{"id":2307,"date":"2021-06-08T16:38:08","date_gmt":"2021-06-08T14:38:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=2307"},"modified":"2022-12-08T16:07:58","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T15:07:58","slug":"relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/","title":{"rendered":"Relations between Pakistan and the GDR<\/span> until 1973"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n
\"A<\/figure>
\n
\n

By Alexan\u00adder Benatar
<\/strong>Pub\u00adlished in 2021<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132022-00018<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
Down\u00adload PDF<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Image: A blend\u00aded image of the nation\u00adal flags of Pak\u00adistan and the GDR<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

This is a trans\u00adlat\u00aded ver\u00adsion of the 2019 MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon entry \u201cDie Beziehun\u00adgen zwis\u00adchen Pak\u00adistan und der DDR<\/span> bis 1973<\/a>\u201d. The text was trans\u00adlat\u00aded by Rekha Rajan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table of Con\u00adtents
<\/strong>Ear\u00adly Con\u00adtacts<\/a> | The Path to Recog\u00adni\u00adtion<\/a> | After Recog\u00adni\u00adtion<\/a> | Sources<\/a> | End\u00adnotes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the rela\u00adtions of the two Ger\u00adman states with India have already been the sub\u00adject of sev\u00ader\u00adal pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions, their engage\u00adment with the sec\u00adond-largest nation of the sub\u00adcon\u00adti\u00adnent has been com\u00adplete\u00adly ignored by his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adans so far. Until it offi\u00adcial\u00adly recog\u00adnised the Ger\u00adman Demo\u00adc\u00adra\u00adt\u00adic Repub\u00adlic (GDR<\/span>) on 8 Octo\u00adber 1972, India, as one of the most impor\u00adtant non-aligned nations, was indeed one of the main addressees of the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Repub\u00adlic of Germany\u2019s (FRG<\/span>) Hall\u00adstein-Doc\u00adtrine, and could always be assured of equal atten\u00adtion from both the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adly com\u00adpet\u00ading Ger\u00adman states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This applied to a less\u00ader extent to Pak\u00adistan, which was polit\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly and eco\u00adnom\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly not so sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adly, espe\u00adcial\u00adly since as India\u2019s arch-ene\u00admy, it had com\u00admit\u00adted itself ear\u00adly on and unequiv\u00ado\u00adcal\u00adly to the US-led alliance sys\u00adtem by becom\u00ading a mem\u00adber of the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal defence alliances CENTO<\/span> and SEATO<\/span>. For the GDR<\/span>, Pak\u00adistan must have appeared to be a \u201clost cause\u201d to some extent, where it was hard\u00adly worth\u00adwhile to fight for recog\u00adni\u00adtion. In its deal\u00adings with India, and lat\u00ader with Bangladesh, which had become inde\u00adpen\u00addent from Pak\u00adistan, the GDR<\/span> tried to win sup\u00adport with this fact. Only a week before Pak\u00adistan also recog\u00adnised the GDR<\/span>, on 15 Novem\u00adber 1972, the then exter\u00adnal affairs min\u00adis\u00adter of the GDR<\/span>, Otto Winz\u00ader, reit\u00ader\u00adat\u00aded in a con\u00adver\u00adsa\u00adtion with his coun\u00adter\u00adpart from Bangladesh, Abdus Samad Azad, that Pakistan\u2019s attempts to estab\u00adlish con\u00adtacts with the GDR<\/span> had always been reject\u00aded. How\u00adev\u00ader, con\u00adtacts with Pak\u00adistan went back much fur\u00adther than the chief diplo\u00admat of the GDR<\/span> was will\u00ading to admit at the time, and the GDR<\/span> had cer\u00adtain\u00adly played an active role in this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Early Contacts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pak\u00adistan had already shown inter\u00adest in bilat\u00ader\u00adal trade with the GDR<\/span> in the mid-1950s. How\u00adev\u00ader, on the \u201cGer\u00adman ques\u00adtion\u201d, which was deci\u00adsive for the GDR<\/span>, Pak\u00adistan, in keep\u00ading with its West\u00adern alliance pact, clear\u00adly sup\u00adport\u00aded the stand\u00adpoint of the FRG<\/span> much to the regret of the East Berlin Min\u00adistry for Exter\u00adnal Affairs (MfAA). How\u00adev\u00ader, when the Indo-Chi\u00adna bor\u00adder con\u00adflict of 1962 led to Pakistan\u2019s prox\u00adim\u00adi\u00adty with the Peo\u00adples\u2019 Repub\u00adlic of Chi\u00adna, the MfAA saw this as a gen\u00ader\u00adal course cor\u00adrec\u00adtion of the Pak\u00adistani gov\u00adern\u00adment towards the social\u00adist alliance sys\u00adtem. Although they were aware of the per\u00adsist\u00ading dif\u00adfer\u00adences between the GDR<\/span> and Pak\u00adistan (like the Sovi\u00adet Union, the GDR<\/span> sup\u00adport\u00aded India on the Kash\u00admir ques\u00adtion), the diplo\u00admats in East Berlin felt that a win\u00addow had opened up for strength\u00aden\u00ading rela\u00adtions with Pak\u00adistan, if not also for estab\u00adlish\u00ading diplo\u00admat\u00adic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The MfAA moved into action. In the sum\u00admer of 1963, a first GDR<\/span> trade del\u00ade\u00adga\u00adtion vis\u00adit\u00aded Pak\u00adistan, albeit unof\u00adfi\u00adcial\u00adly, en route to India and offered Pak\u00adistan a trade agree\u00adment sim\u00adi\u00adlar to the one that they had with India. In the same year, a del\u00ade\u00adga\u00adtion of the GDR<\/span> Min\u00adistry for For\u00adeign and Intra-Ger\u00adman Trade (MAI<\/span>) vis\u00adit\u00aded Pak\u00adistan to explore the pos\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adties for ini\u00adti\u00adat\u00ading bilat\u00ader\u00adal rela\u00adtions between the two coun\u00adtries. How\u00adev\u00ader, the MfAA strong\u00adly rec\u00adom\u00admend\u00aded that the del\u00ade\u00adga\u00adtion pro\u00adceed with dis\u00adcre\u00adtion: \u201cThe del\u00ade\u00adga\u00adtion must endeav\u00adour to avoid pub\u00adli\u00adciz\u00ading its stay and nego\u00adti\u00ada\u00adtions in the Pak\u00adistani press in order to pre\u00advent any pos\u00adsi\u00adble inter\u00adven\u00adtion by West Ger\u00admany in the process of nego\u00adti\u00ada\u00adtions. Press con\u00adfer\u00adences and inter\u00adviews are to be refrained from.\u201d The GDR<\/span> was also very con\u00adscious of its own con\u00adflict of inter\u00adest with Pak\u00adistan: \u201cThe del\u00ade\u00adga\u00adtion must avoid com\u00adment\u00ading on the Kash\u00admir ques\u00adtion, even if it is direct\u00adly asked to do so by the Pak\u00adistani side.\u201d[1]<\/a> How\u00adev\u00ader, all these efforts by the GDR<\/span> to engage with Pak\u00adistan through offi\u00adcial chan\u00adnels, soon came to nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the mid-1960s things appeared to start mov\u00ading, at least at the lev\u00adel of civ\u00adil soci\u00adety. In Feb\u00adru\u00adary 1968, a book exhi\u00adbi\u00adtion on the GDR<\/span> was organ\u00adised in Karachi and an office of the Leipzig Trade Fair, head\u00aded by a Pak\u00adistani, was opened. In addi\u00adtion, from 1969 onwards, a num\u00adber of inde\u00adpen\u00addent Pak\u00adistan-GDR Friend\u00adship Soci\u00adeties were found\u00aded with\u00adout the active involve\u00adment of the GDR<\/span>. These soci\u00adeties, how\u00adev\u00ader, could not always be con\u00adtrolled by the GDR<\/span> as desired, which occa\u00adsion\u00adal\u00adly led to con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00adable fric\u00adtion. In the spring of 1970, for exam\u00adple, Pak\u00adistani stu\u00addents set up a Pak\u00adistan-GDR Friend\u00adship Soci\u00adety on their own ini\u00adtia\u00adtive, and its rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtives com\u00adplained bit\u00adter\u00adly about the lack of sup\u00adport and unwant\u00aded instruc\u00adtions from East Berlin: \u201cI want to make you very clear that we do not, don\u2019t want and will nev\u00ader take any instruc\u00adtion from you. We are edu\u00adcat\u00aded enough to pre\u00adpare our plans inde\u00adpen\u00addent\u00adly.\u201d[2]<\/a> How\u00adev\u00ader, the efforts of these self- con\u00adfi\u00addent Friend\u00adship Soci\u00adeties did not bear fruit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In May 1970, the GDR<\/span> once again told the gov\u00adern\u00adment of Pak\u00adistan that it was will\u00ading to estab\u00adlish offi\u00adcial state rela\u00adtions and, towards this end, pro\u00adposed the final\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion of a bilat\u00ader\u00adal trade and pay\u00adments agree\u00adment as well as the set\u00adting up of state-run trade mis\u00adsions. The tim\u00ading was well cho\u00adsen: The GDR<\/span> mis\u00adsions in India were con\u00advert\u00aded into gen\u00ader\u00adal con\u00adsulates in the sum\u00admer of 1970. Soon after, the West Ger\u00adman ambas\u00adsador in Del\u00adhi was quot\u00aded in the press say\u00ading that the FRG<\/span> gov\u00adern\u00adment would not only not impose sanc\u00adtions because of this step, but in fact it would increase the devel\u00adop\u00adment aid to India. There\u00adupon, the Pak\u00adistani gov\u00adern\u00adment also began to test the Hall\u00adstein- Doc\u00adtrine and at the very least indi\u00adcat\u00aded to the West Ger\u00adman gov\u00adern\u00adment that it want\u00aded to for\u00admalise rela\u00adtions with East Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite the gen\u00ader\u00adal\u00adly sym\u00adpa\u00adthet\u00adic atti\u00adtude of the gov\u00adern\u00adment of Pak\u00adistan towards the FRG<\/span>, it now became appar\u00adent that the For\u00adeign Office (Ausw\u00e4r\u00adtiges Amt) was ready for a deter\u00admined effort to safe\u00adguard its own inter-Ger\u00adman polit\u00adi\u00adcal inter\u00adests in Pak\u00adistan. When the then West Ger\u00adman ambas\u00adsador in Islam\u00adabad, Nor\u00adbert Berg\u00ader, found out from the local press at the end of Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1971 that an offi\u00adcial atlas of the GDR<\/span> showed the dis\u00adput\u00aded region of Kash\u00admir as part of India, he request\u00aded the AA<\/span> head\u00adquar\u00adters in Bonn to send him a copy of the map so that he could sub\u00admit it to the Pak\u00adistani For\u00adeign Min\u00adistry. As an unam\u00adbigu\u00adous expla\u00adna\u00adtion he added: \u201cThis map could per\u00adhaps influ\u00adence the plans of the For\u00adeign Min\u00adistry here to grant per\u00admis\u00adsion for a GDR<\/span> trade mis\u00adsion.\u201d[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The GDR\u2019s response in the con\u00adflict over East Pak\u00adistan, lat\u00ader Bangladesh, which erupt\u00aded at the end of March 1971, in which it quick\u00adly and unequiv\u00ado\u00adcal\u00adly took a stand in favour of the Indi\u00adan-backed sep\u00ada\u00adratists, did lit\u00adtle to arouse Pak\u00adistani sym\u00adpa\u00adthies. After the end of the Indo-Pak War in Decem\u00adber 1971 and the GDR<\/span>\u2019s offi\u00adcial recog\u00adni\u00adtion of Bangladesh in Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1972, the plans to estab\u00adlish diplo\u00admat\u00adic ties between the GDR<\/span> and Pak\u00adistan were put on hold for the time being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>The Path to Recognition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This only changed with India\u2019s diplo\u00admat\u00adic recog\u00adni\u00adtion of the GDR<\/span> on 8 Octo\u00adber 1972. A good one week lat\u00ader, the Pak\u00adistani ambas\u00adsador in Bonn vis\u00adit\u00aded the AA<\/span> to enquire about the impli\u00adca\u00adtions of this step by India on inter-Ger\u00adman affairs. The infor\u00adma\u00adtion he received appears to have reas\u00adsured him. On 21 Octo\u00adber 1972, a rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtive of the Pak\u00adistan for\u00adeign office informed the West Ger\u00adman ambas\u00adsador Berg\u00ader that Pak\u00adistan would also \u201cin the near future estab\u00adlish diplo\u00admat\u00adic ties with the GDR<\/span>.\u201d Pak\u00adistan could no longer wait \u201cto keep pace with devel\u00adop\u00adments.\u201d[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The FRG<\/span> gov\u00adern\u00adment react\u00aded prompt\u00adly and indig\u00adnant\u00adly. On the same day, it direct\u00aded its rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtive in Islam\u00adabad to con\u00advey to the gov\u00adern\u00adment of Pak\u00adistan that this announce\u00adment, com\u00ading only a day after the sign\u00ading of two impor\u00adtant cap\u00adi\u00adtal and debt-restruc\u00adtur\u00ading agree\u00adments, had \u201cled to con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00adable irri\u00adta\u00adtion\u201d in Bonn. For its part, the FRG<\/span> gov\u00adern\u00adment had at least con\u00adsult\u00aded the Pak\u00adistan gov\u00adern\u00adment and giv\u00aden rea\u00adsons for its deci\u00adsion to grant recog\u00adni\u00adtion to Bangladesh in Feb\u00adru\u00adary 1972, a step which was unde\u00adsir\u00adable from Pakistan\u2019s point of view. One would, there\u00adfore, expect Pak\u00adistan to at least do the same. Oth\u00ader\u00adwise, the FRG<\/span> gov\u00adern\u00adment \u201ccould not rule out the pos\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty of a shad\u00adow falling on the future nature of Ger\u00adman-Pak\u00adistan rela\u00adtions that had hith\u00ader\u00adto been close and friend\u00adly.\u201d[5]<\/a> On the fol\u00adlow\u00ading day this threat was backed up by the instruc\u00adtion to con\u00advey this mes\u00adsage to the Pak\u00adistani gov\u00adern\u00adment before the pro\u00adto\u00adcols to the agree\u00adments were signed. It was signed in the expec\u00adta\u00adtion that the Pak\u00adistan gov\u00adern\u00adment would \u201crefrain from the announced step vis-\u00e0-vis the GDR<\/span> until the nego\u00adti\u00ada\u00adtions of the basic treaty in the mat\u00adter have been con\u00adclud\u00aded.\u201d[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bonn\u2019s efforts were effec\u00adtive. Ambas\u00adsador Berg\u00ader was pla\u00adcat\u00ading\u00adly told that \u201cthe expres\u00adsion \u2018in the near future\u2019 did not mean that recog\u00adni\u00adtion would hap\u00adpen \u2018the day after tomor\u00adrow\u2019\u201d.[7]<\/a> It was announced that the ear\u00adli\u00adest date for recog\u00adni\u00adtion of the GDR<\/span> was now 15 Novem\u00adber 1972. Pak\u00adistan had indeed wait\u00aded until the basic treaty had been initialled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>After Recognition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

On 24 Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1973, the Embassy of the GDR<\/span> in Pak\u00adistan began its activ\u00adi\u00adties with the arrival of the charg\u00e9 d\u2019af\u00adfaires. Wal\u00adter Schmidt was the first rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtive of the GDR<\/span> in Pak\u00adistan[8]<\/a> who was suc\u00adceed\u00aded at the end of April 1973 by the first reg\u00adu\u00adlar ambas\u00adsador, Hans Maret\u00adz\u00adki. On 6 April 1973, Pak\u00adistan opened its embassy in the GDR<\/span>. In mid-May 1973, the gov\u00adern\u00adment of Pak\u00adistan appoint\u00aded Jamshed K.A. Mark\u00ader, its for\u00admer ambas\u00adsador in Ottawa, as its first ambas\u00adsador in East Berlin. The appoint\u00adment of this dis\u00adtin\u00adguished diplo\u00admat, who had ear\u00adli\u00ader been Pakistan\u2019s ambas\u00adsador to the USSR<\/span>, was gen\u00ader\u00adal\u00adly seen by the MfAA to be a pos\u00adi\u00adtive sign of the high regard in which Pak\u00adistan held the GDR<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Bonn, the recog\u00adni\u00adtion of the GDR<\/span> was not accept\u00aded with\u00adout objec\u00adtions, despite Pakistan\u2019s con\u00adces\u00adsion. The FRG<\/span> did not allow this mat\u00adter to pre\u00advent the sign\u00ading of an agree\u00adment on sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic and tech\u00adno\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion with Pak\u00adistan on 30 Novem\u00adber 1972. How\u00adev\u00ader, the planned trip of State Sec\u00adre\u00adtary Paul Frank to Pak\u00adistan for inter-gov\u00adern\u00admen\u00adtal con\u00adsul\u00adta\u00adtions was post\u00adponed indef\u00adi\u00adnite\u00adly. The AA<\/span> head\u00adquar\u00adters in Bonn also decid\u00aded that for the time being it would not grant Pakistan\u2019s wish for a lift\u00ading of the arms embar\u00adgo on the sub\u00adcon\u00adti\u00adnent that was imposed after the last Indo-Pak con\u00adflict. In India, on the oth\u00ader hand, the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of diplo\u00admat\u00adic rela\u00adtions between the GDR<\/span> and Pak\u00adistan did not evoke any media response, con\u00adtrary to the fears in East Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first note\u00adwor\u00adthy action of the GDR<\/span> in Pak\u00adistan was the found\u00ading of a Pak\u00adistan-GDR Friend\u00adship Soci\u00adety in Peshawar, near the Afghan bor\u00adder at the end of June 1973. Accord\u00ading to the assess\u00adment of the FRG<\/span> embassy, the main pur\u00adpose of this soci\u00adety was to sup\u00adport the insur\u00adgent Pash\u00adtuns in this noto\u00adri\u00adous\u00adly ungovern\u00adable part of the coun\u00adtry on behalf of the Sovi\u00adet Union \u2013 a coun\u00adtry that Pak\u00adistan regard\u00aded with sus\u00adpi\u00adcion. Apart from this Friend\u00adship Soci\u00adety and the pre\u00advi\u00adous\u00adly men\u00adtioned small\u00ader groups, how\u00adev\u00ader, there was still no cen\u00adtral Friend\u00adship Soci\u00adety in Pak\u00adistan. In any case, a col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion between the GDR<\/span> embassy and the Friend\u00adship Soci\u00adety in Lahore, for exam\u00adple, was ham\u00adpered by the fact that the Pak\u00adistani gov\u00adern\u00adment refused the nec\u00ades\u00adsary approval for the activ\u00adi\u00adties of such Friend\u00adship Soci\u00adeties in the coun\u00adtry and demand\u00aded that invi\u00adta\u00adtions already extend\u00aded to vis\u00adit the GDR<\/span> be with\u00addrawn. Nev\u00ader\u00adthe\u00adless, Pak\u00adistan soon began to make demands of the GDR<\/span> as Maret\u00adz\u00adki report\u00aded: \u201cWith regard to the devel\u00adop\u00adment of rela\u00adtions Pak\u00adistan has high expec\u00adta\u00adtions which, although not yet for\u00admu\u00adlat\u00aded con\u00adcrete\u00adly, pre\u00adsume unre\u00adal\u00adis\u00adtic eco\u00adnom\u00adic and sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic-tech\u00adno\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal help from the GDR<\/span>.\u201d[9]<\/a> How\u00adev\u00ader, the GDR<\/span> was not inter\u00adest\u00aded in pay\u00ading out sub\u00adstan\u00adtial devel\u00adop\u00adment aid to Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After diplo\u00admat\u00adic rela\u00adtions were estab\u00adlished, the GDR<\/span> was less inter\u00adest\u00aded in play\u00ading an eco\u00adnom\u00adic role in the pol\u00adi\u00adtics of the Indi\u00adan sub\u00adcon\u00adti\u00adnent than in improv\u00ading its vis\u00adi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty in the host coun\u00adtry. Already at the begin\u00adning of 1973, Wal\u00adter Schmidt, the first rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtive of the GDR<\/span> in Pak\u00adistan, realised that this was not par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly good: \u201cThe first offi\u00adcial and unof\u00adfi\u00adcial con\u00adtacts with Pak\u00adista\u00adnis shows that the GDR<\/span> as a state is com\u00adplete\u00adly unknown and that as far as this is con\u00adcerned, we have to begin from scratch. Even the Speak\u00ader of the Par\u00adlia\u00adment [\u2026] wel\u00adcomed me warm\u00adly, but then want\u00aded to show me that he already knows the names of some politi\u00adcians in my coun\u00adtry and named Ade\u00adnauer, Erhardt, Kiesinger and Brandt.\u201d[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After estab\u00adlish\u00ading diplo\u00admat\u00adic ties with Pak\u00adistan, the GDR<\/span> first of all, adopt\u00aded the for\u00adeign pol\u00adi\u00adcy con\u00adcerns of the Sovi\u00adet Union by prop\u00ada\u00adgat\u00ading the \u201ccre\u00adation of a col\u00adlec\u00adtive secu\u00adri\u00adty sys\u00adtem in Asia\u201d. Any bilat\u00ader\u00adal goals of the GDR<\/span> had to take a sec\u00adondary place. Thus, a trade agree\u00adment, for exam\u00adple, could not be con\u00adclud\u00aded imme\u00addi\u00adate\u00adly after diplo\u00admat\u00adic ties were set up. One of the main rea\u00adsons for this was that the GDR<\/span> did not want to be bound to con\u00adcrete com\u00admit\u00adments on the scope of this trade by Pak\u00adistan. It was only in 1974 that the GDR<\/span> con\u00adclud\u00aded a trade and pay\u00adments agree\u00adment as well as a cul\u00adtur\u00adal agree\u00adment with Pak\u00adistan. Apart from this, per\u00adson\u00adal con\u00adtacts and mutu\u00adal vis\u00adits between the GDR<\/span> and Pak\u00adistan remained spo\u00adradic and the effec\u00adtive\u00adness of the dif\u00adfer\u00adent Friend\u00adship Soci\u00adeties remained lim\u00adit\u00aded. The GDR<\/span> was now offi\u00adcial\u00adly rep\u00adre\u00adsent\u00aded in Pak\u00adistan, but it hard\u00adly left its mark there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Sources         <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

While rela\u00adtions of both the Ger\u00adman states with India have already received con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00adable aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic atten\u00adtion with Johannes Voigt\u2019s Die Indi\u00aden\u00adpoli\u00adtik der DDR<\/span>. Von den Anf\u00e4n\u00adgen bis zur Anerken\u00adnung (1952\u20131972)<\/em> [K\u04e7ln\/Weimar\/Wien: B\u04e7h\u00adlau Ver\u00adlag, 2008] and Amit Das Gupta\u2019s Han\u00addel, Hil\u00adfe, Hall\u00adstein-Dok\u00adtrin. Die bun\u00addes\u00addeutsche S\u00fcdasien\u00adpoli\u00adtik unter Ade\u00adnauer und Erhard, 1945\u20131966<\/em> [Husum: Matthiesen Ver\u00adlag, 2004], there is no sec\u00adondary lit\u00ader\u00ada\u00adture what\u00adso\u00adev\u00ader on the exchange between the FRG<\/span> or the GDR<\/span> with Pak\u00adistan. As long as Pakistan\u2019s archives con\u00adtin\u00adue to remain closed to for\u00adeign\u00aders, his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adans inter\u00adest\u00aded in Ger\u00admany-Pak\u00adistan diplo\u00admat\u00adic his\u00adto\u00adry are com\u00adpelled to car\u00adry out pri\u00adma\u00adry source research in Ger\u00adman archives. These would be the Polit\u00adi\u00adcal Archives of the For\u00adeign Office (Poli\u00adtis\u00adches Archiv des Ausw\u00e4r\u00adti\u00adgen Amts<\/em>, PA<\/span> AA<\/span>) in Berlin and the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Archives (Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv, BArch) in Berlin and Koblenz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the peri\u00adod till 1979, the archival hold\u00ading of the MfAA in the PA<\/span> AA<\/span> is organ\u00adised the\u00admat\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly accord\u00ading to the prin\u00adci\u00adple of per\u00adti\u00adnence. All inter\u00adnal MfAA cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence and reports per\u00adtain\u00ading to Pak\u00adistan are in the PA<\/span> AA<\/span> in the hold\u00ading M1-Zen\u00adtralarchiv. Archival doc\u00adu\u00adments cov\u00ader\u00ading the time-peri\u00adod until 1966 have a sig\u00adna\u00adture begin\u00adning with A, while the sig\u00adna\u00adture of the doc\u00adu\u00adments belong\u00ading to a lat\u00ader peri\u00adod begins with C. Beyond the MfAA hold\u00ading, how\u00adev\u00ader, the assess\u00adments of the \u201coth\u00ader side\u201d are of course also informative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The West Ger\u00adman AA<\/span> organ\u00adised its archival doc\u00adu\u00adments from the begin\u00adning accord\u00ading to the prin\u00adci\u00adple of prove\u00adnance. The files of the coun\u00adtry desk \u201cIB<\/span> 5 S\u00fcd- und Ostasien, Aus\u00adtralien, Neusee\u00adland und Ozeanien\u201d (IB<\/span> 5- South and East Asia, Aus\u00adtralia, New Zealand, and Ocea\u00adnia), which also han\u00addled the bilat\u00ader\u00adal polit\u00adi\u00adcal rela\u00adtions of the FRG<\/span> to Pak\u00adistan are found in the hold\u00ading B 37. A curi\u00adous fact is that the PA<\/span> AA<\/span> has evi\u00addent\u00adly wrong\u00adly clas\u00adsi\u00adfied a file belong\u00ading to the coun\u00adtry desk IB<\/span> 5: the vol\u00adume 306 deals with rela\u00adtions of the GDR<\/span> to Pak\u00adistan, but instead of being in the B37<\/span> hold\u00ading, it is in hold\u00ading B 38 \u2013 Berlin und Wiedervere\u00adini\u00adgungs\u00adfra\u00adgen (Berlin and Issues of Reuni\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion). In addi\u00adtion, the rel\u00ade\u00advant cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence and reports of the FRG<\/span> embassy in Islam\u00adabad are found in the hold\u00ading \u201cAV<\/span> Neues Amt\u201d (New Office) under the abbre\u00advi\u00ada\u00adtion ISLA<\/span>. As part of the \u201crela\u00adtions of the host coun\u00adtry with third coun\u00adtries\u201d, reg\u00adu\u00adlar reports of the diplo\u00admat\u00adic mis\u00adsions abroad always also dealt with the exchange between the host coun\u00adtry and the GDR<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Final\u00adly, in the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Archive (B Arch) in Berlin, in the hold\u00ading \u201cDY<\/span> 13 Liga f\u00fcr V\u00f6lk\u00ader\u00adfre\u00adund\u00adschaft der DDR<\/span>\u201d (League of the GDR<\/span> for Friend\u00adship among the Peo\u00adples), the umbrel\u00adla organ\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion for the nation\u00adal Friend\u00adship Soci\u00adeties in the GDR<\/span>, there are doc\u00adu\u00adments of an inde\u00adpen\u00addent\u00adly oper\u00adat\u00ading Pak\u00adistan-GDR Friend\u00adship Soci\u00adety request\u00ading the com\u00adpe\u00adtent Ger\u00adman-South\u00adeast Asian Soci\u00adety of the GDR<\/span> for sup\u00adport (main\u00adly financial).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n

[1]<\/a> <\/p>\n<\/td>

\n

Schwab in \u201cAu\u00dfen\u00adpoli\u00adtis\u00adche Direk\u00adtive f\u00fcr den Besuch der Del\u00ade\u00adga\u00adtion des Min\u00adis\u00adteri\u00adums f\u00fcr Au\u00dfen\u00adhan\u00addel und Innerdeutschen Han\u00addel in Pak\u00adistan\u201d, 30 Octo\u00adber 1963, PA<\/span> AA<\/span> M 1, A 13948.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

\n

[2]<\/a> <\/p>\n<\/td>

\n

Parvez Masud Baig to the Ger\u00adman-South\u00adeast Asian Soci\u00adety, 9 Decem\u00adber 1971, BArch, DY<\/span> 13\/2240.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

\n

[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>

\n

Berg\u00ader to the AA<\/span>, 25 Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1971, PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, B 37, Vol. 634.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

\n

[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>

\n

Berg\u00ader to the AA<\/span>, 23 Octo\u00adber 1972, PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, ISLA<\/span>, Vol. 8149.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

\n

[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>

\n

Diesel to the embassy in Rawalpin\u00addi, 23 Octo\u00adber 1972, PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, ISLA<\/span>, Vol. 8149.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

\n

[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>

\n

Van Well to the embassy in Rawalpin\u00addi, 24 Octo\u00adber 1972, PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, ISLA<\/span>, Vol. 8149.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

\n

[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>

\n

Berg\u00ader to the AA<\/span>, 26 Octo\u00adber 1972, PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, ISLA<\/span>, Vol. 8149.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

\n

[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>

\n

Berg\u00ader to the AA<\/span>, 25 Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1973, PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, B 37, Vol. 100303.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

\n

[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>

\n

Maret\u00adz\u00adki to Willerding\/MfAA, 27 June 1973, PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, M 1, C 89\/78.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

\n

[10]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>

\n

Schmidt to Radde\/MfAA, 8 Feb\u00adru\u00adary 1973, PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, M1<\/span>, C 97\/98.<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Alexan\u00adder Benatar, Evan\u00adge\u00adlis\u00adche Zen\u00adtral\u00adstelle f\u00fcr Weltan\u00adschau\u00adungs\u00adfra\u00adgen (EZW<\/span>)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2308,"template":"","categories":[54],"tags":[105,84],"class_list":["post-2307","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon","tag-history-of-indo-gdr-relations","tag-political-history"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRelations between Pakistan and the GDR until 1973 - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Alexander Benatar describes the diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and gives an overview of relevant archival holdings.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Relations between Pakistan and the GDR until 1973 - MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Alexander Benatar describes the diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and gives an overview of relevant archival holdings.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-12-08T15:07:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1111\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"666\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"17 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\\\/\",\"name\":\"Relations between Pakistan and the GDR until 1973 - MIDA\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-06-08T14:38:08+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-12-08T15:07:58+00:00\",\"description\":\"Alexander Benatar describes the diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and gives an overview of relevant archival holdings.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png\",\"width\":1111,\"height\":666,\"caption\":\"Image: \u00a9 Nico Putz\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Relations between Pakistan and the GDR until 1973\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"MIDA\",\"description\":\"Das moderne Indien in deutschen Archiven 1706-1989\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2016\\\/05\\\/cropped-midalogo.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2016\\\/05\\\/cropped-midalogo.jpg\",\"width\":1480,\"height\":397,\"caption\":\"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Relations between Pakistan and the GDR until 1973 - MIDA","description":"Alexander Benatar describes the diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and gives an overview of relevant archival holdings.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Relations between Pakistan and the GDR until 1973 - MIDA","og_description":"Alexander Benatar describes the diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and gives an overview of relevant archival holdings.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/","og_site_name":"MIDA","article_modified_time":"2022-12-08T15:07:58+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1111,"height":666,"url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"17 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/","name":"Relations between Pakistan and the GDR until 1973 - MIDA","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png","datePublished":"2021-06-08T14:38:08+00:00","dateModified":"2022-12-08T15:07:58+00:00","description":"Alexander Benatar describes the diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and gives an overview of relevant archival holdings.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png","width":1111,"height":666,"caption":"Image: \u00a9 Nico Putz"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/relations-between-pakistan-and-the-gdr-till-1973\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Relations between Pakistan and the GDR until 1973"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/","name":"MIDA","description":"Das moderne Indien in deutschen Archiven 1706-1989","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#organization","name":"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/cropped-midalogo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/cropped-midalogo.jpg","width":1480,"height":397,"caption":"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"guten_post_layout_featured_media_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",1111,666,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title-300x180.png",300,180,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title-768x460.png",768,460,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title-1024x614.png",955,573,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",1111,666,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",1111,666,false],"guten_post_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",1111,666,false],"guten_post_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",1111,666,false],"guten_post_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",1111,666,false],"guten_post_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",600,360,false],"guten_post_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",600,360,false],"guten_post_layout_square":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",600,360,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",550,330,false],"evolve-plus-post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",550,330,false],"evolve-plus-slider-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",800,480,false],"evolve-plus-tabs-img":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",50,30,false],"evolve-plus-testimonial-avatar":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",80,48,false],"evolve-plus-related-img":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",300,180,false],"evolve-plus-portfolio-square":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",75,45,false],"evolve-plus-portfolio-small":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",150,90,false],"evolve-plus-portfolio-medium":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",320,192,false],"evolve-plus-portfolio-img":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Benatar-Alexander-Relations-between-Pakistan-and-the-GDR-till-1973-Title.png",640,384,false]},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/reflexicon\/2307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/reflexicon"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/reflexicon"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2308"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2307"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}