\u00ader, in the first half of the nine\u00adteenth cen\u00adtu\u00adry botany had not yet been estab\u00adlished as a sep\u00ada\u00adrate dis\u00adci\u00adpline but was com\u00adbined with relat\u00aded sub\u00adjects like geog\u00adra\u00adphy, geol\u00ado\u00adgy and med\u00adi\u00adcine. In addi\u00adtion, Bran\u00addis attend\u00aded lec\u00adtures on clas\u00adsi\u00adcal philol\u00ado\u00adgy, ancient phi\u00adlos\u00ado\u00adphy, his\u00adto\u00adry, physics and Protes\u00adtant the\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy. In 1849, Bran\u00addis began work\u00ading as a botanist at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Bonn, where he was appoint\u00aded as a lec\u00adtur\u00ader for phy\u00adto\u00adchem\u00adistry until 1855. How\u00adev\u00ader, his lat\u00ader career seems to have been blocked for unknown rea\u00adsons. In 1855, he estab\u00adlished con\u00adtact with Major Gen\u00ader\u00adal Sir Hen\u00adry Have\u00adlock through his wife Rachel, who was Havelock\u2019s sis\u00adter. He request\u00aded Have\u00adlock, who was serv\u00ading in the British-Indi\u00adan army, to find him a posi\u00adtion as a botanist in or near Calcutta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With\u00adin six months Bran\u00addis and his wife were in British India where Diet\u00adrich Bran\u00addis took up his posi\u00adtion as Super\u00adin\u00adten\u00addent of Forests of the Province of Pegu (Low\u00ader Bur\u00adma) in Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1856. Two years lat\u00ader, the provinces of Tenasser\u00adim and Marta\u00adban on the west\u00adern edge of the Malay penin\u00adsu\u00adla were added to the region under his con\u00adtrol. Here, in com\u00adplete igno\u00adrance of local for\u00adest con\u00addi\u00adtions, Bran\u00addis devel\u00adoped a sys\u00adtem to record the tree-pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion, the so-called \u201clin\u00adear val\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion sur\u00adveys\u201d or \u201cstrip sur\u00adveys\u201d as well as the local\u00adly prac\u00adticed sys\u00adtem of \u201cgirdling\u201d (scratch\u00ading the bark around the trunk in order to inter\u00adrupt the nutri\u00adtion\u00adal intake) on the basis of the age and the trunk cir\u00adcum\u00adfer\u00adence of a tree in order to then let it dry out on the trunk until it was ready for felling. Along with a clas\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion of for\u00adest areas for future forestry use, Bran\u00addis worked out prin\u00adci\u00adples of sys\u00adtem\u00adat\u00adic for\u00adest man\u00adage\u00adment. These would be based on sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions and annu\u00adal reports and be car\u00adried out by well-trained sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic personnel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Inspector General of Forests<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dur\u00ading the next quar\u00adter of the cen\u00adtu\u00adry, Bran\u00addis would be engaged in the devel\u00adop\u00adment of forestry in British India, the aim of which was to guar\u00adan\u00adtee the colo\u00adnial state\u2019s immense require\u00adment of wood for lay\u00ading rail\u00adway lines in the sub\u00adcon\u00adti\u00adnent and for the export of trop\u00adi\u00adcal wood, main\u00adly teak, deo\u00addar and sal. In 1865, the first For\u00adest law was passed, after Bran\u00addis had gath\u00adered suf\u00adfi\u00adcient exper\u00adtise in Bur\u00adma and had been appoint\u00aded as the Inspec\u00adtor Gen\u00ader\u00adal of Forests. The task now was to set up the office and a cor\u00adre\u00adspond\u00ading depart\u00adment (For\u00adest Depart\u00adment) of the colo\u00adnial admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion and to cre\u00adate an appro\u00adpri\u00adate legal basis for future action includ\u00ading for legal prob\u00adlems that might arise. Leg\u00adis\u00adla\u00adtion ini\u00adtial\u00adly reg\u00adu\u00adlat\u00aded the pro\u00adtec\u00adtion of forests and their use, where\u00adby exist\u00ading legal rela\u00adtion\u00adships, includ\u00ading cus\u00adtom\u00adary rights, were respected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colo\u00adnial for\u00adest law cul\u00admi\u00adnat\u00aded in the For\u00adest Act of 1878, the main fea\u00adtures of which are valid even today. Leg\u00adis\u00adla\u00adtion based on the then most pro\u00adgres\u00adsive Euro\u00adpean for\u00adest admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtions of the Ger\u00adman-speak\u00ading coun\u00adtries and France divid\u00aded the forests of British India into three zones, name\u00adly pro\u00adtect\u00aded, reserved and vil\u00adlage forests, and reg\u00adu\u00adlat\u00aded access of the local pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion espe\u00adcial\u00adly to the last one. With a sin\u00adgle stroke of the pen it annulled all exist\u00ading legal rela\u00adtion\u00adships, includ\u00ading cus\u00adtom\u00adary rights, and declared the colo\u00adnial state to be the sole own\u00ader of all such des\u00adig\u00adnat\u00aded for\u00adest areas. The colo\u00adnial admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion had a vest\u00aded inter\u00adest in secur\u00ading unhin\u00addered access to the nat\u00adur\u00adal, and con\u00adse\u00adquent\u00adly, fis\u00adcal resources in the future. Although the law did not dif\u00adfer essen\u00adtial\u00adly from exist\u00ading Euro\u00adpean for\u00adest laws, it was unique in its sever\u00adi\u00adty. Besides this, the inher\u00adent flaw in this law was that it trans\u00adplant\u00aded Euro\u00adpean prin\u00adci\u00adples of for\u00adest admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion into a non-Euro\u00adpean con\u00adtext with\u00adout ade\u00adquate\u00adly tak\u00ading local con\u00addi\u00adtions into account.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This was cer\u00adtain\u00adly not Bran\u00addis\u2019 inten\u00adtion because the for\u00adest and forestry leg\u00adis\u00adla\u00adtion in cen\u00adtral and west\u00adern Europe was by far not so rigid. More\u00adover, in British India he was depen\u00addent on the coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion of the local pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion if the for\u00adest admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion was going to be prof\u00aditable for sil\u00advi\u00adcul\u00adture and rev\u00adenue. At the very least Bran\u00addis was able to ensure a broad-based train\u00ading of the for\u00adest per\u00adson\u00adnel in botany, geog\u00adra\u00adphy, geol\u00ado\u00adgy, zool\u00ado\u00adgy and chem\u00adistry. This indi\u00adcates the holis\u00adtic approach of the train\u00ading and points to the func\u00adtion of the for\u00adest admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtor as a gen\u00ader\u00adal\u00adist, an ide\u00adal that would change after the turn of the cen\u00adtu\u00adry in favour of the eco\u00adnom\u00adic spe\u00adcial\u00adist. After con\u00adsult\u00ading the Indi\u00adan min\u00adistry and the colo\u00adnial sec\u00adre\u00adtari\u00adat in India, Bran\u00addis was able to recruit two for\u00adest offi\u00adcials from Hes\u00adsen and Han\u00adnover, Wil\u00adhelm Schlich and Bertold Ribben\u00adtrop, to help him in his man\u00adi\u00adfold and almost impos\u00adsi\u00adble tasks. They lat\u00ader also suc\u00adceed\u00aded Bran\u00addis in the office of Inspec\u00adtor General.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Forestry and Forest Enterprise in British India<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In addi\u00adtion to oth\u00ader Ger\u00adman forestry experts or botanists like Sulpiz Kurz from Augs\u00adburg, a grow\u00ading num\u00adber of Eng\u00adlish\u00admen found employ\u00adment in the upper grades of the for\u00adest ser\u00advices in British India, among them James Sykes Gam\u00adble and Dr. James L. Stew\u00adard, both of whom made a sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant con\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adtion in cat\u00ada\u00adlogu\u00ading the syl\u00advan botany of South Asia. In the same year in which the For\u00adest Act was passed, Bran\u00addis estab\u00adlished the Impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal For\u00adest School in Dehra Dun, which exists even today, for train\u00ading local per\u00adson\u00adnel. Already in 1875, under his lead\u00ader\u00adship as Inspec\u00adtor Gen\u00ader\u00adal of Forests, The Indi\u00adan Forester<\/em>, a jour\u00adnal, or rather a mag\u00ada\u00adzine with sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic essays direct\u00aded at a broad read\u00ader\u00adship, was launched. Bran\u00addis him\u00adself pub\u00adlished reg\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly in The<\/em> Indi\u00adan Forester<\/em>, a total of 35 arti\u00adcles, sev\u00ader\u00adal of which were on for\u00adest admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion, the train\u00ading of for\u00adest per\u00adson\u00adnel as well as on teak and bam\u00adboo. His arti\u00adcle on mea\u00adsur\u00ading the require\u00adment of rail\u00adway sleep\u00aders for the rail\u00adways tracks in British India is well known. (The Indi\u00adan Forester<\/em> 4, 4 (1879), pp. 365\u201385).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Along with his exten\u00adsive work as the high\u00adest for\u00adest admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtor and com\u00adbined with his con\u00adstant pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions about the work being done, Bran\u00addis was hard\u00adly able to pur\u00adsue his botan\u00adi\u00adcal inter\u00adests. Occa\u00adsion\u00adal\u00adly he com\u00adplained to his col\u00adleagues that he did not get around to col\u00adlect\u00ading plants, let alone iden\u00adti\u00adfy\u00ading them botan\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly. How\u00adev\u00ader, his two big books on the flo\u00adra of British India bear wit\u00adness to his inti\u00admate knowl\u00adedge of South Asian flo\u00adra and botany. One of these is the book begun by the afore\u00admen\u00adtioned Dr. Stew\u00adard on the For\u00adest Flo\u00adra of North-West and Cen\u00adtral India<\/em> which was com\u00adplet\u00aded by Bran\u00addis and final\u00adly pub\u00adlished in 1874. Bran\u00addis com\u00adplet\u00aded the book in the two years that he spent at home to cure his fail\u00ading health, and it was uni\u00adver\u00adsal\u00adly praised for its thor\u00adough\u00adness with regards to flo\u00adra, fau\u00adna, cli\u00admate and geog\u00adra\u00adphy. Bran\u00addis had already gained a rep\u00adu\u00adta\u00adtion with his arti\u00adcle \u201cRain\u00adfall and For\u00adest Trees in India\u201d, pub\u00adlished in 1871, in which he had empha\u00adsized the con\u00adnec\u00adtion between the geo\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal dis\u00adtri\u00adb\u00adu\u00adtion of trees and the cli\u00admat\u00adic con\u00addi\u00adtions of a region and had illus\u00adtrat\u00aded this with a map that remained unsur\u00adpassed for a long time (Ocean High\u00adways 4 (1872), pp. 200\u2013206. Reprint\u00aded in Trans\u00adac\u00adtions of the Scot\u00adtish Arbori\u00adcul\u00adtur\u00adal Soci\u00adety<\/em> 7 (1873), pp. 88\u2013113 and The Indi\u00adan Forester<\/em> 9 (1883), pp. 173\u201383 and 221\u201333).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bran\u00addis\u2019 mag\u00adnum opus Indi\u00adan Trees<\/em> which was pub\u00adlished one year before his death (1906), also remained unmatched. Bran\u00addis spent at least eight years struc\u00adtur\u00ading and pro\u00adcess\u00ading the mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal col\u00adlect\u00aded and pro\u00advid\u00aded. Indi\u00adan Trees<\/em> cov\u00aders more than 4,400 species of trees, bush\u00ades, creep\u00aders, vines, bam\u00adboos and palms of the Indi\u00adan sub\u00adcon\u00adti\u00adnent includ\u00ading the Andaman and Nico\u00adbar Islands, giv\u00ading them their cor\u00adrect botan\u00adi\u00adcal names, syn\u00adonyms, their col\u00adlo\u00adqui\u00adal names, botan\u00adi\u00adcal descrip\u00adtions as well as relat\u00aded flo\u00adra. Over\u00adall, the book is a mon\u00adu\u00adment of sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic metic\u00adu\u00adlous\u00adness and of scrupu\u00adlous botan\u00adi\u00adcal work, which estab\u00adlish\u00ades Diet\u00adrich Bran\u00addis as an emi\u00adnent botanist, even if this was not acknowl\u00adedged dur\u00ading his life\u00adtime or even today. Fur\u00adther work on archival doc\u00adu\u00adments as well as on Bran\u00addis\u2019 own pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions will con\u00adtribute to a new under\u00adstand\u00ading of the per\u00adson and the botanist Brandis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Archival Holdings<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The annu\u00adal report of the Ham\u00adburg State Insti\u00adtute of Botany for 1908 men\u00adtioned under the rubric \u201cpur\u00adchas\u00ades\u201d that the Sen\u00adate of the State of Ham\u00adburg had acquired Diet\u00adrich Bran\u00addis\u2019 exten\u00adsive botan\u00adi\u00adcal col\u00adlec\u00adtion. How\u00adev\u00ader, one does not know why par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly the Ham\u00adburg Sen\u00adate pur\u00adchased Bran\u00addis\u2019 herbar\u00adi\u00adum and why no oth\u00ader high-rank\u00ading Euro\u00adpean botan\u00adi\u00adcal insti\u00adtute was inter\u00adest\u00aded in it. Evi\u00addent\u00adly, dur\u00ading his life\u00adtime,  Bran\u00addis was famous only as a forestry sci\u00aden\u00adtist, which is why his exten\u00adsive botan\u00adi\u00adcal activ\u00adi\u00adties with their cor\u00adre\u00adspond\u00ading pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions were soon for\u00adgot\u00adten.[1]<\/a> The fact that Bran\u00addis was an excep\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adly gift\u00aded and keen botanist can be seen in the man\u00adner in which he mount\u00aded and sys\u00adtem\u00adatized 19,000 leaves in his herbar\u00adi\u00adum, which could there\u00adfore be eas\u00adi\u00adly inte\u00adgrat\u00aded into the herbar\u00adi\u00adum of the Ham\u00adburg Botan\u00adi\u00adcal Insti\u00adtute. This could also be a rea\u00adson why the leaves are not list\u00aded indi\u00advid\u00adu\u00adal\u00adly. Already in 1911, the entire hold\u00ading was incor\u00adpo\u00adrat\u00aded, sort\u00aded as it was into species.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lit\u00adtle is known about the fur\u00adther fate of Bran\u00addis\u2019 herbar\u00adi\u00adum. After the Insti\u00adtute for Applied Botany was estab\u00adlished in 1913, Bran\u00addis\u2019 wood col\u00adlec\u00adtion was kept there. The Insti\u00adtute of Gen\u00ader\u00adal Botany, estab\u00adlished in the same year, took over not only the Botan\u00adi\u00adcal Gar\u00adden but also the herbar\u00adi\u00adum of the Ham\u00adburg Botan\u00adi\u00adcal Muse\u00adum. Parts of the exten\u00adsive and bulky wood col\u00adlec\u00adtions are in the Xylotheque of the Th\u00fc\u00adnen Insti\u00adtute. In 2012, the Insti\u00adtute for Gen\u00ader\u00adal and Applied Botany was merged with the Bio\u00adcen\u00adter Klein Flot\u00adtbek. Fur\u00adther infor\u00adma\u00adtion on the Bran\u00addis herbar\u00adi\u00adum can be obtained from the present head cura\u00adtor of the Herbar\u00adi\u00adum Ham\u00adbur\u00adgense, Dr. Matthias Schultz (matthias.schultz[at]uni-hamburg.de)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Ham\u00adbur\u00adgis\u00adche Botanis\u00adche Staatsin\u00adsti\u00adtute. Jahres\u00adberichte 1908. Aus dem<\/em> Jahrbuch der Ham\u00adbur\u00adgis\u00adchen Wis\u00adsenschaftlichen Anstal\u00adten<\/em> 26 (1909), p. 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> Ham\u00adbur\u00adgis\u00adche Botanis\u00adche Staatsin\u00adsti\u00adtute. Jahres\u00adberichte 1910. Aus dem Jahrbuch der Ham\u00adbur\u00adgis\u00adchen Wis\u00adsenschaftlichen Anstal\u00adten<\/em> 28 (1911), p. 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Selected Bibliography for the life and works of Dietrich Brandis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Guha, Ramachan\u00addra, \u201cAn Ear\u00adly Envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal Debate: The Mak\u00ading of the 1878 For\u00adest Act\u201d. Indi\u00adan Eco\u00adnom\u00adic and Social His\u00adto\u00adry Review<\/em> <\/em>27, 1 (1990): pp. 65\u201384.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00f6l\u00adzl, Richard, \u201cDer \u201adeutsche Wald\u2018 als Pro\u00addukt eines transna\u00adtionalen Wis\u00adsentrans\u00adfers? Forstre\u00adform in Deutsch\u00adland im 18. und 19. Jahrhun\u00addert\u201d. dis\u00adcus\u00adsions<\/em> 7 (2012), 29 pp. https\u200c:\/\/\u200cpr\u200cae.\u200cpers\u200cp\u200ce\u200cct\u200civ\u200cia.\u200cnet\u200c\/publikationen\/discussions\/7\u20132012\/hoelzl_wald<\/a>.  (Last accessed on: 03-09-2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hes\u00admer, Her\u00adbert, Leben und Werk von Diet\u00adrich Bran\u00addis 1824\u20131907. Begr\u00fcn\u00adder der tro\u00adpis\u00adchen Forstwirtschaft, Begr\u00fcn\u00adder der forstlichen Entwick\u00adlung in den<\/em> <\/em>USA<\/span><\/em>, Botaniker und \u00d6kologe<\/em>. Abhand\u00adlun\u00adgen der Rheinisch-West\u00adf\u00e4lis\u00adchen Akademie der Wis\u00adsenschaften: 58. Opladen: West\u00addeutsch\u00ader Ver\u00adlag, 1975.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Negi, S.S., Sir Diet\u00adrich Bran\u00addis: Father of Trop\u00adi\u00adcal Forestry<\/em>. Dehra Dun: Bishen Sing Mahen\u00addra Pal Singh, 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prain, David, revised by Mahesh Ran\u00adgara\u00adjan, \u201cBran\u00addis, Sir Diet\u00adrich (1824\u20131907)\u201d. Oxford Nation\u00adal Biog\u00adra\u00adphy<\/em> (1915, online edn 2004). Oxford Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press. doi:10.1093\/ref:odnb\/32045 <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rajan, Ravi, \u201cImpe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Envi\u00adrontal\u00adism or Envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal Impe\u00adri\u00adal\u00adism? Euro\u00adpean Forestry, Colo\u00adnial Foresters and Agen\u00addas of For\u00adest Man\u00adage\u00adment in British India, 1800\u20131900\u201d. In: Richard H. Grove, Vini\u00adta Damodaran, Sat\u00adpal Sang\u00adwan (eds.) Nature and the Ori\u00adent. The Envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal His\u00adto\u00adry of South and South\u00adeast Asia<\/em>. Del\u00adhi: Oxford Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 1998, pp. 324\u2013371.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rawat, Ajay S., \u201cBran\u00addis: The Father of Orga\u00adnized Forestry in India\u201d. In: Ibid. (ed.) Indi\u00adan Forestry: A Per\u00adspec\u00adtive<\/em>. New Del\u00adhi: Indus Pub\u00adlish\u00ading Com\u00adpa\u00adny, 1993, pp. 85\u2013101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sal\u00addan\u00adha, Indra Mun\u00adshi, \u201cColo\u00adnial\u00adism and Pro\u00adfes\u00adsion\u00adal\u00adism: A Ger\u00adman Forester in India\u201d. Envi\u00adron\u00adment and His\u00adto\u00adry<\/em> 2, no. 2 (1996): pp. 195\u2013219.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bran\u00addis, D., For\u00adest Flo\u00adra of North-West and Cen\u00adtral India,<\/em> A Hand\u00adbook of the Indige\u00adnous Trees and Shrubs of those Coun\u00adtries. Com\u00admenced by the late J.L. Stew\u00adard, con\u00adtin\u00adued and com\u00adplet\u00aded by D. Bran\u00addis. Pre\u00adpared at the Herbar\u00adi\u00adum of the Roy\u00adal Gar\u00addens, Kew. Pub\u00adlished under the Author\u00adi\u00adty of the Sec\u00adre\u00adtary of State for India in Coun\u00adcil.<\/em> <\/em>Lon\u00addon: Wm H. Allen &<\/span><\/em> Com\u00adpa\u00adny, 1874.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2013, Indi\u00adan Trees. An Account of Trees, Shrubs, Woody Climbers, Bam\u00adboos and Palms Indige\u00adnous or Com\u00admon\u00adly Cul\u00adti\u00advat\u00aded in the British Indi\u00adan Empire<\/em>. Lon\u00addon: Archibald Con\u00adsta\u00adble &<\/span><\/em> Co. Ltd, 1906.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Archival Holdings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Herbar\u00adi\u00adum Ham\u00adbur\u00adgense, Insti\u00adtute of Plant Sci\u00adence and Micro\u00adbi\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy, Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t Hamburg<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00adman Let\u00adters 1858\u20131900, Archives, Roy\u00adal Botan\u00adi\u00adcal Gar\u00addens, Kew<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Journal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Indi\u00adan Forester<\/em> <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Michael Mann, IAAW<\/span>, Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2073,"template":"","categories":[54],"tags":[118,83,119,79],"class_list":["post-2068","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon","tag-environmental-history","tag-history-of-science","tag-umweltgeschichte","tag-wissenschaftsgeschichte"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDietrich Brandis (1824-1907) \u2013 Botanist and Founder of the Science of Tropical Forestry - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Michael Mann gives an insight into the life of botanist Dietrich Brandis, thereby reflecting on the body of source material located in German archives.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dietrich Brandis (1824-1907) \u2013 Botanist and Founder of the Science of Tropical Forestry - MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Michael Mann gives an insight into the life of botanist Dietrich Brandis, thereby reflecting on the body of source material located in German archives.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-12-08T15:10:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1094\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"768\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\\\/\",\"name\":\"Dietrich Brandis (1824-1907) \u2013 Botanist and Founder of the Science of Tropical Forestry - MIDA\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-22T09:35:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-12-08T15:10:01+00:00\",\"description\":\"Michael Mann gives an insight into the life of botanist Dietrich Brandis, thereby reflecting on the body of source material located in German archives.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg\",\"width\":1094,\"height\":768,\"caption\":\"Eine Zeichnung von Tamarix Articulata aus \\\"The forest flora of north-west and central India (1874)\\\" von Dietrich Brandis\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Dietrich Brandis (1824-1907) \u2013 Botanist and Founder of the Science of Tropical Forestry\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"MIDA\",\"description\":\"Das moderne Indien in deutschen Archiven 1706-1989\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2016\\\/05\\\/cropped-midalogo.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2016\\\/05\\\/cropped-midalogo.jpg\",\"width\":1480,\"height\":397,\"caption\":\"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Dietrich Brandis (1824-1907) \u2013 Botanist and Founder of the Science of Tropical Forestry - MIDA","description":"Michael Mann gives an insight into the life of botanist Dietrich Brandis, thereby reflecting on the body of source material located in German archives.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Dietrich Brandis (1824-1907) \u2013 Botanist and Founder of the Science of Tropical Forestry - MIDA","og_description":"Michael Mann gives an insight into the life of botanist Dietrich Brandis, thereby reflecting on the body of source material located in German archives.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/","og_site_name":"MIDA","article_modified_time":"2022-12-08T15:10:01+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1094,"height":768,"url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"13 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/","name":"Dietrich Brandis (1824-1907) \u2013 Botanist and Founder of the Science of Tropical Forestry - MIDA","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg","datePublished":"2020-09-22T09:35:17+00:00","dateModified":"2022-12-08T15:10:01+00:00","description":"Michael Mann gives an insight into the life of botanist Dietrich Brandis, thereby reflecting on the body of source material located in German archives.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg","width":1094,"height":768,"caption":"Eine Zeichnung von Tamarix Articulata aus \"The forest flora of north-west and central India (1874)\" von Dietrich Brandis"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Dietrich Brandis (1824-1907) \u2013 Botanist and Founder of the Science of Tropical Forestry"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/","name":"MIDA","description":"Das moderne Indien in deutschen Archiven 1706-1989","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#organization","name":"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/cropped-midalogo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/cropped-midalogo.jpg","width":1480,"height":397,"caption":"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"guten_post_layout_featured_media_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",1094,768,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata-300x211.jpg",300,211,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata-768x539.jpg",768,539,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata-1024x719.jpg",955,671,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",1094,768,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",1094,768,false],"guten_post_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",1094,768,false],"guten_post_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",1094,768,false],"guten_post_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",1094,768,false],"guten_post_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",570,400,false],"guten_post_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",600,421,false],"guten_post_layout_square":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",600,421,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",470,330,false],"evolve-plus-post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",470,330,false],"evolve-plus-slider-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",800,562,false],"evolve-plus-tabs-img":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",50,35,false],"evolve-plus-testimonial-avatar":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",80,56,false],"evolve-plus-related-img":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",300,211,false],"evolve-plus-portfolio-square":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",75,53,false],"evolve-plus-portfolio-small":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",150,105,false],"evolve-plus-portfolio-medium":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",320,225,false],"evolve-plus-portfolio-img":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tamarix_articulata.jpg",640,449,false]},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/reflexicon\/2068","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/reflexicon"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/reflexicon"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2073"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2068"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2068"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2068"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}