{"id":2463,"date":"2021-10-30T02:35:17","date_gmt":"2021-10-30T00:35:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=2463"},"modified":"2022-12-08T16:07:03","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T15:07:03","slug":"navigating-the-menaka-archive","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/navigating-the-menaka-archive\/","title":{"rendered":"Navigating the Menaka-Archive: An interdisciplinary platform on entangled histories of modern dance across India and Europe"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By Markus Schlaf\u00adfke &<\/span> Isabel\u00adla Schwader\u00ader
<\/strong>Pub\u00adlished 2021<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132022-00030<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image: A screen\u00adshot of the Mena\u00adka dig\u00adi\u00adtal archive\u2019s loca\u00adtions inter\u00adface, which enables the user to trace sources on a world map.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Table of Con\u00adtents
<\/strong><\/a>Towards the Dig\u00adi\u00adtal Archive<\/a> | Transna\u00adtion\u00adal Sites of the Archival Sources<\/a> | Engag\u00ading crit\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly with the Source-Base<\/a> | The Mena\u00adka-Archive as Col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtive Research Plat\u00adform<\/a> | End\u00adnotes<\/a> | Bib\u00adli\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fig. 1:<\/strong> Leila Roy-Sokhey aka Madame Mena\u00adka,
pho\u00adto: Allard Pier\u00adson Col\u00adlec\u00adtions Ams\u00adter\u00addam,
https:\/\/allardpierson.nl\/collecties\/<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The Mena\u00adka-Archive <\/em>(www.menaka-archive.org<\/a>) is a dig\u00adi\u00adtal meta-archive which hous\u00ades and links doc\u00adu\u00adments on the Indi\u00adan dancer and chore\u00ado\u00adg\u00adra\u00adph\u00ader Leila Roy-Sokhey, alias Madame Mena\u00adka<\/em>. The focus of the dig\u00adi\u00adtal col\u00adlec\u00adtion is on mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal from the con\u00adtext of the three-year tour that Leila Roy under\u00adtook with her Indi\u00adan bal\u00adlet through Europe and espe\u00adcial\u00adly through Ger\u00admany from 1936\u201338. In this paper, we describe the struc\u00adture of the dig\u00adi\u00adtal Mena\u00adka-Archive and some of the method\u00adolog\u00adi\u00adcal approach\u00ades we have been explor\u00ading in research\u00ading, index\u00ading, describ\u00ading, and con\u00adtex\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adiz\u00ading its collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Madame Mena\u00adka was the stage name of the Ben\u00adgali dancer and chore\u00ado\u00adg\u00adra\u00adph\u00ader Leila Roy-Sokhey (1899\u20131947). In the 1920s and 30s, Leila Roy was active in Indi\u00ada\u2019s nation\u00adal cul\u00adtur\u00adal reform. She strove to revi\u00adtal\u00adize tra\u00addi\u00adtion\u00adal dance forms such as the North Indi\u00adan Kathak, found\u00ading her pri\u00advate dance school and ensem\u00adble, for which she chore\u00ado\u00adgraphed dance dra\u00admas. Already in the ear\u00adly 1930s, she under\u00adtook tours both in South Asia and Europe. Her project received inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal atten\u00adtion on a larg\u00ader scale when she toured Europe for the sec\u00adond time with her ensem\u00adble from 1936 to 1938. Most of this tour took place in Ger\u00admany, where the Mena\u00adka Bal\u00adlet also per\u00adformed at the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal dance com\u00adpe\u00adti\u00adtions dur\u00ading the Olympic Games in Berlin in the sum\u00admer of 1936.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These are some of the mile\u00adstones of an artist\u2019s life tra\u00adjec\u00adto\u00adry, which quite lit\u00ader\u00adal\u00adly criss\u00adcrossed with con\u00adflict-rid\u00adden spaces across Europe and India \u2013 both geo\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly and metaphor\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly. Menaka\u2019s body of work is con\u00adsid\u00adered one of the first inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adly rec\u00adog\u00adnized attempts at stag\u00ading and estab\u00adlish\u00ading con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary Indi\u00adan dance. It aimed to be accept\u00aded both cre\u00adative\u00adly and the\u00ado\u00adret\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly on a par with the West\u00adern avant-garde. At the same time, it also sought to eman\u00adci\u00adpate itself from the hege\u00admon\u00adic pow\u00ader of the Euro\u00adpean art world to devel\u00adop an inde\u00adpen\u00addent and \u201cnation\u00adal\u00adly authen\u00adtic\u201d artis\u00adtic language.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Fig. 2:<\/strong> The Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet, pho\u00adto: Allard Pier\u00adson Col\u00adlec\u00adtions Ams\u00adter\u00addam, https:\/\/allardpierson.nl\/collecties\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

In Indi\u00adan art his\u00adto\u00adry, Menaka\u2019s work is acknowl\u00adedged as a con\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adtion to the revi\u00adtal\u00adiza\u00adtion of the north Indi\u00adan Kathak-dance. Above all, how\u00adev\u00ader, Mena\u00adka is known for her mer\u00adit in open\u00ading up the high\u00adly con\u00adtro\u00adver\u00adsial field of dance for a new mid\u00addle class, free\u00ading it from long\u00adstand\u00ading social stig\u00adma and there\u00adin con\u00adnect\u00ading it to the emerg\u00ading nation\u00adal\u00adist move\u00adment in India. The dance steps of the Indi\u00adan bal\u00adlet were seen as essen\u00adtial steps towards strength\u00aden\u00ading nation\u00adal self-con\u00adfi\u00addence in India and thus part of broad\u00ader crit\u00adi\u00adcal dis\u00adcours\u00ades on British colo\u00adnial rule (Kan\u00adhai 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n

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Fig. 3: <\/strong>Ley\u00adla Roy demon\u00adstrat\u00ading a mudra-pose,
pho\u00adto: Allard Pier\u00adson Col\u00adlec\u00adtions Ams\u00adter\u00addam,
https:\/\/allardpierson.nl\/collecties\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Mean\u00adwhile, in Europe, the idea of nation\u00adal cul\u00adtur\u00adal renew\u00adal, promi\u00adnent\u00adly fea\u00adtur\u00ading in Menaka\u2019s Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet, was com\u00adpat\u00adi\u00adble with social-rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary dis\u00adcours\u00ades and aes\u00adthet\u00adi\u00adcal utopias. Espe\u00adcial\u00adly in Ger\u00admany, the Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet pro\u00advid\u00aded a par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar \u201cplat\u00adform in pro\u00adject\u00ading mod\u00adern long\u00adings for a return to the ori\u00adgins.\u201d (Bax\u00admann 2008a: 42).[i]<\/a>   Par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly in the 1930s, dance per\u00adfor\u00admances from Asia met with wide\u00adspread inter\u00adest because they \u201cseemed to refer to bod\u00adi\u00adly knowl\u00adedge that had been lost in Europe.\u201d (Ibid.) Such con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtions were a pan-Euro\u00adpean phe\u00adnom\u00ade\u00adnon, but in Ger\u00admany they lead to an almost \u201cinevitable\u201d amal\u00adga\u00adma\u00adtion of folk\u00adlore and racial ide\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy (Bax\u00admann 2008b: 102). Dur\u00ading the three-year tour of Menaka\u2019s Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet, the Nation\u00adal Social\u00adist cul\u00adtur\u00adal pol\u00adi\u00adcy was being con\u00adsol\u00adi\u00addat\u00aded. Unin\u00adten\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adly, the Indi\u00adan artists pro\u00advid\u00aded ample illus\u00adtra\u00adtive mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal for an ongo\u00ading quest of Ger\u00adman soci\u00adety for \u201cre-root\u00ading\u201d nation\u00adal cul\u00adture in Ger\u00admany based on racial\u00adiz\u00ading principles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both in Europe and India, the Mena\u00adka Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet has left its mark on the artis\u00adtic land\u00adscape. How\u00adev\u00ader, com\u00adpared to the extent of its con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary recep\u00adtion, remark\u00adably lit\u00adtle of Leila Roy\u2019s project has been archived. There is no Mena\u00adka archive in India. Leila Roy died rel\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly young at the age of 48 in 1947 from Bright\u2019s dis\u00adease, a chron\u00adic liv\u00ader dis\u00ador\u00adder. Her pri\u00advate dance stu\u00addio (first on the cam\u00adpus of the Haf\u00adfkin Insti\u00adtute in Bom\u00adbay, lat\u00ader in Khan\u00addala, a sub\u00adurb of Bom\u00adbay) could no longer exist in the pro\u00adfes\u00adsion\u00adal form she had envis\u00adaged for it, already by the ear\u00adly 1940s and closed down after her death. The dancer Damayan\u00adti Joshi, trained by Leila Roy, also par\u00adtic\u00adi\u00adpat\u00aded in the Mena\u00adka Bal\u00adlet\u2019s Euro\u00adpean tour. Lat\u00ader in her life, she pub\u00adlished a short biog\u00adra\u00adphy of the artist in 1989 (Joshi 1989). Until today, this is the only com\u00adpre\u00adhen\u00adsive wit\u00adness account of Leila Roy\u2019s life and body of work by one of her contemporaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00ader\u00adthe\u00adless, the per\u00adfor\u00admances of the Mena\u00adka Bal\u00adlet, albeit frag\u00adment\u00aded, have been wide\u00adly doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00aded. News\u00adpa\u00adper reports, the\u00adatre pro\u00adgrams, pho\u00adto col\u00adlec\u00adtions, let\u00adters, film clips and sound record\u00adings paint a nuanced pic\u00adture of the dance events. Espe\u00adcial\u00adly the Euro\u00adpean tour of 1936\u201338 was a thor\u00adough\u00adly doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00aded event. Not only does it offer mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal relat\u00aded to the hun\u00addreds of per\u00adfor\u00admances done by the ensem\u00adble over three years, but it also points to transna\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adly inter\u00adwo\u00adven art-worlds and their under\u00adly\u00ading ide\u00ado\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal and logis\u00adti\u00adcal net\u00adworks dur\u00ading the inter-war period. <\/p>\n\n\n

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Fig. 4:<\/strong> The Mena\u00adka-Archive, loca\u00adtions inter\u00adface, https:\/\/menaka-archive.org\/orte\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

This mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal and its dis\u00adcur\u00adsive field were the start\u00ading point for the idea of a dig\u00adi\u00adtal Mena\u00adka-Archive. The archival research project aims to under\u00adstand the three-year Euro\u00adpean tour of the Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet as an archive in its own right, to col\u00adlect traces of the dance per\u00adfor\u00admances, locate frag\u00adment\u00aded archival hold\u00adings, link them in a data\u00adbase, and map the over\u00adall event of the tour. This grow\u00ading data\u00adbase of a transna\u00adtion\u00adal art event such as the Mena\u00adka tour promis\u00ades new insights pro\u00advid\u00ading the basis for fur\u00adther inter-dis\u00adci\u00adpli\u00adnary research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Towards the Digital Archive<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The first impulse for a sys\u00adtem\u00adat\u00adic recon\u00adstruc\u00adtion of the Mena\u00adka tour came from our Indi\u00adan part\u00adner, Ustad Irfan Muham\u00admad Khan, a musi\u00adcian work\u00ading in Kolkata. Since his grand\u00adfa\u00adther, Sakhawat Hus\u00adsein Khan, had par\u00adtic\u00adi\u00adpat\u00aded as a musi\u00adcian in the Ballet\u2019s Euro\u00adpean tour, he asked for help with his research into his fam\u00adi\u00adly his\u00adto\u00adry in Ger\u00admany. In return, Irfan Khan opened his fam\u00adi\u00adly archive with his grand\u00adfa\u00adther\u2019s mem\u00ado\u00adra\u00adbil\u00adia in Kolkata for access.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Fig. 5: <\/strong>Sakhawat Hus\u00adsein Khan 1936 in Leipzig, pho\u00adto: Irfan Khan Fam\u00adi\u00adly Archive, Kolkata.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

In 2015, the exchange with Irfan Khan first led to a series of joint artis\u00adtic events with music, Kathak dance per\u00adfor\u00admances and short lec\u00adtures on the his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal clas\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion of the pro\u00adgramme in Ger\u00admany. At the same time, ini\u00adtial research in Ger\u00adman archives brought first results and led, sub\u00adse\u00adquent\u00adly, to ideas to sys\u00adtem\u00adatize the grow\u00ading col\u00adlec\u00adtion of found objects via an archival con\u00adcept. Since 2016, the project has tak\u00aden con\u00adcrete shape with\u00adin Markus Schlaf\u00adfke\u2019s PhD project (Schlaf\u00adfke 2021). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This project was part of the doc\u00adtor\u00adal pro\u00adgram for artis\u00adtic research at the Bauhaus-Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Weimar and con\u00adnect\u00aded artistic\/design prac\u00adtice and cul\u00adtur\u00adal stud\u00adies research. The con\u00adstruc\u00adtion of the data\u00adbase, the con\u00adcep\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adiza\u00adtion of inter\u00adfaces and the fur\u00adther devel\u00adop\u00adment and cura\u00adtion of the dig\u00adi\u00adtal archive was first under\u00adstood and described here as a spe\u00adcif\u00adic form of artis\u00adtic research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From 2018, Isabel\u00adla Schwader\u00ader has sys\u00adtem\u00adat\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly locat\u00aded and com\u00adpiled the reviews of all doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00aded Mena\u00adka per\u00adfor\u00admances in Ger\u00adman region\u00adal news\u00adpa\u00adper archives and from inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal dig\u00adi\u00adtal archives for her research on the Mena\u00adka Bal\u00adlet\u2019s recep\u00adtion his\u00adto\u00adry in the con\u00adtext of her post\u00addoc\u00adtor\u00adal project based at the Chair of Gen\u00ader\u00adal Reli\u00adgious Stud\u00adies at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Erfurt. The the\u00adatre reviews pro\u00advide a text cor\u00adpus, which is part of her broad\u00ader research on the image of India in the Ger\u00adman debate around Ger\u00adman reli\u00adgious reform move\u00adments across art and philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a data\u00adbase and web\u00adsite inter\u00adface, the archive has exist\u00aded since 2019. We have been run\u00adning the web\u00adsite with a con\u00adnect\u00aded research blog, expand\u00ading the col\u00adlec\u00adtion and devel\u00adop\u00ading new mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal. The archive has changed from the orig\u00adi\u00adnal inten\u00adtion of sim\u00adply doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00ading the Ger\u00adman tour of the Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet as com\u00adplete\u00adly as pos\u00adsi\u00adble to a broad\u00ader approach of bring\u00ading diverse mate\u00adri\u00adals from oth\u00ader Euro\u00adpean coun\u00adtries and India togeth\u00ader on the ear\u00adly and late his\u00adto\u00adry of Menaka\u2019s artis\u00adtic work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fol\u00adlow\u00ading sec\u00adtions, we pro\u00advide an overview of the sev\u00ader\u00adal sites where we found sources relat\u00aded to the ensemble\u2019s tra\u00adjec\u00adto\u00adry and dis\u00adcuss some method\u00adolog\u00adi\u00adcal con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtions for fur\u00adther explo\u00adration. All sources have duly been list\u00aded and described in the dig\u00adi\u00adtal Menaka-Archive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Transnational Sites of the Archival Sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. The Ernst Krauss collection in The Allard Pierson Collections, University of Amsterdam<\/h3>\n\n\n
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Fig. 6: <\/strong>Mena\u00adka impre\u00adsario Ernst Krauss in his Ams\u00adter\u00addam office,
pho\u00adto: https:\/\/allardpierson.nl\/collecties\/<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Fig. 7: <\/strong>The tour plan of the first 350 per\u00adfor\u00admances 1936\u201337. From Ernst Krauss\u2019 com\u00admer\u00adcial doc\u00adu\u00adments,
Allard Pier\u00adson col\u00adlec\u00adtions Ams\u00adter\u00addam, https:\/\/allardpierson.nl\/collecties\/<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The lack of schol\u00adar\u00adly pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions and edit\u00aded sources on the his\u00adto\u00adry of Menaka\u2019s Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet makes the recon\u00adstruc\u00adtion of her Euro\u00adpean tour an archival detec\u00adtive work. The increas\u00ading move towards dig\u00adi\u00adti\u00adza\u00adtion of archives con\u00adstant\u00adly changes this sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion. How\u00adev\u00ader, as recent\u00adly as 2016, at the begin\u00adning of the authors\u2019 research, search\u00ades in the data\u00adbas\u00ades avail\u00adable online yield\u00aded vir\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly no results. The iden\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion of the per\u00adson\u00adal col\u00adlec\u00adtions of Ernst Krauss, the impre\u00adsario of the Mena\u00adka tour, in the Allard Pier\u00adson Col\u00adlec\u00adtions, Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Ams\u00adter\u00addam (https:\/\/allardpierson.nl\/en\/<\/a>), there\u00adfore, was a break\u00adthrough for the research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ernst Krauss (1887\u20131958) was a Ger\u00adman who had estab\u00adlished an artists\u2019 and con\u00adcert agency with an inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal reach in Ams\u00adter\u00addam in the 1920s. Krauss had planned, coor\u00addi\u00adnat\u00aded, and financed the major\u00adi\u00adty of Mena\u00adka per\u00adfor\u00admances in Europe since 1935. Exten\u00adsive mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal from his agency \u2013 pri\u00admar\u00adi\u00adly artist port\u00adfo\u00adlios, event doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion, and some per\u00adson\u00adal papers \u2013 are pre\u00adserved in the Allard Pier\u00adson Col\u00adlec\u00adtions\u2019<\/em> the\u00adatre archive. As Krauss had no chil\u00addren, the records of his com\u00adpa\u00adny and pri\u00advate doc\u00adu\u00adments went to the Allard Pier\u00adson Col\u00adlec\u00adtions. The col\u00adlec\u00adtions were cat\u00ada\u00adlogued in the ear\u00adly 1990s, and this allowed us to iden\u00adti\u00adfy the Krauss estate. It also con\u00adtains a port\u00adfo\u00adlio with pro\u00admo\u00adtion\u00adal mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal, pho\u00adtographs, reviews and, most impor\u00adtant\u00adly, a list of doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00aded per\u00adfor\u00admance dates and venues of the Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet in Ger\u00admany. This list was an impor\u00adtant clue for assess\u00ading the scale of the tour and cre\u00adat\u00ading a grid for fur\u00adther sys\u00adtem\u00adat\u00adic research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. The Khan Family Archive, Kolkata<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Anoth\u00ader impor\u00adtant source of infor\u00adma\u00adtion is the pri\u00advate archive of the Khan fam\u00adi\u00adly of musi\u00adcians in Kolkata. This con\u00adsists of the pri\u00advate col\u00adlec\u00adtions of Sakhawat Hus\u00adsein Khan, who led the six-mem\u00adber accom\u00adpa\u00adny\u00ading orches\u00adtra of the Mena\u00adka Bal\u00adlet. Khan reg\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly wrote let\u00adters from Europe, report\u00ading about his expe\u00adri\u00adences, set\u00adtling fam\u00adi\u00adly mat\u00adters. He also doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00aded his jour\u00adney with his cam\u00adera. The albums with pho\u00adtographs show\u00ading his trav\u00adels through Ger\u00admany, his post\u00adcards, let\u00adters, and sou\u00advenirs have been kept by Sakhawat Khan\u2019s grand\u00adson Irfan Muham\u00admad Khan. These doc\u00adu\u00adments rep\u00adre\u00adsent a coher\u00adent col\u00adlec\u00adtion of sources that visu\u00adal\u00adly depict the Mena\u00adka tour from the per\u00adspec\u00adtive of one of its participants.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Fig. 8:<\/strong> Sakhawat Hus\u00adsein Khan some\u00adwhere in Ger\u00admany 1936,<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

3. The European Press Archive<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The per\u00adfor\u00admances of the Mena\u00adka Bal\u00adlet have been exten\u00adsive\u00adly doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00aded in Euro\u00adpean press. These took place almost every evening on the stages of hun\u00addreds of dif\u00adfer\u00adent city the\u00adatres in the Ger\u00adman-speak\u00ading coun\u00adtries, and beyond, and gen\u00ader\u00adat\u00aded a broad response in the fea\u00adture pages of region\u00adal news\u00adpa\u00adpers. The search for the Ger\u00adman mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal turned out to be com\u00adpar\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly com\u00adpli\u00adcat\u00aded since at the begin\u00adning of this par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar part of the research, in 2018, vir\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly no Ger\u00adman news\u00adpa\u00adpers were acces\u00adsi\u00adble in dig\u00adi\u00adtized form. There\u00adfore, we had to rely on local archives of sev\u00ader\u00adal cities (Stadtarchive<\/em>), where we sus\u00adpect\u00aded one or more per\u00adfor\u00admances had tak\u00aden place, based on the tour sched\u00adule. Our search in the archives bore over\u00adwhelm\u00ading results in the form of numer\u00adous traces of the tour. A base of about 120 the\u00adatre reviews, gen\u00ader\u00adal\u00adly in two columns of about 500 words, some\u00adtimes with a pic\u00adture, were the start\u00ading point.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A
Fig. 9: <\/strong>Mena\u00adka review in the Leipziger Neue Zeitung of April 9, 1936.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

This was a much eas\u00adi\u00ader process when it came to the full-text search\u00ades we could con\u00adduct in the archives of neigh\u00adbour\u00ading Euro\u00adpean coun\u00adtries, many of which have mean\u00adwhile become acces\u00adsi\u00adble, that led us to high-qual\u00adi\u00adty doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion of the tour. The fol\u00adlow\u00ading nation\u00adal plat\u00adforms should be men\u00adtioned here, in the order in which we inte\u00adgrat\u00aded the documents:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Delpher<\/a> (https:\/\/www.delpher.nl\/): Netherlands<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Anno<\/a> (https:\/\/anno.onb.ac.at\/): Aus\u00adtri\u00adan Nation\u00adal Library<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Digi\u00adtised Swiss news\u00adpa\u00adpers<\/a> (https:\/\/www.e\u2011newspaperarchives.ch\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Dig\u00adi\u00adtal archive of the French Nation\u00adal Library<\/a> (https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Euro\u00adpeana<\/a> (https:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/en): var\u00adi\u00adous Euro\u00adpean newspapers<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the mate\u00adri\u00adals that have increas\u00ading\u00adly become acces\u00adsi\u00adble, are adver\u00adtise\u00adments, the\u00adater cri\u00adtiques and pic\u00adtures from the Sin\u00adga\u00adpore news\u00adpa\u00adper archive (https:\/\/eresources.nlb.\u200cgov.sg\/\u200cnewspapers\/<\/a>), which form a basis for recon\u00adstruct\u00ading the Mena\u00adka Ballet\u2019s South Asian tour in 1935. Var\u00adi\u00adous Indi\u00adan news\u00adpa\u00adpers, pre\u00addom\u00adi\u00adnant\u00adly the Bom\u00adbay Chron\u00adi\u00adcle<\/em>, also deci\u00adsive\u00adly shed light on the hith\u00ader\u00adto com\u00adplete\u00adly neglect\u00aded area of the Indi\u00adan recep\u00adtion of Menaka\u2019s stage dramas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This increas\u00ading dig\u00adi\u00adtal avail\u00adabil\u00adi\u00adty of sources helps trace the transna\u00adtion\u00adal and colo\u00adnial entan\u00adgle\u00adments of a glob\u00adal enter\u00adtain\u00adment indus\u00adtry. For instance, reports on the Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet appear in places where the troupe had nev\u00ader been, such as Aus\u00adtralia. The net\u00adwork of news bureaus and the exchange of texts from feuil\u00adletons show that dis\u00adputes about art and cul\u00adture were impor\u00adtant and were con\u00adsumed inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adly along with news about pol\u00adi\u00adtics, eco\u00adnom\u00adics, and the nat\u00adur\u00adal sciences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Individual sources<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In addi\u00adtion to the col\u00adlec\u00adtions iden\u00adti\u00adfied so far, sev\u00ader\u00adal indi\u00advid\u00adual sources that are impor\u00adtant for the col\u00adlec\u00adtion of tour doc\u00adu\u00adments have also been iden\u00adti\u00adfied and are pre\u00adsent\u00aded on the Mena\u00adka-Archive plat\u00adform. At the Ham\u00adburg People\u2019s Opera (Volk\u00adsop\u00ader)<\/em>, the Reich Broad\u00adcast\u00ading Com\u00adpa\u00adny<\/em> (Reich\u00adsrund\u00adfunkge\u00adsellschaft)<\/em> record\u00aded one per\u00adfor\u00admance on shel\u00adlac records at the begin\u00adning of 1936. These record\u00adings exist until today and belong to the col\u00adlec\u00adtions of the Ger\u00adman Broad\u00adcast\u00ading Archive<\/em> (Deutsches Rund\u00adfunkarchiv<\/em>) in Frank\u00adfurt am Main. Besides, the Mena\u00adka Bal\u00adlet took part in the Ger\u00adman fea\u00adture film pro\u00adduc\u00adtion Der Tiger von Eschna\u00adpur<\/em> in 1937. In this pro\u00adduc\u00adtion by Richard Eich\u00adberg, the ensem\u00adble appears as extras in a scene of the movie. The chore\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy was an item from the ensemble\u2019s stage reper\u00adtoire. These are the only mov\u00ading-image record\u00adings of the Mena\u00adka Bal\u00adlet known to-date. Some oth\u00ader sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant indi\u00advid\u00adual doc\u00adu\u00adments, such as let\u00adters exchanged between the impre\u00adsario Ernst Krauss and the artis\u00adtic direc\u00adtors of the Stuttgart State Opera (Staat\u00adsop\u00ader Stuttgart<\/em>) avail\u00adable at the State Archive Baden-W\u00fcrt\u00adtem\u00adberg (Lan\u00addesarchiv Baden-W\u00fcrt\u00adtem\u00adberg<\/em>); a let\u00adter addressed per\u00adson\u00adal\u00adly to Hitler by Leila Roy (Ian Say\u00ader Archive<\/a>), pri\u00advate col\u00adlec\u00adtions (The Hano\u00adva Sis\u00adters\u2019 Col\u00adlec\u00adtion<\/a>), or British secret ser\u00advice notes on a mem\u00adber of the ensem\u00adble also shed light on a glob\u00adal net\u00adwork (Kuhlmann 2003: 172).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A
Fig. 10: <\/strong>The Mena\u00adka Orches\u00adtra on the film set of \u201cThe Tiger of Esh\u00adna\u00adpur\u201d, 1937, pho\u00adto: Karen McKinley<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/a>Engaging critically with the Source-Base<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ques\u00adtions of decod\u00ading, read\u00ading and the his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal con\u00adtex\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adiza\u00adtion of the mate\u00adri\u00adals are undoubt\u00aded\u00adly much more com\u00adplex than the process of col\u00adlect\u00ading these scat\u00adtered sources. A crit\u00adi\u00adcal exam\u00adi\u00adna\u00adtion of the source-base is there\u00adfore nec\u00ades\u00adsary on sev\u00ader\u00adal lev\u00adels. First of all, the frag\u00admen\u00adtary nature of the dig\u00adi\u00adtal col\u00adlec\u00adtion presents a spe\u00adcial sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion. While each new source com\u00adpletes the over\u00adall his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal pic\u00adture of the tour of the Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet in Europe, it also rais\u00ades fur\u00adther ques\u00adtions. Each new doc\u00adu\u00adment or object reveals con\u00adtra\u00addic\u00adtions, gaps, and miss\u00ading parts, leav\u00ading it unclear whether cer\u00adtain doc\u00adu\u00adments ever exist\u00aded or if they were delib\u00ader\u00adate\u00adly delet\u00aded. (Ernst 2002: 25). A typ\u00adi\u00adcal cross-sec\u00adtion of the finds, for instance, might look like this: A medal from the 1936 inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal dance com\u00adpe\u00adti\u00adtions, kept in a draw\u00ader in Kolkata; a shel\u00adlac record in the Ger\u00adman broad\u00adcast\u00ading archive in Frank\u00adfurt; a pho\u00adto fold\u00ader in the the\u00adatre archive in Regens\u00adburg. Such sources are a few clues amidst which the fates and lives of those involved appear briefly and then dis\u00adap\u00adpear again. <\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A
Fig. 11:<\/strong> Mena\u00adka announce\u00adment in the W\u00fcrzburg\u00ader Gen\u00ader\u00adalanzeiger on May 16, 1936.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

In the col\u00adlec\u00adtions of Mena\u00adka Ballet\u2019s impre\u00adsario Ernst Krauss, for exam\u00adple, the traces of his busi\u00adness part\u00adner, the Jew\u00adish jour\u00adnal\u00adist Nathan Wolf, have been lost. Nathan Wolf\u2019s sig\u00adna\u00adture is miss\u00ading in the min\u00adutes of a share\u00adhold\u00aders\u2019 meet\u00ading in Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1942. This miss\u00ading sig\u00adna\u00adture is the last clue to Wolf\u2019s dis\u00adap\u00adpear\u00adance. He was mur\u00addered in Auschwitz in Sep\u00adtem\u00adber 1942. The traces of a mem\u00adber of the Mena\u00adka ensem\u00adble have also been lost in Ger\u00admany. Ambique Majum\u00addar, the com\u00adpa\u00adny\u2019s music direc\u00adtor, remained in Ger\u00admany when the oth\u00aders returned to India in 1938. Majum\u00addar first stud\u00adied musi\u00adcol\u00ado\u00adgy in K\u00f6nigs\u00adberg and then worked for Sub\u00adhas Chan\u00addras Bose\u2019s radio sta\u00adtion in Berlin. A note in Bose\u2019s biog\u00adra\u00adphy indi\u00adcates that Majum\u00addar was killed in the bomb\u00ading of Dres\u00adden in 1945. The years in-between remain a gap in the archive. Final\u00adly, Irfan Khan, the grand\u00adson of Menaka\u2019s orches\u00adtra leader Sakhawat Khan, reports that his grand\u00adfa\u00adther took the pre\u00adcau\u00adtion of destroy\u00ading doc\u00adu\u00adments from his tour of Ger\u00admany upon return to India because he feared repres\u00adsion by the British admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion. Here, too, it remains unknown as to which items were pre\u00adserved and which not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fur\u00adther\u00admore, the Mena\u00adka Bal\u00adlet sources require care\u00adful con\u00adtex\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adiza\u00adtion because the Indi\u00adan bal\u00adlet moved into sev\u00ader\u00adal con\u00adtest\u00aded cul\u00adtur\u00adal and polit\u00adi\u00adcal fields in the ear\u00adly 1930s, where numer\u00adous con\u00adtra\u00addic\u00adto\u00adry dis\u00adcours\u00ades overlapped.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Menaka\u2019s Bal\u00adlet was, first\u00adly, an obvi\u00adous expres\u00adsion of Indi\u00ada\u2019s strug\u00adgle for inde\u00adpen\u00addence. (And, inci\u00adden\u00adtal\u00adly, it was per\u00adceived as such in Europe.) It was pro\u00admot\u00aded by actors of the nation\u00adal move\u00adment as a gen\u00aduine Indi\u00adan art form, which strove against the cul\u00adtur\u00adal hege\u00admo\u00adny of the British colo\u00adnial pow\u00ader \u2013 at a time when Indi\u00ada\u2019s nation\u00adal inde\u00adpen\u00addence was still an uncer\u00adtain project. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sec\u00adond\u00adly, it was also a symp\u00adtom of a pro\u00adfound and con\u00adflict\u00adual socio-cul\u00adtur\u00adal change in India itself, which was being nego\u00adti\u00adat\u00aded in the arts, and espe\u00adcial\u00adly in dance, between tra\u00addi\u00adtion and mod\u00adern\u00adiza\u00adtion (Sone\u00adji 2012: 13). This process of mod\u00adern\u00adiza\u00adtion in the arts was accom\u00adpa\u00adnied by the rise of a new bour\u00adgeois class as the pro\u00admot\u00aders of the per\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adtive arts, with the simul\u00adta\u00adne\u00adous mar\u00adgin\u00adal\u00adiza\u00adtion of tra\u00addi\u00adtion\u00adal women per\u00adform\u00aders (Walk\u00ader 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Third\u00adly, it was pre\u00adcise\u00adly these qual\u00adi\u00adties that made Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet an inter\u00adest\u00ading object for cul\u00adtur\u00adal debates in Ger\u00admany \u2014 name\u00adly, those along the lines of the Nation\u00adal Social\u00adist pol\u00adi\u00adcy of cul\u00adtur\u00adal co-ordi\u00adna\u00adtion (Gle\u00adich\u00adschal\u00adtung<\/em>) vs. the mod\u00adern art of the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal avant-garde. The Indi\u00adan Bal\u00adlet was thus regard\u00aded as mod\u00adern art, but also as a suc\u00adcess\u00adful \u201cv\u00f6lkisch\u201d-national expression. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ques\u00adtion that aris\u00ades is how crit\u00adics in Europe nego\u00adti\u00adat\u00aded the aes\u00adthet\u00adic cri\u00adte\u00adria for eval\u00adu\u00adat\u00ading a pre\u00advi\u00adous\u00adly unknown art form. Here, the spec\u00adtrum of descrip\u00adtions in the sources ranges from an eru\u00addite ethno\u00adgraph\u00adic engage\u00adment with the instru\u00adments to a cul\u00adtur\u00adal appro\u00adpri\u00ada\u00adtion of music and dance into the art-reli\u00adgious con\u00adcept of a Gesamtkunst\u00adwerk<\/em>, as pro\u00adposed by Richard Wag\u00adn\u00ader. How\u00adev\u00ader, there is no lack of voic\u00ades that appre\u00adci\u00adate the per\u00adfor\u00admances as an inde\u00adpen\u00addent, mod\u00adern form of dance expres\u00adsion. Writ\u00ading about these reviews and how they belonged to their con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary con\u00adtexts requires a care\u00adful seman\u00adtic exam\u00adi\u00adna\u00adtion of the sources and a clas\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion of an ongo\u00ading change in the cul\u00adture of bour\u00adgeois rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion in Europe and Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>The Menaka-Archive as Collaborative Research Platform<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Mena\u00adka-Archive is an illus\u00adtra\u00adtion of entan\u00adgle\u00adments that exist\u00aded between actors from col\u00ado\u00adnized India and those from inter\u00adwar Ger\u00admany. Trac\u00ading such tra\u00adjec\u00adto\u00adries hints at his\u00adto\u00adries that cross paths with, but also go beyond the realms of the British empire. The dig\u00adi\u00adtal Mena\u00adka-Archive doc\u00adu\u00adments how our search moves through this his\u00adto\u00adry and is pri\u00admar\u00adi\u00adly to be under\u00adstood as a work-in-progress tool for var\u00adi\u00adous inter\u00addis\u00adci\u00adpli\u00adnary and linked research projects. It serves to visu\u00adal\u00adize his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal con\u00adtexts and to build a doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion and research net\u00adwork. Final\u00adly, it is a con\u00adcep\u00adtu\u00adal frame\u00adwork for an open and col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtive data collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Mena\u00adka-Archive has a num\u00adber of future objec\u00adtives. The first pur\u00adpose is to secure and inter\u00adcon\u00adnect frag\u00adile data. The archival records, some of which are stored under pre\u00adcar\u00adi\u00adous con\u00addi\u00adtions, are to be col\u00adlect\u00aded, dig\u00adi\u00adtal\u00adly secured, and ren\u00addered acces\u00adsi\u00adble to a wider pub\u00adlic. One of our main goals is also to iden\u00adti\u00adfy how the scat\u00adtered sources belong togeth\u00ader. We aim to offer impuls\u00ades that con\u00adnect dif\u00adfer\u00adent sources with each oth\u00ader, there\u00adin mak\u00ading them \u201cspeak\u201d, and to doc\u00adu\u00adment them as part of a liv\u00ading his\u00adto\u00adry of a cul\u00adtur\u00adal encounter between Ger\u00admany and South Asia. There\u00adfore, the Mena\u00adka-Archive is not only lim\u00adit\u00aded to the pure\u00adly his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal sources of the 1930s, but also includes the results of var\u00adi\u00adous research trips con\u00adduct\u00aded in Ger\u00admany and India, which trace the mul\u00adti-lay\u00adered inter\u00adcon\u00adnec\u00adtions of the his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal encounter and estab\u00adlish new con\u00adtacts (Schlaf\u00adfke &<\/span> Schwader\u00ader, 2019\/2020).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A
Fig. 12:<\/strong> Research with Irfan Khan in the St. Pauli dis\u00adtrict archive, Hamburg.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

As the col\u00adlec\u00adtion is open, we expect fur\u00adther devel\u00adop\u00adments in the near future. Recent\u00adly, since the web\u00adsite is also list\u00aded in inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal search engine algo\u00adrithms, descen\u00addants, inter\u00adest\u00aded researchers, and col\u00adlec\u00adtors have been get\u00adting in touch to share their pri\u00advate col\u00adlec\u00adtion items. These are per\u00adson\u00adal let\u00adters, pho\u00adtographs, and post\u00adcards, but also mem\u00ado\u00adries and sto\u00adries they have pre\u00adserved in the fam\u00adi\u00adly. This dynam\u00adic is about to turn the Mena\u00adka-Archive into a plat\u00adform for a live\u00adly exchange, ren\u00adder\u00ading it a liv\u00ading archive<\/em>. This implies that our objec\u00adtive is not just to col\u00adlect only the his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal, mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal sources, but also to con\u00adnect these to oral his\u00adto\u00adries of var\u00adi\u00adous per\u00adsons relat\u00aded to the tour, which gives the archive a con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary val\u00adue. Mem\u00ado\u00adries and sto\u00adries of friends, rel\u00ada\u00adtives, or stu\u00addents all over the world come into con\u00adtact and enable us to weave a dense net\u00adwork of con\u00adnec\u00adtions that have arisen from the his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal event of the Menaka-tour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few exam\u00adples will illus\u00adtrate this. One of the most impor\u00adtant wit\u00adness\u00ades to the musi\u00adcal sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcance of the \u201cIndi\u00adan Orches\u00adtra\u201d is Irfan Muham\u00admad Khan. He pre\u00adserves today the mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal lega\u00adcy of his grand\u00adfa\u00adther Sakhawat Khan, Sar\u00adod mae\u00adstro and leader of the musi\u00adcians of Menaka\u2019s ensem\u00adble, and is a con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary musi\u00adcian in India him\u00adself. For him, this mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal serves as evi\u00addence of his grandfather\u2019s pres\u00adence as an artist in Ger\u00admany. More\u00adover, this mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal is impor\u00adtant for him as it enables him to prove that Mus\u00adlim artists like Sakhawat Khan have also made a sub\u00adstan\u00adtial con\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adtion to the intan\u00adgi\u00adble cul\u00adtur\u00adal her\u00aditage of the Indi\u00adan nation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As part of the ongo\u00ading involve\u00adment with the archival sources of the Khan fam\u00adi\u00adly, Markus Schlaf\u00adfke pro\u00adduced the doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adtary film The Alba\u00adtross Around My Neck<\/em>, Retrac\u00ading Echoes of Loss between Luc\u00adknow and Berlin <\/em>(https:\/\/vimeo.com\/113805297<\/a>). This film fol\u00adlows the pro\u00adtag\u00ado\u00adnist Irfan Khan over sev\u00ader\u00adal years as he lives his life as a musi\u00adcian in India and also takes him to a num\u00adber of per\u00adfor\u00admance venues of the Mena\u00adka Bal\u00adlet in Ger\u00admany, address\u00ading the archive as a con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary site where prac\u00adtices of trans\u00admis\u00adsion are negotiated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reflec\u00adtions on the Mena\u00adka-Archive mate\u00adri\u00adals have been incor\u00adpo\u00adrat\u00aded in a series of pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtions and events that engage with the objects in the dig\u00adi\u00adtal col\u00adlec\u00adtion in var\u00adi\u00adous ways. Here we would like to espe\u00adcial\u00adly men\u00adtion Parveen Kan\u00adhai, muse\u00adum edu\u00adca\u00adtor from Rot\u00adter\u00addam, who con\u00adtributed to our project with her pro\u00adfound knowl\u00adedge of dig\u00adi\u00adtal archives of the colo\u00adnial peri\u00adod all over Europe. In numer\u00adous small\u00ader and larg\u00ader arti\u00adcles, she com\u00adments on mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal from the archives and neigh\u00adbour\u00ading sources. Her work shows mul\u00adti\u00adple con\u00adnec\u00adtions of art to soci\u00adety and pol\u00adi\u00adtics, and in par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar their colo\u00adnial entan\u00adgle\u00adments, and con\u00adtex\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adizes the Mena\u00adka per\u00adfor\u00admances in the field of cul\u00adtur\u00adal pol\u00adi\u00adcy across the Nether\u00adlands and Nazi-Ger\u00admany in the inter\u00adwar period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To open a plat\u00adform for spe\u00adcial find\u00adings and dis\u00adcus\u00adsions, we have cre\u00adat\u00aded two sec\u00adtions on the web\u00adsite. The main sec\u00adtion is the project\u2019s jour\u00adnal (https:\/\/menaka-archive.org\/journal\/<\/a>), which works like a blog. It pro\u00advides space for essays such as Isabel\u00adla Schwaderer\u2019s exam\u00adi\u00adna\u00adtion of a ques\u00adtion that has haunt\u00aded the researchers from the very begin\u00adning, name\u00adly, whether the ensem\u00adble real\u00adly danced for the most promi\u00adnent polit\u00adi\u00adcal lead\u00aders of Europe, as stat\u00aded by Sakhawat Khan in his mem\u00adoirs (Schwader\u00ader 2021). Parveen Kan\u00adhai con\u00adtributes reg\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly to the jour\u00adnal with arti\u00adcles that recon\u00adstruct the ear\u00adly body of Menaka\u2019s work, such as her first tour in Europe in 1931, with her dance part\u00adner Nilka\u00adn\u00adta, by using ample mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal from Dutch news\u00adpa\u00adper archives (Kan\u00adhai 2019). Addi\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adly, this sec\u00adtion pro\u00advides a space for inter\u00adviews, oral his\u00adto\u00adry record\u00adings and oth\u00ader broad\u00ader discussions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Con\u00adverse\u00adly, the sec\u00adtion Notes<\/em> on the archive\u2019s web\u00adsite (https:\/\/menaka-archive.org\/notizen\/<\/a>), presents indi\u00advid\u00adual archival sources, most\u00adly pho\u00adtographs, intro\u00adduc\u00ading them with the most impor\u00adtant infor\u00adma\u00adtion, sim\u00adi\u00adlar to objects in a vir\u00adtu\u00adal muse\u00adum. This con\u00adstant\u00adly expand\u00ading sec\u00adtion reg\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly presents new find\u00adings and unex\u00adpect\u00aded curiosi\u00adties, such as a pho\u00adto\u00adgraph depict\u00ading Mena\u00adka and two of her ensem\u00adble mem\u00adbers on skis (https:\/\/menaka-archive.org\/en\/notizen\/india-on-skis\/<\/a>), or the long trav\u00adels of a print\u00aded pho\u00adto\u00adgraph of Mena\u00adka from Berlin to New York (https:\/\/menaka-archive.org\/en\/notizen\/photographs-around-the-globe\/<\/a>). These short notes are also pub\u00adlished simul\u00adta\u00adne\u00adous\u00adly on social media chan\u00adnels, name\u00adly Face\u00adbook, where they gain grow\u00ading atten\u00adtion by dance prac\u00adti\u00adtion\u00aders and a wider audi\u00adence inter\u00adest\u00aded in dance his\u00adto\u00adry in India and around the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based on a bio\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal mem\u00ado\u00adry of a descen\u00addant of a mem\u00adber of Menaka\u2019s ensem\u00adble, the dig\u00adi\u00adtal plat\u00adform has tak\u00aden shape step-by-step as an archival body. Today, it serves as an invi\u00adta\u00adtion for fur\u00adther dis\u00adcus\u00adsions and explo\u00adrations, which we con\u00adsid\u00ader to be a process of con\u00adtin\u00adu\u00adous nav\u00adi\u00adga\u00adtion as well as an artis\u00adtic and ethno\u00adgraph\u00adic explo\u00adration of the archive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

[i]<\/a> All trans\u00adla\u00adtions done by the authors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bax\u00admann, Inge, \u201cEin Archiv des K\u00f6r\u00adper\u00adwis\u00adsens: Eth\u00adnolo\u00adgie, Exo\u00adtismus und Men\u00adtal\u00adit\u00e4ts\u00adforschung in den Archives Inter\u00adna\u00adtionales de la Danse\u201d. In: Inge Bax\u00admann (Hg.) K\u00f6r\u00adper\u00adwis\u00adsen als Kul\u00adturgeschichte. Die Archives Inter\u00adna\u00adtionales de la Danse (1931 \u2014 1952)<\/em>. Unter Mitar\u00adbeit von Franz Anton Cramer. Wis\u00adsenskul\u00adturen im Umbruch, Bd. 2. M\u00fcnchen: Kieser, 2008a, S. 27\u201348.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bax\u00admann, Inge, \u201cRet\u00adtungseth\u00adnolo\u00adgie. Der \u00bbfonds folk\u00adlore\u00ab In den Archives Inter\u00adna\u00adtionales de la Danse und die Erfind\u00adung nationaler Tra\u00addi\u00adtion\u201d. In: Inge Bax\u00admann (Hg.) K\u00f6r\u00adper\u00adwis\u00adsen als Kul\u00adturgeschichte. Die Archives Inter\u00adna\u00adtionales de la Danse (1931 \u2014 1952).<\/em> Unter Mitar\u00adbeit von Franz Anton Cramer. Wis\u00adsenskul\u00adturen im Umbruch, Bd. 2. M\u00fcnchen: Kieser, 2008b, S. 89\u2013116.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bublitz, Han\u00adnelore, Das Archiv des K\u00f6r\u00adpers: Kon\u00adstruk\u00adtion\u00adsap\u00adpa\u00adrate, Mate\u00adri\u00adal\u00adit\u00e4ten und Phan\u00adtas\u00admen<\/em>. Biele\u00adfeld: tran\u00adscript Ver\u00adlag, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ernst, Wolf\u00adgang, Das Rumoren der Archive: Ord\u00adnung aus Unord\u00adnung<\/em>. Berlin: Merve-Ver\u00adlag, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joshi, Damayan\u00adti, Madame Mena\u00adka. <\/em>New Del\u00adhi: Sangeet Natak Akade\u00admi, 1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kan\u00adhai, Parveen, Love, Sep\u00ada\u00adra\u00adtion and Uni\u00adty. Con\u00adtex\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adiz\u00ading Menaka\u2019s Dance-Dra\u00adma \u201cKrish\u00adna Leela\u201d<\/em>, Jour\u00adnal (Mena\u00adka Archive), 2019, https:\/\/menaka-archive.org\/en\/forschung\/love-separation-and-unity\/<\/a>. (Last accessed: 20. 10. 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kan\u00adhai, Parveen, Shared Spir\u00adits of Poet\u00adry and Nation<\/em>, Noti\u00adzen (Mena\u00adka-Archive), 2020, https:\/\/menaka-archive.org\/notizen\/shared-spirits-of-poetry-and-nation\/<\/a>. (Last accessed: 20. 10. 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuhlmann, Jan, Sub\u00adhas Chan\u00addra Bose und die Indi\u00aden\u00adpoli\u00adtik der Achsen\u00adm\u00e4chte<\/em>. Berlin: Ver\u00adlag Hans Schiler, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlaf\u00adfke, Markus, direc\u00adtor, The Alba\u00adtros around my Neck \u2014 Retrac\u00ading Echoes of Loss between Luc\u00adknow and Berlin<\/em>, Nori\u00adent, 2016, 01:03:00. https:\/\/vimeo.com\/ondemand\/thealbatrossaroundmynff\/<\/a>.  (Last accessed: 20. 10. 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlaf\u00adfke, Markus, \u201cDie Rekon\u00adstruk\u00adtion des Mena\u00adka-Archivs: Nav\u00adi\u00adga\u00adtio\u00adnen durch die Tanz-Mod\u00aderne zwis\u00adchen Kolkata, Mum\u00adbai und Berlin 1936\u201338\u201d. Unpubl. PhD diss., Weimar, Bauhaus-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t Weimar. 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlaf\u00adfke, Markus, Isabel\u00adla Schwader\u00ader, (Re-)connecting embod\u00adied archives. K\u00fcn\u00adst\u00adlerische Forschung im Zin\u00adda Naach-Kollek\u00adtiv<\/em>, wissenderkuenste.de, no. 8, Novem\u00adber 2019 \/ Dezem\u00adber 2020, https:\/\/wissenderkuenste.de\/texte\/ausgabe8\/re-connecting-embodied-archives-kuenstlerische-forschung-im-zinda-naach-kollektiv\/<\/a>. (Last accessed: 20. 10. 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schwader\u00ader, Isabel\u00adla, Did Mena\u00adka Dance for the \u201cF\u00fchrer\u201d? New Mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal from the Say\u00ader Archive<\/em>, Jour\u00adnal (Mena\u00adka-Archive), 2021, https:\/\/menaka-archive.org\/en\/forschung\/did-menaka-dance-for-the-fuehrer\/<\/a>.  (Last accessed: 20. 10. 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sone\u00adji, Devesh, Unfin\u00adished ges\u00adtures. Devad\u0101s\u012bs, mem\u00ado\u00adry, and moder\u00adni\u00adty in South India<\/em>. Chica\u00adgo, IL<\/span>, Lon\u00addon: Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Chica\u00adgo Press, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Walk\u00ader, Mar\u00adgaret E., Indi\u00ada\u2019s Kathak Dance in His\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal Per\u00adspec\u00adtive<\/em>. Lon\u00addon, New York: Rout\u00adledge, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Markus Schlaf\u00adfke, Fakult\u00e4t Kun\u00adst und Design, Bauhaus-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t Weimar<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isabel\u00adla Schwader\u00ader, The\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgis\u00adche Fakult\u00e4t, Chris\u00adt\u00adian-Albrechts-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t Kiel<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2505,"template":"","categories":[54],"tags":[137,106,136,121],"class_list":["post-2463","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon","tag-archival-activism","tag-biography","tag-digital-history","tag-world-war-ii"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNavigating the Menaka-Archive: An interdisciplinary platform on entangled histories of modern dance across India and Europe - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Markus Schlaffke and Isabella Schwaderer explore the history of Madame Menaka's European tour and the digital archive, which enables us to retrace this rich entangled history ourselves in a most innovative way.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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