{"id":2191,"date":"2021-02-23T00:12:57","date_gmt":"2021-02-22T23:12:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=2191"},"modified":"2022-12-08T16:08:24","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T15:08:24","slug":"india-institute-of-the-deutsche-akademie-1928-45","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/india-institute-of-the-deutsche-akademie-1928-45\/","title":{"rendered":"India Institute of the Deutsche Akademie (1928\u201345)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By Bai\u00adjayan\u00adti Roy
<\/strong>Pub\u00adlished in 2021<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132022-00029<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fig\u00adure 1: <\/strong>Walther W\u00fcst giv\u00ading a lec\u00adture with the top\u00adic: \u201eThe F\u00fchrer\u2019s book \u2018Mein Kampf\u2019 as a reflec\u00adtion of the Aryan world\u00adview\u201d at the Hack\u00aderkeller, Munich, Ger\u00admany on the 1oth of March 1937.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Table of Con\u00adtents
<\/strong>Back\u00adground<\/a> | India Insti\u00adtute 1928\u20131933<\/a> | India Insti\u00adtute 1933\u20131945<\/a> | Archival Sources<\/a> | (Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv<\/em>) Fed\u00ader\u00adal Archives, Koblenz<\/a> | State Archives of Bavaria (Bay\u00aderisches Haupt\u00adstaat\u00adsarchiv <\/em>or BayH\u00ads\u00adtA)<\/a> | Jour\u00adnal of the DA<\/span><\/a> | Leib\u00adniz Insti\u00adtute for Con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary His\u00adto\u00adry (Insti\u00adtut f\u00fcr Zeit\u00adgeschichte M\u00fcnchen-Berlin<\/em>)<\/a> | Fed\u00ader\u00adal Archives, Berlin-Lichter\u00adfelde<\/a> | Thier\u00adfelder\u2019s writ\u00adings<\/a> | Con\u00adclu\u00adsion<\/a> | End\u00adnotes<\/a> | Bib\u00adli\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Background<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The India Insti\u00adtute (Indis\u00adch\u00ader Auss\u00adchu\u00df)<\/em> came into exis\u00adtence in 1928 as a part of the Munich based Deutsche Akademie<\/em> or \u201cGer\u00adman Acad\u00ade\u00admy\u201d (hence\u00adforth DA<\/span>). The lat\u00adter had been found\u00aded as a pri\u00advate cul\u00adtur\u00adal organ\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion in 1925 by a group of aca\u00add\u00ade\u00admics affil\u00adi\u00adat\u00aded to the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Munich. The aim was to dis\u00adsem\u00adi\u00adnate Ger\u00adman lan\u00adguage and cul\u00adture in the world. India Insti\u00adtute was the first of a num\u00adber of com\u00admit\u00adtees with\u00adin the Deutsche Akademie that were estab\u00adlished for spe\u00adcif\u00adic nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The India Insti\u00adtute was set up through the efforts of Tarak\u00adnath Das, an Indi\u00adan nation\u00adal\u00adist liv\u00ading in Europe and Karl Haushofer, pro\u00adfes\u00adsor of Geog\u00adra\u00adphy at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Munich who was involved with the DA<\/span> from the start. Haushofer had vis\u00adit\u00aded India in 1908\u20131909 and had devel\u00adoped a sym\u00adpa\u00adthet\u00adic inter\u00adest towards the British colony (Spang, 2013: 336). The organ\u00adisan\u00adtion\u00adal part of the India Insti\u00adtute was entrust\u00aded to the young jour\u00adnal\u00adist Franz Thier\u00adfelder. He was the Gen\u00ader\u00adal Sec\u00adre\u00adtary of DA<\/span> from 1929\u201337 (Michels, 2005: 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the First World War, Ger\u00admany tried to com\u00adpen\u00adsate its lack of polit\u00adi\u00adcal clout in the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal are\u00adna with \u201csoft pow\u00ader,\u201d exert\u00aded through sup\u00adpos\u00aded\u00adly non-polit\u00adi\u00adcal asso\u00adci\u00ada\u00adtions like the DA<\/span> which offi\u00adcial\u00adly engaged in the spread of Ger\u00adman cul\u00adture. In real\u00adi\u00adty, the sep\u00ada\u00adra\u00adtion of polit\u00adi\u00adcal and cul\u00adtur\u00adal spheres was often only cos\u00admet\u00adic (Scholten, 2000: 41\u201342). From its mod\u00adest begin\u00adnings dur\u00ading the Weimar Repub\u00adlic, the DA<\/span> rose to become the most impor\u00adtant organ\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion rep\u00adre\u00adsent\u00ading Nazi cul\u00adtur\u00adal pol\u00adi\u00adcy. It was banned by the occu\u00adpy\u00ading Amer\u00adi\u00adcan forces in 1945. This also sig\u00adni\u00adfied the end of the India Institute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As part of the DA<\/span>, the Insti\u00adtute also claimed to be a non-polit\u00adi\u00adcal orga\u00adni\u00adza\u00adtion with the sole aim of pro\u00admot\u00ading cul\u00adtur\u00adal ties with India. This was to be done by pro\u00advid\u00ading stipends to Indi\u00adan stu\u00addents and pro\u00adfes\u00adsion\u00adals to study and work in Ger\u00admany, by invit\u00ading dis\u00adtin\u00adguished Indi\u00adans to Munich, and by spread\u00ading Ger\u00adman lan\u00adguage and cul\u00adture in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While there are sev\u00ader\u00adal schol\u00adar\u00adly stud\u00adies that crit\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly exam\u00adine DA<\/span>\u2019s past (Har\u00advolk, 1990, Kathe, 2005 and Michels, 2005), the tra\u00adjec\u00adto\u00adry of the India Insti\u00adtute remains unchart\u00aded, except for a rel\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly short study (Framke, 2013: 66\u201379). My present research (as part of the DFG<\/span> project \u201cIndol\u00ado\u00adgy in Nazi Ger\u00admany\u201d), indi\u00adcates that from its very begin\u00adning, India Insti\u00adtute espoused the inter\u00adests of the Ger\u00adman state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The \u201cpure\u00adly cul\u00adtur\u00adal\u201d image of the DA<\/span> and its affil\u00adi\u00adat\u00aded insti\u00adtutes ren\u00addered them an aura of polit\u00adi\u00adcal innocu\u00adous\u00adness and cred\u00adi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty. Hence, pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda under\u00adtak\u00aden by them was par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly effec\u00adtive. Their non-polit\u00adi\u00adcal fa\u00e7ade also pro\u00advid\u00aded good cov\u00ader for espi\u00adonage. The NS<\/span> regime increas\u00ading\u00adly took advan\u00adtage of these con\u00addi\u00adtions. In exchange, the DA<\/span> received much need\u00aded finan\u00adcial assis\u00adtance and esteem. Despite British sur\u00adveil\u00adlance, India Insti\u00adtute could car\u00adry on pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda and espi\u00adonage in India till the out\u00adbreak of the Sec\u00adond World War.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fol\u00adlow\u00ading sec\u00adtions, I first pro\u00advide a brief overview of the Institute\u2019s his\u00adto\u00adry till 1945, based on my own archival research as well as sec\u00adondary sources, before dis\u00adcussing rel\u00ade\u00advant archival sources on the subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>India Institute 1928\u20131933<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dur\u00ading the years of Weimar Repub\u00adlic, Germany\u2019s approach towards India entailed pro\u00adject\u00ading itself as a covert sym\u00adpa\u00adthis\u00ader of India\u2019s strife towards eco\u00adnom\u00adic devel\u00adop\u00adment and polit\u00adi\u00adcal auton\u00ado\u00admy. Fol\u00adlow\u00ading this course, the India Insti\u00adtute col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adrat\u00aded with the Alexan\u00adder von Hum\u00adboldt Foun\u00adda\u00adtion, which was a front for the schol\u00adar\u00adship pro\u00adgram of the For\u00adeign Min\u00adistry. The Insti\u00adtute and the Foun\u00adda\u00adtion joint\u00adly pro\u00advid\u00aded schol\u00adar\u00adships to Indi\u00adans with the aim of attract\u00ading sym\u00adpa\u00adthy for Ger\u00admany (Impekoven, 2013:20).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00admany, which had com\u00admer\u00adcial inter\u00adests in India, could not afford to antag\u00ado\u00adnise the British colo\u00adnial author\u00adi\u00adties since the lat\u00adter con\u00adtrolled access to the Indi\u00adan mar\u00adket and pro\u00adduc\u00adtion (Barooah, 2018). Hence, India Institute\u2019s pol\u00adi\u00adcy was to encour\u00adage mod\u00ader\u00adate Indi\u00adan nation\u00adal\u00adists and hon\u00adour Indi\u00adan icons who were accept\u00adable to the British colo\u00adnial estab\u00adlish\u00adment. The Insti\u00adtute also realised that these elite Indi\u00adans were like\u00adly to be the best con\u00adduits for prop\u00ada\u00adgat\u00ading Germany\u2019s views and inter\u00adests in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A num\u00adber of Ger\u00adman Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adties (Munich being the fore\u00admost), Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Acad\u00ade\u00admies as well as com\u00admer\u00adcial firms like Siemens and Allianz co-oper\u00adat\u00aded with the Insti\u00adtute in pro\u00advid\u00ading schol\u00adar\u00adships and trainee\u00adships to Indi\u00adans. These firms had branch\u00ades in India and sought to use the Insti\u00adtute to pro\u00admote their com\u00admer\u00adcial interests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Insti\u00adtute, in turn, need\u00aded aca\u00add\u00ade\u00admics with dis\u00adcur\u00adsive knowl\u00adedge of India for deal\u00ading with the coun\u00adtry as well as to famil\u00adiar\u00adize Ger\u00adman opin\u00adion-mak\u00ading class\u00ades with India, in order to rein\u00adforce its own sta\u00adtus as a medi\u00ada\u00adtor of Indo-Ger\u00adman cul\u00adtur\u00adal rela\u00adtions. This demand was ful\u00adfilled by a num\u00adber of schol\u00adars from var\u00adi\u00adous dis\u00adci\u00adplines, includ\u00ading indol\u00ado\u00adgists.[i]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>India Institute 1933\u20131945<\/h2>\n\n\n
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Fig\u00adure 2: <\/strong>Por\u00adtrait of Karl Haushofer and Rudolf Hess cir\u00adca 1920 \u2013 Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv Koblenz und Berlin \u2013 Pho\u00adtog\u00adra\u00adph\u00ader: Friedrich V. Hauser (d. 1921)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

After the Nazis came to pow\u00ader in 1933, the DA<\/span> mobi\u00adlized itself to con\u00adform to the new regime\u2019s expec\u00adta\u00adtions, in the hope of get\u00adting nec\u00ades\u00adsary finan\u00adcial help. Trans\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adtions in the DA<\/span> after 1933 includ\u00aded expelling the \u201cpolit\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly and racial\u00adly unde\u00adsir\u00adable\u201d mem\u00adbers from its gov\u00adern\u00ading units. In 1934, Karl Haushofer was made Pres\u00adi\u00addent of both the DA<\/span> as well as the India Insti\u00adtute. Haushofer was not a mem\u00adber of the Nazi par\u00adty but his geopo\u00adlit\u00adi\u00adcal the\u00ado\u00adries enjoyed some respect in Nazi cir\u00adcles. He was expect\u00aded to bring in funds from the regime with\u00adout tar\u00adnish\u00ading DA<\/span>\u2019s apo\u00adlit\u00adi\u00adcal image. Haushofer\u2019s stu\u00addent and friend Rudolf He\u00df, now deputy to Hitler, was wel\u00adcomed in the DA<\/span>\u00b4s Exec\u00adu\u00adtive Coun\u00adcil (Michels, 2005:105\u2013111).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the \u201ctasks\u201d that the India Insti\u00adtute took upon itself after 1933 was to defend the Nazi regime against indict\u00adments of ris\u00ading racism towards Indi\u00adans, reports of which appeared fre\u00adquent\u00adly in Indi\u00adan press. The result of such neg\u00ada\u00adtive pub\u00adlic\u00adi\u00adty was a tem\u00adpo\u00adrary decrease in the num\u00adber of Indi\u00adans apply\u00ading to pur\u00adsue aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic stud\u00adies or pro\u00adfes\u00adsion\u00adal train\u00ading in Ger\u00admany. On behalf of the India Insti\u00adtute, Thier\u00adfelder and Das embarked on a counter pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda which insist\u00aded that ben\u00ade\u00adfi\u00adcia\u00adries of the Insti\u00adtute were \u201csafe\u201d in Ger\u00admany if they desist\u00aded from \u201cpolit\u00adi\u00adcal activ\u00adi\u00adties,\u201d a euphemism for left-wing pol\u00adi\u00adtics includ\u00ading rad\u00adi\u00adcal anti-colo\u00adnial\u00adism. Instead, stipend hold\u00aders were to acquire \u201cthe best of Ger\u00adman cul\u00adture,\u201d which stood for the Nation\u00adal Social\u00adist worldview.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das left for the US<\/span> in 1934, though he con\u00adtin\u00adued to be a cor\u00adre\u00adspond\u00ading mem\u00adber of the Insti\u00adtute. His wife Mary Keat\u00ading Das financed a schol\u00adar\u00adship for med\u00adi\u00adcine from 1936 and was made a life mem\u00adber. Anoth\u00ader Indi\u00adan spokesman for the Insti\u00adtute was the \u201cGer\u00admanophil\u201d Benoy Kumar Sarkar, a poly\u00admath and pro\u00adfes\u00adsor of Eco\u00adnom\u00adics at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Cal\u00adcut\u00adta. Sarkar had trav\u00adelled exten\u00adsive\u00adly in Europe, in the course of which he had devel\u00adoped friend\u00adly rela\u00adtions with Karl Haushofer. Through him, the India insti\u00adtute arranged for Sarkar\u2019s appoint\u00adment as a guest pro\u00adfes\u00adsor at the Tech\u00adni\u00adcal Acad\u00ade\u00admy in Munich in 1930\u201331. While Das did not approve of Nazi Germany\u2019s ris\u00ading anti-Semi\u00adtism, Sarkar was will\u00ading to defend it. He saw in the \u201cThird Reich\u201d a reju\u00adve\u00adnat\u00aded Ger\u00admany and an inspi\u00adra\u00adtion for India. Sarkar con\u00adsis\u00adtent\u00adly pro\u00admot\u00aded the inter\u00adests of the Insti\u00adtute and Nazi Ger\u00admany in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An aspect of the Insti\u00adtute was its par\u00adtial\u00adi\u00adty towards schol\u00adars and mys\u00adtics asso\u00adci\u00adat\u00aded with Hin\u00addu revival\u00adist move\u00adments. A com\u00admon goal shared by these dis\u00adparate move\u00adments was to revi\u00adtal\u00adize Hin\u00adduism by tak\u00ading it back to its pur\u00adport\u00aded\u00adly glo\u00adri\u00adous Vedic Aryan roots. After 1933, the India Insti\u00adtute offered pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda plat\u00adforms and schol\u00adar\u00adships to indi\u00advid\u00adu\u00adals asso\u00adci\u00adat\u00aded with such Hin\u00addu revival\u00adists. The inten\u00adtion was to use these \u201cagents\u201d to spread Nazi pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda among Hin\u00addus through analo\u00adgies based on Aryanism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Insti\u00adtute was par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly drawn to a Hin\u00addu reform move\u00adment called the Arya Samaj<\/em> or the \u201cSoci\u00adety of Aryans\u201d which imag\u00adined India as a Hin\u00addu \u201cAryan\u201d nation where oth\u00ader reli\u00adgious groups had no right\u00adful place. The \u201cAryan con\u00adtent,\u201d along with the majori\u00adtar\u00adi\u00adan and author\u00adi\u00adtar\u00adi\u00adan char\u00adac\u00adter of this move\u00adment, made it com\u00adpat\u00adi\u00adble with some racial and dis\u00adci\u00adpli\u00adnar\u00adi\u00adan aspects of Nazism, includ\u00ading a eugeni\u00adcist dimen\u00adsion (Gould, 2004: 157\u2013158). Though appar\u00adent\u00adly non-polit\u00adi\u00adcal, Arya Samaj also had an under\u00adcur\u00adrent of anti-colo\u00adnial activism (Fis\u00adch\u00ader-Tine, 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The India Insti\u00adtute col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adrat\u00aded with the depart\u00adment of \u201cAryan Stud\u00adies\u201d at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Munich, offer\u00ading schol\u00adar\u00adships to Indi\u00adans to study at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty and teach Indi\u00adan lan\u00adguages. Can\u00addi\u00addates asso\u00adci\u00adat\u00aded with the Arya Samaj were unof\u00adfi\u00adcial\u00adly giv\u00aden pref\u00ader\u00adence. The Indol\u00ado\u00adgist Walther W\u00fcst, mem\u00adber of the India Insti\u00adtute and pro\u00adfes\u00adsor of \u201cAryan Stud\u00adies\u201d at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Munich, arranged to set up this posi\u00adtion. W\u00fcst was a mem\u00adber of both the Nazi par\u00adty and the SS<\/span>. After 1933, W\u00fcst\u2018s schol\u00adar\u00adship often tried to con\u00adnect \u201cAryan India\u201d with Nazi Ger\u00admany (Jungin\u00adger, 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notably, the India Insti\u00adtute also encour\u00adaged \u201cracial anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy\u201d based on Aryan dis\u00adcourse. In col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion with oth\u00ader Ger\u00adman insti\u00adtu\u00adtions, it invit\u00aded Indi\u00adan \u201crace sci\u00aden\u00adtists\u201d as aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic guests and stu\u00addents in Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By 1936, despite Haushofer\u2019s efforts, DA<\/span>\u2019s eco\u00adnom\u00adic posi\u00adtion became pre\u00adcar\u00adi\u00adous. In order to attract funds, DA<\/span> increas\u00ading\u00adly turned towards the gov\u00adern\u00adment, which on its part start\u00aded to use it more inten\u00adsive\u00adly. The amount of influ\u00adence that the regime was to exer\u00adcise in the DA<\/span> became a con\u00adtentious issue, lead\u00ading to the res\u00adig\u00adna\u00adtion of both Thier\u00adfelder and Haushofer. Thier\u00adfelder left the DA<\/span> but con\u00adtin\u00adued to con\u00adduct pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda for Nazi Ger\u00admany. Haushofer remained in DA<\/span>\u2019s exec\u00adu\u00adtive coun\u00adcil and suc\u00adceed\u00aded in mak\u00ading his pro\u00adt\u00e9g\u00e9 Walther W\u00fcst the Pres\u00adi\u00addent of the Insti\u00adtute in 1937 (Michels, 2005: 102\u2013119). In the same year, W\u00fcst also became the Pres\u00adi\u00addent of the SS-<\/span>Ahnenerbe<\/em>, Hein\u00adrich Himmler\u2019s orga\u00adni\u00adza\u00adtion for pseu\u00addo-sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic \u201cances\u00adtral research.\u201d W\u00fcst tried to inte\u00adgrate India Insti\u00adtute into the net\u00adwork of SS<\/span> and the Ahnenerbe<\/em> in dif\u00adfer\u00adent ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In June 1938, the DA<\/span> was placed under the For\u00adeign Ministry\u2019s \u201ccul\u00adtur\u00adal polit\u00adi\u00adcal sec\u00adtion\u201d which, along with oth\u00ader func\u00adtions, also con\u00adduct\u00aded anti-British and pro-Nazi pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda in India. Thus, both DA<\/span> and the India Insti\u00adtute became ful\u00adly inte\u00adgrat\u00aded in Nazi Germany\u2019s exter\u00adnal pol\u00adi\u00adtics (Kathe, 2005:75).  The Naz\u00adi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion of DA<\/span> was com\u00adplete when Lud\u00adwig Siebert, a com\u00admit\u00adted Nation\u00adal Social\u00adist and chief min\u00adis\u00adter of Bavaria, became its pres\u00adi\u00addent in 1939.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With the start of the war, \u201ccul\u00adtur\u00adal ties\u201d with India became impos\u00adsi\u00adble to main\u00adtain. The India Insti\u00adtute now open\u00adly par\u00adtic\u00adi\u00adpat\u00aded in the pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00addis\u00adtic ven\u00adture to present Nazi Ger\u00admany as a cham\u00adpi\u00adon of India\u2019s inde\u00adpen\u00addence by pro\u00admot\u00ading books that were strong\u00adly anti-British in tone. After Siebert\u2019s death in Novem\u00adber 1942, Walther W\u00fcst became the work\u00ading head of DA<\/span> in addi\u00adtion to being the head of the India Insti\u00adtute. He con\u00adtin\u00adued in this role till Arthur Sey\u00df-Inquart, \u201cReichsmin\u00adis\u00adter\u201d and Com\u00admis\u00adsion\u00ader for occu\u00adpied Hol\u00adland, became the Pres\u00adi\u00addent of DA<\/span> on 10th<\/sup> Feb\u00adru\u00adary, 1944, under\u00adscor\u00ading the DA<\/span>\u2019s pres\u00adti\u00adgious position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The con\u00adcur\u00adrence of inter\u00adests of the DA<\/span>\/India Insti\u00adtute and the Nazi regime was best reflect\u00aded in the pro\u00adfiles and activ\u00adi\u00adties of the three lec\u00adtors who were sent to India by DA<\/span> to teach Ger\u00adman. Apart from this offi\u00adcial task, they were semi-offi\u00adcial\u00adly required to engage in \u201ccul\u00adtur\u00adal polit\u00adi\u00adcal activ\u00adi\u00adties\u201d which denot\u00aded espi\u00adonage and pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda for the NS<\/span> regime. The first of these lec\u00adtors was Dr. Heinz Nitzschke, who had fin\u00adished his doc\u00adtor\u00adal stud\u00adies at the Leipzig Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t, arrived in Cal\u00adcut\u00adta in Novem\u00adber 1933. Nitzschke was a mem\u00adber of the Nazi par\u00adty, who lost lit\u00adtle time in pro\u00admot\u00ading the \u201cThird Reich\u201d in India. He was suc\u00adceed\u00aded by Horst Pohle, a mem\u00adber of the Nazi par\u00adty as well as the Nazi Teach\u00aders\u2019 Asso\u00adci\u00ada\u00adtion (NSLB<\/span>), in 1934.  Pohle\u00b4s jour\u00adney to India was paid by Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Min\u00adistry. The third lec\u00adtor was Alfred W\u00fcr\u00adfel, trained as a Volkss\u00adchule <\/em>teacher who spe\u00adcial\u00adized in Eng\u00adlish, also a mem\u00adber of the NSLB<\/span>, who arrived in Banaras in Octo\u00adber 1935. Both the lec\u00adtors were interned by the British author\u00adi\u00adties as \u201cene\u00admy aliens\u201d after the Sec\u00adond World War started.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Archival Sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Impor\u00adtant archival mate\u00adri\u00adals on the India Insti\u00adtute are at the India Office Records, Lon\u00addon, the Nation\u00adal Archives of India, New Del\u00adhi and the West Ben\u00adgal State Archives, Kolkata. The archives in Ger\u00admany that have mate\u00adri\u00adals on the India Insti\u00adtute are: (i) Fed\u00ader\u00adal Archives (Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv<\/em>), Koblenz (ii) State Archive of Bavaria (Bay\u00aderisches Haupt\u00adstaat\u00adsarchiv, <\/em>hence\u00adforth BayH\u00ads\u00adtA) Munich (iii) The Leib\u00adniz-Insti\u00adtute of Con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary His\u00adto\u00adry (Insti\u00adtut f\u00fcr Zeit\u00adgeschichte M\u00fcnchen-Berlin<\/em>), Munich, and (iv) (Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv<\/em>) Fed\u00ader\u00adal Archives, Berlin-Lichter\u00adfelde. Sum\u00admaries of the rel\u00ade\u00advant hold\u00adings in each of these archives are pro\u00advid\u00aded below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>(Bundesarchiv<\/em>) Federal Archives, Koblenz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Nach\u00adlass<\/em> or papers of Karl Hauhofer (sig\u00adna\u00adture NL<\/span> 1122) pro\u00advide sub\u00adstan\u00adtial infor\u00adma\u00adtion about the India Insti\u00adtute. Glimpses of the Institute\u2018s begin\u00adning can be found in Haushofer\u2019s cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence with Tarak\u00adnath Das (NL1122<\/span>\/6). The cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence, which start\u00aded in July, 1925, shows that an under\u00adly\u00ading anti-British sen\u00adti\u00adment shared by the two formed the back\u00addrop to the foun\u00adda\u00adtion of India Insti\u00adtute. The idea of such an Insti\u00adtute came from Das. Haushofer man\u00adaged to con\u00advince the DA<\/span> of its neces\u00adsi\u00adty. The let\u00adters show that India Insti\u00adtute start\u00aded actu\u00adal work from 1929.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haushofer\u2019s inter\u00adest in India\u2019s anti-colo\u00adnial pol\u00adi\u00adtics is record\u00aded through his exchange with the rad\u00adi\u00adcal activist Viren\u00addranath Chat\u00adtopad\u00adhyaya, who then lived in Berlin (NL1122<\/span>\/5). Chat\u00adtopad\u00adhyaya and Das were part of the Berlin-based India Inde\u00adpen\u00addence Com\u00admit\u00adtee formed dur\u00ading the First World War (Liebau, 2019).[ii]<\/a> Haushofer\u00ad\u2019s cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence with Benoy Kumar Sarkar (NL<\/span> 1122\/28) pro\u00advides an idea of the latter\u2019s engage\u00adments for Ger\u00admany before and after 1933.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence of Das and Thier\u00adfelder, pre\u00adserved under the sig\u00adna\u00adture NL1122<\/span>\/6, bear tes\u00adti\u00admo\u00adny to their untir\u00ading efforts to induce the gov\u00adern\u00adment of Bavaria, dif\u00adfer\u00adent aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic and tech\u00adni\u00adcal insti\u00adtu\u00adtions, as well as indus\u00adtri\u00adal firms in Ger\u00admany to assist the India Institute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>State Archives of Bavaria (Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv <\/em>or BayHstA)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pri\u00adma\u00adry mate\u00adri\u00adals pre\u00adserved at the BayH\u00ads\u00adtA in Munich (under the sig\u00adna\u00adtures MK<\/span> 40443\u201340445) are indis\u00adpens\u00adable for any study on the India Insti\u00adtute. Among the hold\u00adings here are lists of mem\u00adbers of the India Insti\u00adtute and \u201ccor\u00adre\u00adspond\u00ading hon\u00adorary mem\u00adbers\u201d from India. The lat\u00adter includ\u00aded Indi\u00adan lumi\u00adnar\u00adies like the Nobel Lau\u00adre\u00adates C.V. Raman and Rabindra Nath Tagore, who were hon\u00adoured by the Insti\u00adtute as they toured Ger\u00admany (MK<\/span> 40444). The annu\u00adal reports of the Insti\u00adtute acces\u00adsi\u00adble under the sig\u00adna\u00adtures MK40443-40444<\/span>, pro\u00advide details of the institute\u2019s activ\u00adi\u00adties from 1929\u20131933. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under the sig\u00adna\u00adture MK<\/span> 40443, there is a record of an inter\u00adest\u00ading lec\u00adture series orga\u00adnized by the India Insti\u00adtute and held at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Munich in the win\u00adter of 1932\/33. Some of the lec\u00adtures had polit\u00adi\u00adcal under\u00adtones which would assume greater sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcance in the Third Reich. For instance, Karl Haushofer spoke on the geopo\u00adlit\u00adi\u00adcal sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcance of India. Sim\u00adi\u00adlar\u00adly, Indol\u00ado\u00adgist Jakob Wil\u00adhelm Hauer, Pro\u00adfes\u00adsor at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of T\u00fcbin\u00adgen and a mem\u00adber of the India Insti\u00adtute who would go on to offer dif\u00adfer\u00adent ser\u00advices to the NS<\/span> regime, spoke on Yoga as a part of the glo\u00adri\u00adous spir\u00adi\u00adtu\u00adal his\u00adto\u00adry of Nordic Indo-Aryans, whom he pro\u00adject\u00aded as ances\u00adtors of mod\u00adern Germans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Journal of the DA<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

An invalu\u00adable source for the his\u00adto\u00adry of the India Insti\u00adtute is the jour\u00adnal of the DA<\/span>, titled Mit\u00adteilun\u00adgen<\/em> or \u201cAnnounce\u00adments\u201d avail\u00adable at BayH\u00ads\u00adtA (sig\u00adna\u00adture Z236<\/span>). Among the sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant entries is one from the first issue of March 1936, doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00ading the expul\u00adsion of two \u201cJew\u00adish Indol\u00ado\u00adgists,\u201d Lucian Scher\u00adman and Otto Strau\u00df from the Exec\u00adu\u00adtive Com\u00admit\u00adtee of the India Insti\u00adtute (Mit\u00adteilun\u00adgen<\/em>: 165). This announce\u00adment con\u00adtra\u00addicts Thierfelder\u2019s post war claim that he man\u00adaged to avoid imple\u00adment\u00ading the noto\u00adri\u00adous \u201cAryan para\u00adgraph\u201d of 1933 in the DA<\/span> (Scholten, 2000:100).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The jour\u00adnal records instances of the India Institute\u2019s attempts to defend the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal rep\u00adu\u00adta\u00adtion of Nazi Ger\u00admany. The third issue from Novem\u00adber 1934 men\u00adtions, for exam\u00adple, that M.S.Khanna, an erst\u00adwhile stipend hold\u00ader of the Insti\u00adtute, pub\u00adlished a \u201cmis\u00adlead\u00ading and par\u00adtial\u00adly made up account\u201d of the harass\u00adments faced by Indi\u00adan stu\u00addents in Ger\u00admany. The Insti\u00adtute respond\u00aded by mobi\u00adliz\u00ading its asso\u00adciates and erst\u00adwhile ben\u00ade\u00adfi\u00adcia\u00adries in India to write arti\u00adcles coun\u00adter\u00ading this report (Mit\u00adteilun\u00adgen<\/em>: 398).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mit\u00adteilun\u00adgen<\/em> reg\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly report\u00aded on Benoy Kumar Sarkar\u2019s attempts to pro\u00admote aspects of Nazi Ger\u00admany through var\u00adi\u00adous pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions as well as through a \u201cBen\u00adgali Ger\u00admany Knowl\u00adedge Soci\u00adety\u201d that he had estab\u00adlished in Cal\u00adcut\u00adta in 1932. From these reports it tran\u00adspires that erst\u00adwhile stipend-hold\u00aders of the India Insti\u00adtute were involved in this Soci\u00adety as orga\u00adniz\u00aders and speak\u00aders. After 1933, the Soci\u00adety arranged lec\u00adtures on sub\u00adjects asso\u00adci\u00adat\u00aded with Nation\u00adal Social\u00adism \u2014 like nation\u00adal com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty (Volks\u00adge\u00admein\u00adschaft<\/em>), mil\u00adi\u00adtari\u00adsa\u00adtion, and genet\u00adic selec\u00adtion. The Insti\u00adtute rec\u00adog\u00adnized Sarkar\u2019s con\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adtion by elect\u00ading him as one of its hon\u00adorary life mem\u00adbers in 1933 (Mit\u00adteilun\u00adgen<\/em>: Octo\u00adber 1933: 392).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The con\u00adnec\u00adtions between the India Insti\u00adtute and Hin\u00addu revival\u00adism as well as racial anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy can also be traced from dif\u00adfer\u00adent issues of Mit\u00adteilun\u00adgen<\/em>. For exam\u00adple, a lec\u00adture deliv\u00adered by a guest of India Insti\u00adtute, Pro\u00adfes\u00adsor B.S. Guha, titled \u201cThe racial foun\u00adda\u00adtion of the Indo-Aryans and racial mis\u00adce\u00adgena\u00adtion in India\u201d was pub\u00adlished in 1935 (Sec\u00adond Issue July 1935: 488\u2013496).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From 1937, the jour\u00adnal changed its name to Deutsche Kul\u00adtur im Leben der V\u00f6lk\u00ader<\/em> or DKLV<\/span> (\u201cGer\u00adman cul\u00adture in the lives of the peo\u00adple\u201d). Hence\u00adforth it rou\u00adtine\u00adly pub\u00adlished Walther W\u00fcst\u2019s writ\u00adings glo\u00adri\u00adfy\u00ading Germany\u2019s \u201cAryan past\u201d as well as reviews of books cham\u00adpi\u00adoning Indi\u00adan anti-colo\u00adnial strug\u00adgle. A notable exam\u00adple is W\u00fcst\u2019s sym\u00adpa\u00adthet\u00adic review of the Ger\u00adman trans\u00adla\u00adtion of the polem\u00adi\u00adcal book, \u201cThe Indi\u00adan war of inde\u00adpen\u00addence\u201d writ\u00adten anony\u00admous\u00adly by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the anti-colo\u00adnial activist turned cham\u00adpi\u00adon of politi\u00adcized Hin\u00adduism (DKLV<\/span>, Decem\u00adber 1941: 122). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Leibniz Institute for Contemporary History (Institut f\u00fcr Zeitgeschichte M\u00fcnchen-Berlin<\/em>)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The archive of the Leib\u00adniz Insti\u00adtute of Con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary His\u00adto\u00adry (Insti\u00adtut f\u00fcr Zeit\u00adgeschichte M\u00fcnchen-Berlin<\/em>), in Munich has pro\u00adto\u00adcols of some of the meet\u00adings of India Insti\u00adtute from 1934\u20131938 (Sig\u00adna\u00adture: MA<\/span> 1190 and MA241<\/span>). The pro\u00adto\u00adcol of a meet\u00ading held on 23rd<\/sup> Octo\u00adber, 1934 for exam\u00adple, reveals that the India Insti\u00adtute blamed Mus\u00adsoli\u00adni and his gov\u00adern\u00adment for insti\u00adgat\u00ading Indi\u00adan stu\u00addents against Ger\u00admany (MA1190<\/span>). Anoth\u00ader meet\u00ading held on 1st<\/sup> Feb\u00adru\u00adary, 1937 (MA<\/span> 241) records the relief expressed by the Exec\u00adu\u00adtive com\u00admit\u00adtee about the depar\u00adture from Europe of \u201ccer\u00adtain peo\u00adple\u201d who foment\u00aded dis\u00adtur\u00adbance among Indi\u00adan stu\u00addents in Berlin and Munich (allud\u00ading to the nation\u00adal\u00adist leader Sub\u00adhas Chan\u00addra Bose who insti\u00adgat\u00aded Indi\u00adan stu\u00addents to protest against racism dur\u00ading his vis\u00adit in 1934). The pro\u00adto\u00adcol of the meet\u00ading of the Insti\u00adtute on 27th<\/sup> Octo\u00adber, 1938 (MA1190<\/span>) indi\u00adcates that Benoy Sarkar post\u00adponed accept\u00ading the Institute\u2019s invi\u00adta\u00adtion to vis\u00adit Ger\u00admany because the \u201cneg\u00ada\u00adtive pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda\u201d about Nazi Ger\u00admany actu\u00adal\u00adly scared him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Federal Archives, Berlin-Lichterfelde<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A hold\u00ading at Fed\u00ader\u00adal Archives, Berlin (Sig\u00adna\u00adture R51<\/span>) pro\u00advides insights into the \u201ccul\u00adtur\u00adal polit\u00adi\u00adcal activ\u00adi\u00adties\u201d under\u00adtak\u00aden by Horst Pohle and Alfred W\u00fcr\u00adfel, the two lec\u00adtors sent to India. The hold\u00ading con\u00adtains the cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence of the two lec\u00adtors with var\u00adi\u00adous func\u00adtionar\u00adies of the DA<\/span>. \u201cReports\u201d sent in 1938\u20131939 were some\u00adtimes part of this cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence though more \u201csen\u00adsi\u00adtive\u201d infor\u00adma\u00adtion were sent through diplo\u00admat\u00adic chan\u00adnels of the Ger\u00adman Con\u00adsulate in Cal\u00adcut\u00adta, as the let\u00adters claim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

W\u00fcrfel\u2019s \u201cactiv\u00adi\u00adties\u201d (sig\u00adna\u00adture R51<\/span>\\10128) includ\u00aded the dis\u00adtri\u00adb\u00adu\u00adtion of pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions pro\u00admot\u00ading the \u201cNew Ger\u00admany\u201d among his stu\u00addents, some of whom were pro\u00adfes\u00adsors at the Banaras Hin\u00addu Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty. Pohle\u2019s let\u00adters (sig\u00adna\u00adture R51<\/span>\\144) are more explic\u00adit. They reveal that he kept a tab on the Euro\u00adpean Jews who sought refuge in Cal\u00adcut\u00adta after flee\u00ading the Nazis. He also report\u00aded on India\u2019s polit\u00adi\u00adcal sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion and not\u00aded the country\u2019s respons\u00ades to hap\u00adpen\u00adings in Ger\u00admany. As a Nazi par\u00adty mem\u00adber, Pohle kept in touch with the Nazi exter\u00adnal cell (Aus\u00adland\u00adsor\u00adgan\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion<\/em>) based in Bom\u00adbay. Both the lec\u00adtors were aware of being spied on by British sur\u00adveil\u00adlance, as is clear from their correspondence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Thierfelder\u2019s writings<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A brochure titled \u201cIndia Insti\u00adtute of the Deutsche Akademie,\u201d com\u00adposed by Thier\u00adfelder and pub\u00adlished in 1937, pro\u00advides a detailed \u201cfirst-hand account\u201d of the Insti\u00adtute. The brochure sys\u00adtem\u00adat\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly names the Institute\u2019s office bear\u00aders, dif\u00adfer\u00adent kinds of mem\u00adbers, stipend hold\u00aders and guests. India Institute\u2019s polit\u00adi\u00adcal ori\u00aden\u00adta\u00adtion is man\u00adi\u00adfest in the state\u00adment that \u201cFor\u00adeign anti-Ger\u00adman pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00addists under the guise of stu\u00addents are not wel\u00adcome\u201d (Thier\u00adfelder, 1937: 7\u20138). The brochure also pro\u00advides visu\u00adal records of the Institute\u2019s past in the form of a num\u00adber of photographs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1959, Thier\u00adfelder pub\u00adlished anoth\u00ader arti\u00adcle on the India Insti\u00adtute com\u00admem\u00ado\u00adrat\u00ading thir\u00adty years of its exis\u00adtence. In this essay, he pre\u00adsent\u00aded the Insti\u00adtute as a polit\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly neu\u00adtral orga\u00adni\u00adza\u00adtion which kept its dis\u00adtance from the Indi\u00adan anti-colo\u00adnial move\u00adment as well as Nazi pol\u00adi\u00adtics (Thier\u00adfelder 1959: 92\u2013102). This arti\u00adcle is a per\u00adfect exam\u00adple of a ret\u00adro\u00adspec\u00adtive\u00adly manip\u00adu\u00adlat\u00aded account of the past, as this brief review of the Institute\u2019s his\u00adto\u00adry demonstrates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The sources from dif\u00adfer\u00adent Ger\u00adman archives make it clear that the India Insti\u00adtute, much like its par\u00adent organ\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion, the DA<\/span>, iden\u00adti\u00adfied with the con\u00adcerns of suc\u00adces\u00adsive Ger\u00adman regimes. After 1933, the Insti\u00adtute became increas\u00ading\u00adly involved in a cul\u00adtur\u00adal pol\u00adi\u00adcy that was com\u00adpat\u00adi\u00adble with the inter\u00adests of the NS<\/span> regime, which grant\u00aded it finan\u00adcial secu\u00adri\u00adty and pres\u00adtige in return. Fol\u00adlow\u00ading the out\u00adbreak of the Sec\u00adond World War, the India Insti\u00adtute open\u00adly and com\u00adplete\u00adly iden\u00adti\u00adfied with Nazi Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

[i]<\/a> Apart from those men\u00adtioned in this arti\u00adcle, the indol\u00ado\u00adgists at the Insti\u00adtute also includ\u00aded Hel\u00admuth von Glase\u00adnapp and Wil\u00adhelm Geiger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ii]<\/a> See also Heike Liebau\u2019s entry on the India Inde\u00adpen\u00addence Com\u00admit\u00adtee: Liebau, Heike, \u201c\u201aUnternehmungen und Aufwiegelun\u00adgen\u2018: Das Berlin\u00ader Indis\u00adche Unab\u00adh\u00e4ngigkeit\u00adskomi\u00adtee in den Akten des Poli\u00adtis\u00adchen Archivs des Ausw\u00e4r\u00adti\u00adgen Amts (1914\u20131920)\u201d. MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon (2019): 11 pp, https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/rechercheportal\/reflexicon\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Barooah, Nirode K., Ger\u00admany and the Indi\u00adans. <\/em>Between the wars<\/em>. Norder\u00adst\u00adedt: Books on Demand, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fis\u00adch\u00ader-Tin\u00e9, Har\u00adald, \u201cArya Samaj\u201d. In: J. Bronkhorst, A. Mali\u00adnar (eds.) Hand\u00adbook of Ori\u00aden\u00adtal Stud\u00adies. <\/em>Sec\u00adtion Two: India.<\/em> Vol\u00adume 22\/5. Lei\u00adden: Brill, 2013, pp.389\u2013396.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Framke, Maria, Del\u00adhi Rom Berlin. <\/em>Die indis\u00adche Wahrnehmung von Faschis\u00admus und Nation\u00adal\u00adsozial\u00adis\u00admus 1922\u20131939<\/em>. Darm\u00adstadt: WBG<\/span> (Wis\u00adsenschaftliche Buchge\u00adsellschaft), 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gould, William, Hin\u00addu Nation\u00adal\u00adism an<\/em>d the lan\u00adguage of pol\u00adi\u00adtics in late colo\u00adnial India<\/em>. Cam\u00adbridge: Cam\u00adbridge Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Har\u00advolk, Edgar, Eichen\u00adzweig und Hak\u00adenkreuz: <\/em>Die Deutsche Akademie in M\u00fcnchen (1924\u20131962) und ihre volk\u00adskundliche Sek\u00adtion<\/em>. Munich: M\u00fcnch\u00adn\u00ader Vere\u00adini\u00adgung f\u00fcr Volk\u00adskunde, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Impekoven, Hol\u00adger, Die Alexan\u00adder von Hum\u00adboldt-Stiftung und das Aus\u00adl\u00e4n\u00adder\u00adstudi\u00adum in Deutsch\u00adland 1925\u20131945<\/em>. Bonn: Bonn Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jungin\u00adger, Horst, \u201cFrom Bud\u00addha to Adolf Hitler. Walther W\u00fcst and the Aryan tra\u00addi\u00adtion\u201d. In: Horst Jungin\u00adger (ed.) The study of reli\u00adgion under the impact of fas\u00adcism<\/em>. Lei\u00adden: Brill, 2008. pp. 105\u2013177.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kathe, Stef\u00adfen R., Kul\u00adtur\u00adpoli\u00adtik um jeden Preis. Die Geschichte des Goethe-Insti\u00adtuts von 1951 bis 1990<\/em>. Frank\u00adfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liebau, Heike, \u201c\u201aUnternehmungen und Aufwiegelun\u00adgen\u2018: Das Berlin\u00ader Indis\u00adche Unab\u00adh\u00e4ngigkeit\u00adskomi\u00adtee in den Akten des Poli\u00adtis\u00adchen Archivs des Ausw\u00e4r\u00adti\u00adgen Amts (1914\u20131920)\u201d. MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon <\/em>(2019): 11 pp, https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/rechercheportal\/reflexicon\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Michels, Eckard, Von der Deutschen Akademie zum Goethe Insti\u00adtut. Sprach und ausw\u00e4r\u00adtige Kul\u00adtur\u00adpoli\u00adtik 1923\u201360<\/em>. Munich: Old\u00aden\u00adbourg, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scholten, Dirk, Sprachver\u00adbre\u00aditungspoli\u00adtik des nation\u00adal\u00adsozial\u00adis\u00adtis\u00adchen Deutsch\u00adlands<\/em>. Frank\u00adfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spang, Chris\u00adt\u00adian W., Karl Haushofer und Japan. Die Rezep\u00adtion sein\u00ader geopoli\u00adtis\u00adchen The\u00ado\u00adrien in der deutschen und japanis\u00adchen Poli\u00adtik<\/em>. Munich: Iudi\u00adci\u00adum, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thier\u00adfelder, Franz, India Insti\u00adtute of the Deutsche Akademie 1928\u00ad\u20131937<\/em>. Munich: India Insti\u00adtute, 1937.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2013, \u201c30 Jahre India Insti\u00adtut M\u00fcnchen. 1928\u20131958\u201d. Mit\u00adteilun\u00adgen des Insti\u00adtuts f\u00fcr Aus\u00adlands\u00adbeziehun\u00adgen 2, Stuttgart<\/em> 9 (1959): pp. 92\u2013102.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bai\u00adjayan\u00adti Roy, Goethe-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t Frank\u00adfurt am Main<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2187,"template":"","categories":[75],"tags":[83,108,110,79],"class_list":["post-2191","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon-en","tag-history-of-science","tag-indologie","tag-indology","tag-wissenschaftsgeschichte"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIndia Institute of the Deutsche Akademie (1928-45) - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Baijayanti Roy explores the history of the India Institute of the Deutsche Akademie and gives an overview of the relevant holdings\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/india-institute-of-the-deutsche-akademie-1928-45\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"India Institute of the Deutsche Akademie (1928-45) - 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