{"id":3214,"date":"2022-07-28T09:48:16","date_gmt":"2022-07-28T07:48:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=3214"},"modified":"2022-12-08T16:05:40","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T15:05:40","slug":"war-of-words-and-nerves-diplomatic-maneuvers-psychological-operations-and-welfare-projections-of-british-and-german-empires-during-1941-43","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/war-of-words-and-nerves-diplomatic-maneuvers-psychological-operations-and-welfare-projections-of-british-and-german-empires-during-1941-43\/","title":{"rendered":"War of Words and Nerves: Diplomatic Maneuvers, Psychological Operations and Welfare Projections of British and German Empires during 1941\u201343"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By Van\u00addana Joshi
<\/strong>Pub\u00adlished in 2022<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132022-00022<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image: A group of around 20\u201330 POWs are stand\u00ading togeth\u00ader with the vis\u00adi\u00adtor Dr. Excha\u00adque\u00adtin what appears to be a court\u00adyard in front of a larg\u00ader build\u00ading.<\/em> Fig. 1<\/strong>: V\u2011P-HIST-01695\u201302 Annaburg. Sta\u00adlag IV<\/span> E, Vis\u00adit of the del\u00ade\u00adgate ICRC<\/span>, Dr. Excha\u00adquet, on 27 June 1941. Cour\u00adtesy: Comit\u00e9 Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal de la Croix-Rouge (CICR<\/span>). <\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Table of Con\u00adtents
<\/strong><\/a>Diplo\u00adma\u00adcy, Pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda, Sub\u00adver\u00adsion and Psy\u00adcho\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal Oper\u00ada\u00adtions (Psy-Ops)<\/a> | Prepa\u00adra\u00adtions of Sub\u00adver\u00adsion <\/a>| Neta\u00adji Sub\u00adhas Chan\u00addra Bose Enters the Scene <\/a>| British Night\u00admare<\/a> | Pro\u00adjec\u00adtions of Wel\u00adfare and Pater\u00adnal\u00adism<\/a> | Annaburg as the Epi\u00adcen\u00adtre of Sub\u00adver\u00adsion and the Rais\u00ading of the Indi\u00adan Legion (1941\u201343)<\/a> | Prayer Rooms of Indi\u00adan Cap\u00adtives<\/a> | Ger\u00adman Furtive\u00adness<\/a> | Recruit\u00adment Strate\u00adgies<\/a> | Postal Delays and Lin\u00adguis\u00adtic Diver\u00adsi\u00adty<\/a> | Con\u00adclu\u00adsion<\/a> | End\u00adnotes<\/a> | Bib\u00adli\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This arti\u00adcle uses some rare pic\u00adtures and reports from the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Red Cross Archives to eval\u00adu\u00adate the diplo\u00admat\u00adic manoeu\u00advres, psy\u00adcho\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal oper\u00ada\u00adtions (psy-ops) and pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda around British-Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders and Indi\u00adan legionar\u00adies in WWII<\/span> Ger\u00admany from the per\u00adspec\u00adtive of experts from the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Red Cross Com\u00admit\u00adtee (CICR<\/span>, French abbre\u00advi\u00ada\u00adtion), who were sup\u00adposed to act as neu\u00adtral observers.  This source-base is then jux\u00adta\u00adposed with visu\u00adal and tex\u00adtu\u00adal Ger\u00adman and British sources to pro\u00advide a larg\u00ader con\u00adtext to British-Ger\u00adman entan\u00adgle\u00adments at the Annaburg prison camp in the non-com\u00adbat\u00adant realm of sol\u00addier\u00ading and pol\u00adi\u00adtick\u00ading dur\u00ading the Sec\u00adond World War in Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Annaburg, seen on the cov\u00ader pho\u00adto (Fg.1),[i]<\/a> <\/sup>was Sta\u00adlag<\/em> IV<\/span> D\/Z from May 1942 to April 1945. In a com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adtion of 18 August 1942 from Berne, Switzer\u00adland, to the For\u00adeign Office, Lon\u00addon, it was stat\u00aded that Annaburg Oflag<\/em> IV<\/span> E was to be known as Sta\u00adlag<\/em> IV<\/span> D\/Z. The CICR<\/span> vis\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion report of 27 June 1941, how\u00adev\u00ader, called it Annaburg Sta\u00adlag<\/em> IV<\/span> E.[ii]<\/sup><\/a>  The Ger\u00adman offi\u00adcial\u00addom inter\u00adchange\u00adably used Annaburg Sta\u00adlag<\/em> IV<\/span> E or Oflag<\/em> 54 before renam\u00ading it Annaburg Sta\u00adlag<\/em> IV<\/span> D\/Z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why do we have these dif\u00adfer\u00adent sets of iden\u00adti-fica\u00adtion for the same pris\u00adon\u00aders\u2019 camp in the small Sax\u00adon cas\u00adtle-town of Annaburg? Does it indi\u00adcate a state of flux in the camp site or could it have  been a part of the Ger\u00adman strat\u00ade\u00adgy to keep its char\u00adac\u00adter ambigu\u00adous dur\u00ading the peri\u00adod under con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion? Through a micro-study of Annaburg, an exclu\u00adsive camp site for British-Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders in Ger\u00admany, I will reflect on broad\u00ader issues such as the use of decep\u00adtion, sab\u00ado\u00adtage, sub\u00adver\u00adsion and intrigue by the Ger\u00admans dur\u00ading the rais\u00ading of the Indi\u00adan Legion in the diplo\u00admat\u00adic circles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Diplomacy, Propaganda, Subversion and Psychological Operations (Psy-Ops)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Euro\u00adpean the\u00adatre of war was not just a com\u00adbat zone, but also one of wag\u00ading war through oth\u00ader means: diplo\u00adma\u00adcy, pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda, sub\u00adver\u00adsion, and psy-ops. Annaburg, a small cas\u00adtle-town in today\u2019s Sax\u00adony-Anhalt, was a site for what the British per\u00adceived as the sub\u00adorn\u00ading of British-Indi\u00adan sol\u00addiers. It thus became the nerve-cen\u00adtre of British-Ger\u00adman entan\u00adgle\u00adments. Sig\u00adnals of manip\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtions, decep\u00adtions, and intrigues pro\u00adduced rip\u00adples in the British For\u00adeign Office, involv\u00ading the Swiss Lega\u00adtion and the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Red Cross in the game of counter intel\u00adli\u00adgence and wel\u00adfarism from mid-1941 till the for\u00adma\u00adtion of the Indi\u00adan Legion on Ger\u00adman soil in ear\u00adly 1943.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike Japan, which showed no oblig\u00ada\u00adtion to the Gene\u00adva Con\u00adven\u00adtion of 1929 regard\u00ading the treat\u00adment of POWs, from ear\u00adly on, Nazi Ger\u00admany agreed to make appro\u00adpri\u00adate arrange\u00adments in accor\u00addance with the pro\u00advi\u00adsions of the Con\u00adven\u00adtion. The entry of the neu\u00adtral Swiss agen\u00adcies cre\u00adat\u00aded con\u00addi\u00adtions for a war of words and nerves between and across the British and Ger\u00adman empires. This \u2018war by oth\u00ader means\u2019 was car\u00adried out through com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adtions from British and Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Offices, which in turn were sup\u00adplied infor\u00adma\u00adtion by their respec\u00adtive war offices to the Swiss Lega\u00adtion and Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Red Cross office in Berlin, Berne, Lon\u00addon, and Geneva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Legation\u2019s aim was to ensure the wel\u00adfare of the pris\u00adon\u00aders through peri\u00adod\u00adic vis\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtions of the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Com\u00admit\u00adtee of the Red Cross del\u00ade\u00adgates. The CICR<\/span> team con\u00adduct\u00aded inspec\u00adtions of health, san\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion, hygiene, spir\u00adi\u00adtu\u00adal and gen\u00ader\u00adal liv\u00ading con\u00addi\u00adtions in camps and direct\u00adly inter\u00adact\u00aded with inmates of Sta\u00adlags <\/em>(camps for ordi\u00adnary pris\u00adon\u00aders), Oflags<\/em> (camps for offi\u00adcers), Mar\u00adlags <\/em>(camps for interned mariners), Dulags <\/em>(tran\u00adsit Camps), Heilags <\/em>(tran\u00adsit camps for the wound\u00aded to be repa\u00adtri\u00adat\u00aded under the exchange pro\u00adgramme), and, in some cas\u00ades, Arbeit\u00adskom\u00adman\u00addos <\/em>(labour detach\u00adments).[iii]<\/sup><\/a> The Swiss Lega\u00adtion and the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Red Cross became cru\u00adcial medi\u00ada\u00adtors in address\u00ading mutu\u00adal griev\u00adances and trans\u00admit\u00adting infor\u00adma\u00adtion on the ground real\u00adi\u00adties of camp life to the con\u00adcerned bel\u00adliger\u00adent empires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This tri\u00adan\u00adgu\u00adlar net\u00adwork has left a trail of doc\u00adu\u00adments in French, Ger\u00adman, and Eng\u00adlish that reflects impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal anx\u00adi\u00adeties, diplo\u00admat\u00adic manoeu\u00advres, intrigues, manip\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtions, mutu\u00adal reprisals, intel\u00adli\u00adgence, counter intel\u00adli\u00adgence, mil\u00adi\u00adtary train\u00ading, and delays in postal deliv\u00ader\u00adies. Though such delib\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtions went far beyond the war as the Ger\u00admans got busy with the destruc\u00adtion of records of the per\u00adse\u00adcut\u00aded, the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Trac\u00ading Ser\u00advice with the doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion on and relo\u00adca\u00adtion of state\u00adless and dis\u00adplaced (DPs) vic\u00adtims of Nazi atroc\u00adi\u00adties,[iv]<\/sup><\/a> and the British with the repa\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adtion of British-Indi\u00adans, I lim\u00adit my focus here to the cru\u00adcial years of the for\u00adma\u00adtion of the Indi\u00adan Legion between 1941 and 1943 to recre\u00adate the sce\u00adnario of mutu\u00adal fears and anx\u00adi\u00adeties of the bel\u00adliger\u00adent pow\u00aders. The on-site records of Annaburg camp, its satel\u00adlite camps and labour detach\u00adments (Arbeit\u00adskom\u00adman\u00addos<\/em>) were destroyed towards the end of the war. Infor\u00adma\u00adtion about the work\u00ading of the Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Office and the Wehrma\u00adcht<\/em> is there\u00adfore scat\u00adtered and incom\u00adplete in con\u00adtrast to British and Swiss com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adtions, which are still pre\u00adserved in their respec\u00adtive archives and will be used along with sur\u00adviv\u00ading Ger\u00adman records to demon\u00adstrate impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal diplo\u00admat\u00adic entan\u00adgle\u00adments dur\u00ading WWII<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Preparations of Subversion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Rommel\u2019s first dri\u00adve through North Africa in April 1941 result\u00aded in the cap\u00adture of the 3rd<\/sup> Motor Brigade com\u00adpris\u00ading of British-Indi\u00adan sol\u00addiers at the Libyan front. For the Ger\u00admans these pris\u00adon\u00aders were not ordi\u00adnary pris\u00adon\u00aders of the British Empire. They car\u00adried with them the poten\u00adtial for sub\u00adorn\u00ading sab\u00ado\u00adtage and defec\u00adtions. Sup\u00adport\u00ading the net\u00adwork of transna\u00adtion\u00adal rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adar\u00adies in their anti-colo\u00adnial strug\u00adgles in Asia and Africa, and mobil\u00adis\u00ading alien cap\u00adtives for set\u00adting up for\u00adeign legions, was nei\u00adther new for Hitler nor for Ger\u00admany. Dur\u00ading WWI<\/span>, Berlin became a cen\u00adtre of fer\u00adment\u00ading trou\u00adble in the colonies, har\u00adbour\u00ading Indi\u00adan rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adar\u00adies to dis\u00adsem\u00adi\u00adnate anti-British pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda[v]<\/sup><\/a> and estab\u00adlish\u00ading a pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda prisoner\u2019s camp on the out\u00adskirts of Berlin (Roy, Liebau, and Ahu\u00adja, 2011). This pol\u00adi\u00adcy was pur\u00adsued with more vigour and acu\u00admen in WWII<\/span>. Col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtive forces of Ukraini\u00adans, Croa\u00adt\u00adians, Dutch, Nor\u00adwe\u00adgians, Rus\u00adsians, and Arabs who were work\u00ading for the Ger\u00admans were now much bet\u00adter equipped with ide\u00ado\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal (reli\u00adgious, nation\u00adal, or racial) moti\u00adva\u00adtion, mod\u00adern arse\u00adnal, and mil\u00adi\u00adtary train\u00ading.[vi]<\/sup><\/a> Rais\u00ading an Indi\u00adan Legion, how\u00adev\u00ader, pre\u00adsent\u00aded its own haz\u00adards and chal\u00adlenges because of India\u2019s dis\u00adtant loca\u00adtion and the pris\u00adon\u00aders\u2019 diver\u00adsi\u00adty (eth\u00adnic, reli\u00adgious, and linguistic).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Enters the Scene<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sub\u00adhas Chan\u00addra Bose arrived secret\u00adly in Berlin on 2 April 1941 (Hayes 2011, 25\u201329). His escape from house arrest in Cal\u00adcut\u00adta, his adven\u00adtur\u00adous jour\u00adney to Kab\u00adul clad as a mute Pathan<\/em> to cov\u00ader his lin\u00adguis\u00adtic inabil\u00adi\u00adty, his fail\u00adure to get sup\u00adport from the Sovi\u00adet Union, and his even\u00adtu\u00adal arrival in Berlin with the help of the Ger\u00adman embassy is a sto\u00adry often told with great rel\u00adish in his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal accounts both in India and Ger\u00admany. That it would play a cru\u00adcial role in the plan\u00adning and for\u00adma\u00adtion of the Indi\u00adan Legion was not known to Bose him\u00adself when he was in hid\u00ading in Kab\u00adul. His wish to reach out to Berlin for help was com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adcat\u00aded by the Ger\u00adman ambas\u00adsador Hans Pil\u00adger to State Sec\u00adre\u00adtary Weizs\u00e4ck\u00ader<\/a> who expressed great inter\u00adest in Bose despite  receiv\u00ading con\u00adtra\u00addic\u00adto\u00adry feed\u00adback on him. With the Ital\u00adian embassy, which was equal\u00adly keen to help, Bose left for Berlin car\u00adry\u00ading an Ital\u00adian pass\u00adport imper\u00adson\u00adat\u00ading Orlan\u00addo Maz\u00adzot\u00adta, an employ\u00adee of the Ital\u00adian embassy in Kab\u00adul (Kuhlmann 2003, 122\u2013130).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Though Bose had to con\u00adtent with his rival Moham\u00admad Iqbal Shedai, an anti-colo\u00adnial insur\u00adrec\u00adtionary, who was already active in Europe and was prop\u00ada\u00adgat\u00ading the Indi\u00adan cause through the Ital\u00adian spon\u00adsored Radio Himalaya<\/em> broad\u00adcasts, the Ger\u00adman offi\u00adcial cir\u00adcles were quick to accept Bose\u2019s supe\u00adri\u00ador lead\u00ader\u00adship qual\u00adi\u00adties. With\u00adin a week of his arrival, Bose pre\u00adsent\u00aded the Under\u00adsec\u00adre\u00adtary of State, Ernst Woer\u00admann, a detailed plan for col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion with the Axis. Woer\u00admann arranged a meet\u00ading with For\u00adeign Min\u00adis\u00adter Ribben\u00adtrop on 29 April 1942, to set up a Free India Cen\u00adtre, and the Azad Hind Radio<\/em> in Berlin to dis\u00adsem\u00adi\u00adnate anti-British pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda. What proved more chal\u00adleng\u00ading for Bose was to set up a gov\u00adern\u00adment in exile and to get a tri\u00adpar\u00adtite (Berlin, Rome, Tokyo) Axis dec\u00adla\u00adra\u00adtion from Hitler for India\u2019s independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bose kept try\u00ading to per\u00adsuade Hitler to com\u00admit but the lat\u00adter remained eva\u00adsive, first in the hope of nego\u00adti\u00adat\u00ading peace with the British, and lat\u00ader because it made lit\u00adtle strate\u00adgic sense to him with\u00adout back\u00ading the dec\u00adla\u00adra\u00adtion up with mil\u00adi\u00adtary action. When Bose was final\u00adly able to meet Hitler in per\u00adson on 29 May 1942, he point\u00aded to the immense dis\u00adtance between the two loca\u00adtions and con\u00adtrast\u00aded it with Japan\u2019s geo\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal prox\u00adim\u00adi\u00adty, which seemed more favourable. He thought it would be fool\u00adish to make a dec\u00adla\u00adra\u00adtion about India (Toye 1978, 68\u201369). How\u00adev\u00ader, he was ready to help with all pos\u00adsi\u00adble means when it came to pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda and psy-ops. He was quite cer\u00adtain that it would be a suc\u00adcess\u00adful pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda strat\u00ade\u00adgy and there would be a pay-off in the game of decep\u00adtion and psy-ops rather than in an actu\u00adal anti-colo\u00adnial mil\u00adi\u00adtary oper\u00ada\u00adtion. When the moment arrived, he planned a safe exit strat\u00ade\u00adgy for Bose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>British Nightmare<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The British were haunt\u00aded by the spec\u00adtre of quis\u00adlings, rene\u00adgades, trai\u00adtors, legionar\u00adies, com\u00admu\u00adnists, and nation\u00adal\u00adists dur\u00ading this peri\u00adod (1941\u201343) and there\u00adafter. British intel\u00adli\u00adgence sources esti\u00admat\u00aded that out of 12,000 Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders detained in Ger\u00adman camps, the num\u00adber of active mem\u00adbers of the 950th<\/sup> Reg\u00adi\u00adment at no point exceed\u00aded the mark of 3200 This British source con\u00adtains a brief sketch of 4 August 1945 on Indi\u00adan col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtionist activ\u00adi\u00adties in Ger\u00admany, France, and Italy, and in par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar, a ref\u00ader\u00adence to the Indi\u00adan Legion.[vii]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although even these legionar\u00adies nev\u00ader engaged in an active anti-colo\u00adnial com\u00adbat, their sheer exis\u00adtence along with the Free India Radio (Azad Hind Radio) <\/em>broad\u00adcasts, and their even\u00adtu\u00adal arrival in Switzer\u00adland kept the British on their toes much after the lib\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion of the camps. Ger\u00admany became a play\u00adground for British anx\u00adi\u00adeties, mak\u00ading the Indi\u00adan POWs an object of inces\u00adsant allures, sus\u00adpi\u00adcion, sur\u00adveil\u00adlance, reprisals, and loy\u00adal\u00adty testing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Ger\u00adman efforts to woo Indi\u00adan cap\u00adtives for pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda work began already in North Africa. In his anec\u00addo\u00adtal account, the lead\u00ading con\u00advert and recruiter of the Indi\u00adan Legion, Man\u00adgat Singh, con\u00adtrast\u00aded British offi\u00adcers\u2019 racism and arro\u00adgance towards Indi\u00adan sol\u00addiers to Rommel\u2019s charm and mod\u00adesty in per\u00adson\u00adal\u00adly com\u00ading to El Mechilli fort to meet them after their sur\u00adren\u00adder on 8 April 1941. Man\u00adgat rem\u00adi\u00adnisced in his mem\u00adoirs how a smart and stur\u00addy Ger\u00adman offi\u00adcer alight\u00aded from his mov\u00ading Volk\u00adswa\u00adgen and advanced towards them. He wel\u00adcomed them with the words, \u201cGood Morn\u00ading to you, gen\u00adtle\u00admen! Thank you very much for the good fight you gave me. You are all my guests now. Excuse me, I am in a hur\u00adry. I must get going. Please remem\u00adber me through my men, if you ever have any dif\u00adfi\u00adcul\u00adty\u201d (Man\u00adgat 1986, 31\u201333). He went on to praise this \u2018smart offi\u00adcer\u2019, who he lat\u00ader real\u00adized was none oth\u00ader than the \u201cDesert Fox\u201d Erwin Rom\u00admel him\u00adself, for his bril\u00adliance and accom\u00adplish\u00adments. In a foot\u00adnote, he fur\u00adther con\u00adtrast\u00aded Rommel\u2019s behav\u00adiour with that of Gen\u00ader\u00adal Eisen\u00adhow\u00ader of the Allied Expe\u00addi\u00adtionary Forces, who had refused to shake hands with his ene\u00admy cap\u00adtives in a sim\u00adi\u00adlar sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion. Twen\u00adty-sev\u00aden Indi\u00adan cap\u00adtives were flown in from Beng\u00adhasi to Berlin while the rest were trans\u00adport\u00aded by boat through Naples to Genoa and then by train to Annaburg.[<\/sup><\/a>vii<\/a>i<\/a><\/sup>]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Projections of Welfare and Paternalism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

While the trans\u00adporta\u00adtion of select\u00aded poten\u00adtial legionar\u00adies from dif\u00adfer\u00adent Euro\u00adpean des\u00adti\u00adna\u00adtions to Annaburg was already under\u00adway, the For\u00adeign Office, Berlin, received a com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adtion from the Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Embassy in August 1941 on behalf of the British gov\u00adern\u00adment. Draw\u00ading the atten\u00adtion of the \u201cappro\u00adpri\u00adate Ger\u00adman author\u00adi\u00adties\u201d, it request\u00aded that ade\u00adquate pro\u00advi\u00adsions be made to cater to the pris\u00adon\u00aders\u2019 spe\u00adcial needs. It stat\u00aded that besides warm cloth\u00ading and heat\u00ading, it would be appre\u00adci\u00adat\u00aded if spe\u00adcial arrange\u00adments regard\u00ading their reli\u00adgious beliefs and cus\u00adtoms as well as the food and its prepa\u00adra\u00adtion could be made. It also rec\u00adom\u00admend\u00aded hous\u00ading offi\u00adcers in a sep\u00ada\u00adrate accom\u00admo\u00adda\u00adtion and ensur\u00ading that oth\u00ader priv\u00adi\u00adleges such as work and pay would cor\u00adre\u00adspond to their rank.[ix<\/sup><\/a>]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Annaburg as the Epicentre of Subversion and the Raising of the Indian Legion (1941\u201343)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Already before this com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adtion, the Annaburg cas\u00adtle-com\u00adplex was being pre\u00adpared to wel\u00adcome British-Indi\u00adan cap\u00adtives. The first vis\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion report of the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Red Cross Com\u00admit\u00adtee (CICR<\/span>) gives us insight\u00adful infor\u00adma\u00adtion on this. In this sec\u00adtion, I will dwell on this and sub\u00adse\u00adquent reports on Annaburg to high\u00adlight Germany\u2019s prepa\u00adra\u00adtion for pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda and psy-ops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After stat\u00ading the geo\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal coor\u00addi\u00adnates of this Baroque style cas\u00adtle and its his\u00adto\u00adry as a gar\u00adri\u00adson for young Ger\u00adman NCOs (Non-com\u00admis\u00adsioned Offi\u00adcers) and then a Sta\u00adlag<\/em> for Ser\u00adbian pris\u00adon\u00aders until mid-May 1941, the CICR<\/span> report moved on with details on Indi\u00adans. On the vis\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion day of late June, it found 1200 Hin\u00addous<\/em> includ\u00ading 40 offi\u00adcers, cap\u00adtured from the Libyan front, occu\u00adpy\u00ading the three-sto\u00adried vil\u00adla with\u00adin the cas\u00adtle premis\u00ades. The vil\u00adla had the capac\u00adi\u00adty to house 2,200 inmates, was well-lit and ven\u00adti\u00adlat\u00aded, and its huge rooms were fur\u00adnished with three-tier bunk beds of which only two were in use. The san\u00adi\u00adtary and hygien\u00adic con\u00addi\u00adtions were found to be excellent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the court\u00adyard, there were five addi\u00adtion\u00adal bar\u00adracks hous\u00ading pris\u00adon\u00aders of oth\u00ader reli\u00adgious denom\u00adi\u00adna\u00adtions. Over\u00adall, there were 596 Mohametans<\/em>, 200 Sikhs<\/em> and 4 Brah\u00admanes <\/em>and the rest Hin\u00addous.<\/em><\/a>[x]<\/a><\/sup> The report dwelled on how much free room there was in the vil\u00adla for com\u00admon activ\u00adi\u00adties, like a din\u00ading hall, a kitchen with a sep\u00ada\u00adrate stove for Hin\u00addous<\/em> and sep\u00ada\u00adrate prayer rooms for dif\u00adfer\u00adent faiths. The prayer rooms aroused the curios\u00adi\u00adty and admi\u00adra\u00adtion of the report\u2019s author, Dr. Excha\u00adquet, which is tes\u00adti\u00adfied by the pho\u00adto\u00adgraph\u00adic col\u00adlec\u00adtion of the day to which I shall turn now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Curi\u00adous\u00adly, most cap\u00adtions of these pho\u00adtos state the loca\u00adtion as \u201cAltenburg\u201d Sta\u00adlag<\/em> IV<\/span> E but the date of the pho\u00adto shoot is the same as that of Dr. Exchaquet\u2019s vis\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion report of \u201cAnnaburg\u201d Sta\u00adlag<\/em> IV<\/span> E, name\u00adly 27 June 1941. Just one pic\u00adture of the cap\u00adtives (Fig. 1<\/strong> cov\u00ader pic\u00adture), car\u00adries the cap\u00adtion \u201c<\/strong>Annaburg. Sta\u00adlag <\/em>IV<\/span> E\u201d which shows Dr. Excha\u00adquet talk\u00ading to the pris\u00adon\u00aders. The vis\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion sched\u00adule plan of sev\u00ader\u00adal camps in Sax\u00adony around this time allo\u00adcat\u00aded one day to each site. More\u00adover, Altenburg at this time housed no Indi\u00adan cap\u00adtives and did not have bar\u00adracks like these. I, there\u00adfore, go with the assump\u00adtion that pic\u00adtures of the court\u00adyard and prayer rooms were tak\u00aden on 27 June 1941 dur\u00ading Dr. Exchaquet\u2019s vis\u00adit to Annaburg and not Altenburg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Prayer Rooms of Indian Captives<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\"A
Fig. 2:<\/strong> V\u2011P-HIST-01763\u201345, 27\/06\/1941, WW<\/span> II<\/span>, 1939\u20131945.
Altenburg (Annaburg?) Sta\u00adlag IV<\/span> E, pris\u00adon\u00aders of war camp. Pris\u00adon\u00aders of war going to pray.
Cour\u00adtesy: CICR<\/span> Pho\u00adto Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

This is the entrance of one of the prayer rooms. It clear\u00adly shows the Annaburg cas\u00adtle in the back\u00adground \u2013 as in Fig. 1<\/strong> \u2013 but the cap\u00adtion reads \u201cAltenburg\u201d. The devo\u00adtees arranged their shoes in neat rows at the doorstep before enter\u00ading the prayer room. Dr. Excha\u00adquet was quite impressed with this and even men\u00adtioned in the report that the devo\u00adtees roamed around bare foot in silence inside the mosque.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A
Fig. 3:<\/strong> V\u2011P-HIST-03518\u201306, 1941-06-27 Ger\u00admany, WW<\/span> II<\/span>, 1939\u20131945. Altenburg (Annaburg?) Sta\u00adlag IV<\/span> E, pris\u00adon\u00ader of war camp. Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders of war pray\u00ading. Cour\u00adtesy: CICR<\/span> Pho\u00adto Archive<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Fig. 3<\/strong> cap\u00adtures a Namaz<\/em> ren\u00addi\u00adtion in progress in this inte\u00adri\u00ador of the prayer room we saw in Fig. 2<\/strong>. All cap\u00adtives are seen hold\u00ading the holy Quran<\/em> and read\u00ading it aloud. The walls are bare and the front row indi\u00adcates the typ\u00adi\u00adcal seat\u00ading pos\u00adture while ren\u00adder\u00ading the Namaz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A
Fig. 4:<\/strong> CICR<\/span>\/ V\u2011P-HIST-03518\u201305, 1941-06-27, Altenburg (Annaburg?) Sta\u00adlag IV<\/span> E, pris\u00adon\u00aders of war camp. Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders of war pray\u00ading. Cour\u00adtesy CICR<\/span> Pho\u00adto Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Fig. 4<\/strong> is espe\u00adcial\u00adly illus\u00adtra\u00adtive in its details. In this makeshift Gur\u00add\u00adwara,<\/em> the house of wor\u00adship of the Sikhs, their holy book, Guru Granth Saheb<\/em> is cov\u00adered in a beau\u00adti\u00adful\u00adly pat\u00adterned cloth. The holy book itself is placed on an alle\u00advi\u00adat\u00aded plat\u00adform cov\u00adered in a spot\u00adless white sheet on which vas\u00ades with flow\u00aders can be seen. Above the plat\u00adform, hangs an equal\u00adly dec\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtive canopy. While the Granthi<\/em> (cer\u00ade\u00admo\u00adni\u00adal leader) is chant\u00adi\u00adng from the Guru Granth Sahib<\/em>, the devo\u00adtees are lis\u00adten\u00ading to him qui\u00adet\u00adly. Pic\u00adtures of var\u00adi\u00adous Gurus<\/em> adorn the wall on the right along with the Nis\u00adhan Saheb, <\/em>their holy sym\u00adbol. Next to it, we can see a jhan\u00adjh<\/em> and a dho\u00adlak<\/em> (per\u00adcus\u00adsion instru\u00adments) which accom\u00adpa\u00adny a har\u00admo\u00adni\u00adum (pos\u00adsi\u00adbly kept inside the wood\u00aden box in the left cor\u00adner below the win\u00addow). These instru\u00adments and the decor are intrin\u00adsic to the set\u00adting up of a Gur\u00add\u00adwara<\/em>. It brings back to my mind a Sikh captive\u2019s sound record\u00ading from WWI<\/span>. After prais\u00ading the Ger\u00admans in this pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda camp (Halb\u00admond\u00adlager, W\u00fcns\u00addorf), he said \u201cif they thought of us as them, they would have hon\u00adoured our house of wor\u00adship.\u201d He was allud\u00ading to the miss\u00ading cov\u00ader for the Granth Saheb<\/em> which the Ger\u00admans did not both\u00ader to pro\u00adcure for the prayer room (Mahren\u00adholz 2011, 201).[xi]<\/sup><\/a> The Ger\u00admans in WWII<\/span> seemed to have learnt the art of per\u00adsua\u00adsion from their pre\u00advi\u00adous expe\u00adri\u00adences with Sikh sol\u00addiers and their spe\u00adcif\u00adic require\u00adments relat\u00aded to their rituals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A close read\u00ading of both the text and the pic\u00adture col\u00adlec\u00adtion of the CICR<\/span> sources clear\u00adly reveals that Annaburg\u2019s cas\u00adtle-com\u00adplex was being pre\u00adpared as a mod\u00adel POW<\/span> camp to host British-Indi\u00adan cap\u00adtives. The pris\u00adon\u00aders\u2019 pro\u00adfiles indi\u00adcate that there were sev\u00ader\u00adal high\u00adly accom\u00adplished sol\u00addiers and offi\u00adcers among them, a care\u00adful\u00adly cho\u00adsen and suit\u00adably inspir\u00ading selec\u00adtion for pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda and recruit\u00adment pur\u00adpos\u00ades. Com\u00ading, as this evi\u00addence does, from a Swiss del\u00ade\u00adgate and CICR<\/span> eval\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtor of pris\u00adon\u00aders\u2019 health and well-being, name\u00adly Dr. Excha\u00adquet (or the unknown cam\u00ader\u00adap\u00ader\u00adson S.N.), it con\u00adtains vital insights into the art of per\u00adsua\u00adsion Ger\u00admans were prac\u00adtic\u00ading on Indi\u00adan cap\u00adtives. The graph\u00adic tex\u00adtu\u00adal and visu\u00adal details are allur\u00ading, assur\u00ading, com\u00adfort\u00ading, and promis\u00ading to even a con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary observ\u00ader such as the author. Dr. Excha\u00adquet lib\u00ader\u00adal\u00adly used terms such as remark\u00adable, impec\u00adca\u00adble, well-kept and ven\u00adti\u00adlat\u00aded for the com\u00adplex, which he thought was rarely the case in pris\u00adon\u00aders\u2019 quar\u00adters. When it comes to the visu\u00adal col\u00adlec\u00adtion, we are not cer\u00adtain whether he sub\u00admit\u00adted his own col\u00adlec\u00adtion to the archive because his name does not fig\u00adure as the pho\u00adtog\u00adra\u00adph\u00ader on record. As can be observed in Fig. 1<\/strong>, Dr. Excha\u00adquet him\u00adself car\u00adried a cam\u00adera which he is hold\u00ading in his left hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The report also not\u00aded a wish list fea\u00adtur\u00ading items such as win\u00adter cloth\u00ading, indoor games and balls for out\u00addoor sports, and a change of camp in win\u00adters due to the harsh cli\u00admate. The Mohametans<\/em> sought allowance to offer Namaz<\/em> at 23.00 hours. The Hin\u00addus com\u00adplained about the food not being suit\u00adable to their veg\u00ade\u00adtar\u00adi\u00adan palate.[xii]<\/sup><\/a> The mem\u00adoirs of cap\u00adtives and vis\u00adi\u00adtors\u2019 recount the con\u00adcern that was raised over the food. Soon enough, Red Cross parcels were arranged for them and gar\u00adden\u00ading of sea\u00adson\u00adal sal\u00adads and veg\u00adeta\u00adbles start\u00aded at the camp site as not\u00aded in the next report. The inmates request\u00aded for books in Eng\u00adlish as 50 per\u00adcent of them read Eng\u00adlish. Doc\u00adtors request\u00aded for med\u00adical journals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is quite obvi\u00adous from this descrip\u00adtion that the camp did not dis\u00adtin\u00adguish between offi\u00adcers and sol\u00addiers and this was done for a strate\u00adgic pur\u00adpose. The mixed nature of the camp, it was thought, would facil\u00adi\u00adtate recruit\u00adment. Sim\u00adi\u00adlar\u00adly, the labels Oflag<\/em> and Sta\u00adlag<\/em> were used inter\u00adchange\u00adably by the Ger\u00admans to send con\u00adfus\u00ading sig\u00adnals outwards. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 16 Octo\u00adber 1941, Ribben\u00adtrop gave Bose a go ahead for his recruit\u00adment dri\u00adve in camps and soon after to raise an army (Nor\u00admann 1997, 174). Bose vis\u00adit\u00aded Annaburg and Franken\u00adburg in Decem\u00adber 1941. One of the first enthu\u00adsi\u00adas\u00adtic con\u00adverts from Berlin, wrote in his mem\u00adoirs that the inmates did not believe that it was Bose him\u00adself who was stand\u00ading before them and the NCOs remained total\u00adly unre\u00adspon\u00adsive to his call (Man\u00adgat 1986, 75\u201379). Once his iden\u00adti\u00adty was ver\u00adi\u00adfied through a reli\u00adable source, the author says that he was able to recruit 1000 cap\u00adtives but the num\u00adber seems high\u00adly unlike\u00adly, as only one pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda com\u00adpa\u00adny could be raised. Bose real\u00adized that ordi\u00adnary men were more sus\u00adcep\u00adti\u00adble to his charm than the NCO<\/span>. Thus, on 13 Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1943, 2 con\u00advoys of Indi\u00adans were brought to Ger\u00admany after 2 and a half days of trav\u00adel in goods trains, which were only par\u00adtial\u00adly heat\u00aded. Many pris\u00adon\u00aders only wore pants (or under\u00adpants), shirts and a jack\u00adet. It seemed that the men had suf\u00adfered a lot from cold, eight of them had frozen toes and one was still in the infir\u00admary.[<\/sup><\/a>xiii<\/a><\/sup>]<\/sup><\/a> After such an ardu\u00adous jour\u00adney and rel\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly poor\u00ader nour\u00adish\u00adment, as the CICR<\/span> report tells us, the lodg\u00ading in Ital\u00adian cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty, a failed attempt by Shedai to raise an Indi\u00adan legion in Italy, the far supe\u00adri\u00ador arrange\u00adments in Annaburg seemed to have paid div\u00adi\u00addends. The num\u00adber of vol\u00adun\u00adteers rose dra\u00admat\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly start\u00ading with the Sikh reg\u00adi\u00adment sign\u00ading up as the first enthu\u00adsi\u00adas\u00adtic converts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Annaburg camp under\u00adwent a major trans\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adtion if we go by the CICR<\/span> report filed on 15 May 1943.[<\/sup><\/a>xiv<\/a><\/sup>]<\/sup><\/a> It had enrolled 4323 Indi\u00adans, of whom 864 were Sikhs<\/em>, 2136 Hin\u00addous<\/em>, 9 Boud\u00addhists<\/em>, 1214 Mahometans<\/em> and 100 Chre\u00adtiens<\/em>. The total was bro\u00adken down pro\u00adfes\u00adsion\u00adal\u00adly to 8 offi\u00adcers, 538 NCOs and 3777 men, 3 doc\u00adtors, and 6 para\u00admedics. Of these, just 1587 cap\u00adtives stayed inside the camp while the rest were sent to labour detach\u00adments. 32 detach\u00adments returned to the camp every evening after work. Three exter\u00adnal detach\u00adments of 82, 10, and 2736 (total 2828) remained sta\u00adtioned in their labour detach\u00adment camps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The CICR<\/span> report went on to note that there was a veg\u00adetable gar\u00adden where fresh sea\u00adson\u00adal veg\u00adeta\u00adbles and sal\u00adads were grown by 10 men. The rice came from Gene\u00adva. Besides, oth\u00ader men were engaged in cook\u00ading, tai\u00adlor\u00ading, mend\u00ading of shoes, socks, and stock\u00adings, the hair salon and latrine main\u00adte\u00adnance. Every pris\u00adon\u00ader had a new \u201cbat\u00adtle-dress\u201d, a jack\u00adet and new boots. The state of health and dis\u00adci\u00adpline was excel\u00adlent with no report\u00aded deaths. The library was equipped with 800 books, the British pris\u00adon\u00aders\u2019 news\u00adpa\u00adper The Camp<\/em> was banned. Pris\u00adon\u00aders could take lan\u00adguage and writ\u00ading lessons under an Indi\u00adan pro\u00adfes\u00adsor. The pris\u00adon\u00aders attend\u00aded film screen\u00adings in the the\u00adatre, had a chess\u00adboard, musi\u00adcal instru\u00adments, foot\u00adballs. They went out for walks in groups of 5\u2013600 men. Sev\u00ader\u00adal pris\u00adon\u00aders were sent out to work in sur\u00adround\u00ading areas and returned to the camp for their after\u00adnoon and evening meals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was between the two reports of 27 June 1941 and 15 May 1943 that selec\u00adtions, recruit\u00adment, and final\u00adly mil\u00adi\u00adtary train\u00ading took place, first in Meseritz, then Franken\u00adberg and ulti\u00admate\u00adly K\u00f6nigs\u00adbr\u00fcck. The camp author\u00adi\u00adties des\u00adig\u00adnat\u00aded them as \u2018exter\u00adnal labour detach\u00adments\u2019 of Annaburg to main\u00adtain secre\u00adcy over the mil\u00adi\u00adtary train\u00ading they were receiv\u00ading from the Wehrma\u00adcht<\/em>. Keep\u00ading it a secret, how\u00adev\u00ader, turned out to be quite a chal\u00adlenge as we shall see in a while.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

German Furtiveness<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Annaburg and these train\u00ading cen\u00adtres were fre\u00adquent\u00aded by Bose through\u00adout 1942. Annaburg became the epi\u00adcen\u00adtre for loy\u00adal\u00adty test\u00ading, com\u00adbat fit\u00adness, rumours, intense pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda and counter-pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda, as pres\u00adsure mount\u00aded on the cap\u00adtives to decide between the Legion and con\u00adtin\u00adued cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty. Anx\u00adi\u00adeties swelled up in the Ger\u00adman offi\u00adcial\u00addom on how the recruit\u00adment dri\u00adve and train\u00ading could be kept a secret. Sur\u00adviv\u00ading hold\u00adings in the Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Office Archives reflect the diplo\u00admat\u00adic ten\u00adsion in the let\u00adters that were exchanged between Ger\u00admany, Switzer\u00adland, and Britain dur\u00ading this period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From mid-1942 the Swiss Lega\u00adtion sent repeat\u00aded requests to For\u00adeign Office, Berlin, on behalf of the British, who sus\u00adpect\u00aded some camps of har\u00adbour\u00ading legionar\u00adies, to sched\u00adule vis\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtions to the camps, espe\u00adcial\u00adly Annaburg IV<\/span> D\/Z, Colditz Oflag<\/em> IV<\/span> E, and M\u00fchlberg IV<\/span> B. On 3 July 1942, the Swiss Lega\u00adtion was clear\u00adly told that so far as Annaburg was con\u00adcerned, the vis\u00adit per\u00admis\u00adsion could not be grant\u00aded for the time being. How\u00adev\u00ader, Colditz and M\u00fchlberg could be vis\u00adit\u00aded. On 17 June it was told tele\u00adphon\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly that British-Indi\u00adans were trans\u00adferred from Colditz to Annaburg. So, only M\u00fchlberg IV<\/span> B could be vis\u00adit\u00aded but not K\u00f6nigs\u00adbr\u00fcck, Ring\u00adbaum and Franken\u00adberg. When the Lega\u00adtion remind\u00aded the For\u00adeign Office, Berlin, that Art. 86 of the Gene\u00adva Con\u00adven\u00adtion autho\u00adrized them to vis\u00adit all POW<\/span> camps, it gave var\u00adi\u00adous excus\u00ades such as first the out\u00adbreak of epi\u00addem\u00adic typhus, then the British ill-treat\u00adment of Ger\u00adman cap\u00adtives in South Africa and then the await\u00aded clear\u00adance from prison author\u00adi\u00adties. The Lega\u00adtion request\u00aded the For\u00adeign Office, Berlin, to allow them to vis\u00adit IV<\/span> E Colditz Oflag\/ Zwei\u00adglager<\/em>, instead of Colditz IV<\/span> C on 17 July 1942.[<\/sup><\/a>xv<\/a><\/sup>]<\/sup><\/a>  The Swiss Lega\u00adtion informed the British Min\u00adistry of For\u00adeign Affairs that Camp IV<\/span> E, in ques\u00adtion, was named Colditz Oflag<\/em> IV<\/span> E and had a mix of Indi\u00adan offi\u00adcers and men.[xvi]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In August 1942, the Swiss Lega\u00adtion was final\u00adly told that K\u00f6nigs\u00adbr\u00fcck was not a prisoner\u2019s camp but a mil\u00adi\u00adtary train\u00ading cen\u00adtre and there\u00adfore vis\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion could not be grant\u00aded. The Swiss Lega\u00adtion man\u00adaged to send a team and com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adcat\u00aded a short report from Berne to the British For\u00adeign Office, Lon\u00addon, on 20th Novem\u00adber 1942 on Annaburg, by when it was renamed IV<\/span> D\/Z. This over\u00adcrowd\u00aded camp had water scarci\u00adty and insuf\u00adfi\u00adcient heat\u00ading and toi\u00adlette facil\u00adi\u00adties. The Man of Con\u00adfi\u00addence (rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtive of the pris\u00adon\u00aders) had to send Red Cross parcels to Franken\u00adberg and K\u00f6nigs\u00adbr\u00fcck, which he believed were Legion camps. Ger\u00adman author\u00adi\u00adties stat\u00aded that Franken\u00adberg no longer exist\u00aded and that the lat\u00adter was a labour camp like any oth\u00ader.[xvii]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The frus\u00adtra\u00adtion of the Min\u00adistry of For\u00adeign Affairs, Lon\u00addon, shows clear\u00adly in its com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adtion to the Swiss Lega\u00adtion on 3 June 1943: \u201cRegard\u00ading Sta\u00adlag<\/em> IV<\/span> D\/Z Annaburg, it was actu\u00adal\u00adly not pos\u00adsi\u00adble in the peri\u00adod in ques\u00adtion to vis\u00adit the Indi\u00adan POWs. It is to be regret\u00adted that owing to the con\u00adtra\u00addic\u00adto\u00adry state\u00adments of the offi\u00adcers who spoke with the Swiss Del\u00ade\u00adga\u00adtion, the impres\u00adsion has been formed that it was the inten\u00adtion to cre\u00adate spe\u00adcial dif\u00adfi\u00adcul\u00adties for the del\u00ade\u00adgates; the atti\u00adtude of the offi\u00adcer was brought about by the fact that he was not suf\u00adfi\u00adcient\u00adly informed of the cir\u00adcum\u00adstances\u201d.[<\/sup><\/a>xvi\u00adii<\/a><\/sup>]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We also know from the May 1943 CICR<\/span> vis\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion report of Annaburg that inmates of exter\u00adnal labour detach\u00adments were not avail\u00adable at the time of the inspec\u00adtion, one of which num\u00adbered 2736. This exter\u00adnal labour detach\u00adment, I sug\u00adgest, was in fact not a labour detach\u00adment at all but the Indi\u00adan Legion where pris\u00adon\u00aders were being secret\u00adly trained at K\u00f6nigs\u00adbr\u00fcck. By the time the next vis\u00adit took place on 15 Novem\u00adber 1943, the total num\u00adber at Annaburg came down from 4323 to 2779 of which 1801 were present at the camp, 37 in the infir\u00admary, 22 in hos\u00adpi\u00adtal, 4 doc\u00adtors and 8 med\u00adical order\u00adlies. There was now just one chapel for all faiths.[xix]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recruitment Strategies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The recruit\u00adment strate\u00adgies ranged from allure\u00adments such as the ones evi\u00addent in CICR<\/span> reports, well-lit, heat\u00aded and ven\u00adti\u00adlat\u00aded liv\u00ading rooms, well-dec\u00ado\u00adrat\u00aded prayer halls, rice from Gene\u00adva, fresh sal\u00adads and veg\u00adeta\u00adbles from the gar\u00adden, to appro\u00adpri\u00adate cook\u00ading arrange\u00adments for each reli\u00adgious denomination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bose\u2019s recruit\u00adment strat\u00ade\u00adgy was cus\u00adtomized accord\u00ading to the type of pris\u00adon\u00ader. For exam\u00adple, when he want\u00aded to recruit the RAMC<\/span> (Roy\u00adal Army Med\u00adical Corps) doc\u00adtor, Cap\u00adtain Mazum\u00addar, in the sum\u00admer of 1942, he act\u00aded like a per\u00adfect gen\u00adtle\u00adman play\u00ading the polite, patri\u00adot\u00adic card in the meet\u00ading. Mazum\u00addar was picked up in a Mer\u00adcedes from his camp and brought to Berlin. Bose spoke to him in Ben\u00adgali, their moth\u00ader tongue, to estab\u00adlish a quick rap\u00adport with a com\u00adplete stranger and switched to Eng\u00adlish when he approached the sub\u00adject, \u201cDo you know why you are here? We are form\u00ading the Indi\u00adan Legion and I want you to join us\u201d. Mazum\u00addar replied, \u201cI can\u00adnot and shall not. I was taught a promise once made, you have got to abide by.\u201d Bose left the room with the words, \u201cI do not think we should meet again\u201d. Mazum\u00addar was back to Colditz next morn\u00ading, this time trav\u00adel\u00adling in 3rd<\/sup> class com\u00adpart\u00adment. When the inter\u00adview\u00ader of the Sound Archive, Impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal War Muse\u00adum, asked him, \u201cWhat was Sub\u00adhash Chan\u00addra Bose\u2019s demeanour?\u201d, Mazum\u00addar replied, \u201cVery polite, like one Ben\u00adgali talk\u00ading to anoth\u00ader. I was very impressed, he could make you do things. Though he was a bit annoyed he did not show it.\u201d \u201cDid he threat\u00aden you?\u201d asked the inter\u00adview\u00ader, \u201cNo, but I was promised many things by the Ger\u00admans before that too\u201d.[<\/sup><\/a>xx<\/a><\/sup>]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bose left the intim\u00adi\u00adda\u00adtion and reward game to be played by the Gestapo before and after his encounter with Mazum\u00addar, like he may have done with oth\u00ader pris\u00adon\u00aders of the latter\u2019s stature. British intel\u00adli\u00adgence was very curi\u00adous to know the details of the meet\u00ading, then and sev\u00ader\u00adal years lat\u00ader, Mazum\u00addar tes\u00adti\u00adfied. On 3 Decem\u00adber 1943, Major Tuck\u00ader, an erst\u00adwhile col\u00adleague of Mazum\u00addar, made a state\u00adment to Lt. Col. H. J. Phillimore of MI2<\/span> and in-charge of the POWs about Mazum\u00addar. He believed that Ger\u00admans knew that this offi\u00adcer had been a mem\u00adber of the Free India move\u00adment before the war and, in con\u00adse\u00adquence, every form of pres\u00adsure was put on him and every sort of induce\u00adment held out to him to per\u00adsuade him to join the Indi\u00adan Legion. After the Berlin trip, he was put in soli\u00adtary con\u00adfine\u00adment, for\u00adbid\u00adden to prac\u00adtice, and sub\u00adject\u00aded to many indig\u00adni\u00adties. He went on a hunger strike for 14 to 18 days. The Ger\u00admans became fright\u00adened and sent him to anoth\u00ader camp.[xxi]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Major Tuck\u00ader did this to pre-empt Mazum\u00addar being accused by some British offi\u00adcers of play\u00ading a dou\u00adble game which indeed his British inmates at Colditz believed, there\u00adfore mock\u00ading him as the \u201cGand\u00adhi chap\u201d. Tuck\u00ader thought that Mazum\u00addar stuck out against great pres\u00adsure from Ger\u00admans. He had known Mazum\u00addar before his cap\u00adture and thought him to be a good man and a good doc\u00adtor.[xxii]<\/sup><\/a> This state\u00adment was cir\u00adcu\u00adlat\u00aded to the con\u00adcerned intel\u00adli\u00adgence offi\u00adcer, yet Mazumdar\u2019s trou\u00adbles were far from over, if we believe his own testimony.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When Bose did not have much suc\u00adcess with the NCOs dur\u00ading his first vis\u00adits to Annaburg in Decem\u00adber 1941, he devised anoth\u00ader strat\u00ade\u00adgy. He got Italy to send pris\u00adon\u00aders straight to the train\u00ading grounds so their fresh and uncor\u00adrupt\u00aded minds could be influ\u00adenced direct\u00adly. Gir\u00adi\u00adja Mookeer\u00adji, one of his asso\u00adciates, rem\u00adi\u00adnisced, \u201cstand\u00ading very erect under a tree and talk\u00ading to the sol\u00addiers for hours, I saw how the audi\u00adence was com\u00ading under his spell\u2026when he had fin\u00adished they acquired new life, new ani\u00adma\u00adtion, new excitement\u2026Dozens now asked to be enrolled\u201d (Bose 1982, 201). Major Mack\u00aday, a British cap\u00adtive who was vis\u00adit\u00ading a hos\u00adpi\u00adtal in the prox\u00adim\u00adi\u00adty of K\u00f6nigs\u00adbr\u00fcck for den\u00adtal treat\u00adment, man\u00adaged to talk to some recruits who told him that some of the NCOs were pro\u00admot\u00aded to Ger\u00adman com\u00admis\u00adsioned rank.[xxi\u00adii]<\/sup><\/a> What Mack\u00aday thought was a bribe was mere\u00adly an incen\u00adtive and reward for loy\u00adal\u00adty to Bose. Fresh batch\u00ades of NCOs arrived straight to K\u00f6nigs\u00adbr\u00fcck from Ital\u00adian cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty. Bose made prophet\u00adic speech\u00ades to inspire them such as: \u201cThe Eng\u00adlish are like the dead snake which the peo\u00adple are afraid of even after its death. There is no doubt that the Eng\u00adlish have lost this bat\u00adtle. The prob\u00adlem is how to take charge of this country\u2026We are young and we have a sense of self-respect. We shall take free\u00addom by the strength of our arms. Free\u00addom is nev\u00ader giv\u00aden it is tak\u00aden\u201d (Bose 1982, 201).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from exer\u00adcis\u00ading his charms on the rank and file, he also played with their psy\u00adche to get com\u00adpli\u00adance. Cap\u00adtain Mazum\u00addar told anoth\u00ader Colditz escapee that some cap\u00adtives from Annaburg told him that they heard shots, were shown blood stains and were then invit\u00aded to sign a doc\u00adu\u00adment of some sort under the threat of being imme\u00addi\u00adate\u00adly shot. Very few signed and then they spot\u00adted that the exe\u00adcu\u00adtions were staged for their benefit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00admans\u2019 racial ide\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy was dilut\u00aded to allow the recruits free access to local Ger\u00adman women. Abun\u00addant sup\u00adplies of Red Cross parcels con\u00adtain\u00ading cig\u00ada\u00adrettes and choco\u00adlates was an easy way to win local women\u2019s com\u00adpa\u00adny. Whether at Franken\u00adberg, K\u00f6nigs\u00adbr\u00fcck, Hol\u00adland, or the Altan\u00adtic Coast, cross\u00ading the racial line by the legionar\u00adies irked the Ger\u00adman offi\u00adcers, local pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtions, and train\u00aders alike, but the high com\u00admand tol\u00ader\u00adat\u00aded it. Some mar\u00adriages were reluc\u00adtant\u00adly approved such as those of mid\u00addle-class pro\u00adfes\u00adsion\u00adals recruit\u00aded for pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda work. Some oth\u00aders end\u00aded bad\u00adly for the mixed off\u00adspring in post-war Ger\u00admany.[xxiv]<\/sup><\/a> How\u00adev\u00ader, seen from the per\u00adspec\u00adtive of the mil\u00adi\u00adtary cul\u00adture in wartime Ger\u00admany, racial laws were not applied so indis\u00adcrim\u00adi\u00adnate\u00adly. Ger\u00adman sol\u00addiers were allowed to rape and pil\u00adlage in the occu\u00adpied East. The local women wit\u00adnessed a range of behav\u00adiour pat\u00adterns from the mil\u00adi\u00adtary from rape and sex\u00adu\u00adal slav\u00adery to more sta\u00adble rela\u00adtions based on mon\u00ade\u00adtary and oth\u00ader incen\u00adtives in kind includ\u00ading pro\u00adtec\u00adtion from every\u00adday abuse. To bring back order, broth\u00adels were set up lat\u00ader which housed local women of all racial back\u00adgrounds. While the Nazi offi\u00adcial\u00addom always warned the sol\u00addiers against estab\u00adlish\u00ading sex\u00adu\u00adal con\u00adtact with local women (Rassen\u00adschande<\/em> as it was called), sol\u00addiers were sel\u00addom pun\u00adished for these acts of indul\u00adgence with the so called \u201cracial\u00adly infe\u00adri\u00ador East\u00adern\u00aders\u201d or even Jew\u00adish women for that mat\u00adter.[xxv]<\/sup><\/a> The same ambi\u00adgu\u00adi\u00adty could be seen in cas\u00ades of race mix\u00ading with the Japan\u00adese and Ital\u00adians, who con\u00adfront\u00aded the Ger\u00adman offi\u00adcial\u00addom when they saw racial laws being applied to them (Krebs 2015,<\/strong> 217\u2013241; <\/strong>K\u00f6nig 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Postal Delays and Linguistic Diversity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

One thread that ran across all Red Cross vis\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion reports to camps and labour detach\u00adments was the slow or non-exis\u00adtent flow of post to pris\u00adon\u00aders. Pris\u00adon\u00aders said that they reg\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly sent let\u00adters home but did not get replies. The postal exchange and cen\u00adsor\u00adship remained a source of con\u00adstant dis\u00adplea\u00adsure and anx\u00adi\u00adety for the cap\u00adtives. The rea\u00adsons could be mul\u00adti\u00adple: the High Command\u2019s order to stop air mail from Egypt, the insu\u00adla\u00adtion of camps from exter\u00adnal influ\u00adences (such as the ban\u00adning of the British news\u00adpa\u00adper The Camp<\/em>), and reprisal for dis\u00adobe\u00addi\u00adence. These were all part of the recruit\u00adment and dis\u00adci\u00adplin\u00ading strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most inter\u00adest\u00ading of them, how\u00adev\u00ader, was the fol\u00adlow\u00ading: Accord\u00ading to the Gene\u00adva con\u00adven\u00adtion, POWs could write in their moth\u00ader tongue but the Ger\u00adman OKW<\/span> (Oberkom\u00adman\u00addo der Wehrma\u00adcht<\/em>, High Com\u00admand of the Army) issued an order to the ranks ban\u00adning let\u00adter writ\u00ading in region\u00adal lan\u00adguages. Sure enough, the British gov\u00adern\u00adment made a rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion to the Swiss Lega\u00adtion evok\u00ading Arti\u00adcle 56 of the Gene\u00adva Con\u00adven\u00adtion. The Ger\u00adman author\u00adi\u00adties retort\u00aded that there was no breach of postal reg\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtions on their part. India had over 200 lan\u00adguages and the inter\u00adpreters were sim\u00adply not avail\u00adable for each! They could only write let\u00adters in cer\u00adtain approved lan\u00adguages. The main prob\u00adlem was: What would they cen\u00adsor if they could not under\u00adstand the con\u00adtent? The over\u00adwhelm\u00ading diver\u00adsi\u00adty of Indi\u00adan lan\u00adguages seemed to have exhaust\u00aded the anthro\u00adpo\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal reserves of the Ger\u00adman empire. Their frus\u00adtra\u00adtion at the inabil\u00adi\u00adty to read the cap\u00adtives\u2019 minds marred the prospects of con\u00adtrol\u00adling their minds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In com\u00adpar\u00adi\u00adson, the British col\u00adlect\u00aded quar\u00adter\u00adly cen\u00adsor\u00adship reports on mails exchanged between sol\u00addiers and their kin through\u00adout the war.[<\/sup><\/a>xxvi<\/a><\/sup>]<\/sup><\/a> This shows just one dimen\u00adsion of gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtions of con\u00adnec\u00adtions between the empire and its sol\u00addiers. This, among oth\u00ader things, goes to explain why despite every pos\u00adsi\u00adble incen\u00adtive, the large major\u00adi\u00adty of cap\u00adtives remained loy\u00adal to the Raj.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\"The
Fig. 5:<\/strong> Cour\u00adtesy: Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv, Bild 101I-823<\/span>\u20112704-30 Pho\u00adtog\u00adra\u00adph\u00ader: Aschen\u00adbroich, 1942.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The pol\u00adi\u00adtics of expe\u00addi\u00aden\u00adcy both Hitler and Bose played with each oth\u00ader may not have been a mil\u00adi\u00adtary suc\u00adcess but the psy-ops and pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda turned out to be a night\u00admare for the British intel\u00adli\u00adgence agen\u00adcies. Bose in his pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda offen\u00adsive through\u00adout late 1942 and ear\u00adly 1943, claimed to know more about events in India than its gov\u00adern\u00adment had made pub\u00adlic and would include cod\u00aded instruc\u00adtions as if to a wider net\u00adwork of his agents there. In his speech\u00ades aired from Berlin, he would talk about the drop\u00adping of para\u00adtroop\u00aders, giv\u00ading cir\u00adcum\u00adstan\u00adtial details and urg\u00ading peas\u00adants to help them, or warn the police and sol\u00addiers that one day they would have to answer to the Free India gov\u00adern\u00adment for their crim\u00adi\u00adnal sup\u00adport to the British (Toye 1978, 69).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under the shroud of con\u00adfu\u00adsion, mis-com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adtions, mis\u00adin\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adtion, unde\u00adliv\u00adered pris\u00adon\u00aders\u2019 post, and delayed CICR<\/span> vis\u00adits to Sta\u00adlags<\/em> hous\u00ading British-Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders, <\/em>we see Sub\u00adhash Chan\u00addra Bose salut\u00ading the Indi\u00adan Legion sol\u00addiers dressed in their cap\u00adtors\u2019 uni\u00adforms, march\u00ading in columns at K\u00f6nigs\u00adbr\u00fcck in the autumn of 1942.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inter\u00adest\u00ading\u00adly, Bild 101I<\/span> is from the Record Group of Pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda-kom\u00adpanien der Wehrma\u00adcht- Heer und Luft\u00adwaffe<\/em>, which has a col\u00adlec\u00adtion of 21850 pho\u00adtographs in the Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv <\/em>deal\u00ading with var\u00adi\u00adous pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda com\u00adpa\u00adnies of the Ger\u00adman army.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n
\n
\"Netaji
Fig. 6: <\/strong>Cour\u00adtesy: Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv. Bild 237\u2013473\/ Fotograf(in) Stephan, Hans Eberhard.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

In the rare pho\u00adto\u00adgraph above, a glee\u00adful and proud Sub\u00adhas Chan\u00addra Bose is seen address\u00ading the first pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda com\u00adpa\u00adny of the Indi\u00adan Legion at K\u00f6nigs\u00adbr\u00fcck amid much jubi\u00adla\u00adtion, the oath tak\u00ading cer\u00ade\u00admo\u00adny, and all the rit\u00adu\u00adals of ini\u00adti\u00ada\u00adtion that went with the for\u00adma\u00adtion of yet anoth\u00ader for\u00adeign legion on Ger\u00adman soil. While pre\u00adsent\u00ading the tri\u00adcolour with the spring\u00ading Tiger embossed on it, Bose told the sol\u00addiers: \u201cYour name will be writ\u00adten in gold\u00aden let\u00adters in the his\u00adto\u00adry of free India. Every mar\u00adtyr in this holy war will have a mon\u00adu\u00adment there. I shall lead the army when we march to India togeth\u00ader\u201d (Bose 1982, 202). When Bose uttered these words, he had already start\u00aded look\u00ading east\u00adward for an actu\u00adal armed resis\u00adtance to the British Raj. In the end, Ger\u00admany was a mere lab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adto\u00adry for his exper\u00adi\u00adment. In his fre\u00adquent vis\u00adits to K\u00f6nigs\u00adbr\u00fcck in 1942, Japan\u00adese observers could be sight\u00aded. The oath tak\u00ading cer\u00ade\u00admo\u00adny in 1942 was attend\u00aded by the Japan\u00adese press and Colonel Yamamo\u00adto Bin, the Mil\u00adi\u00adtary Attach\u00e9 from the embassy in Berlin. Bose was able to demon\u00adstrate to the Japan\u00adese that he could raise an army from cap\u00adtives. On 8 Feb\u00adru\u00adary 1943, Bose depart\u00aded from Kiel on a Ger\u00adman U\u2011boot for the Far East, where the num\u00adber of cap\u00adtives was much larg\u00ader and the chances of actu\u00adal com\u00adbat real. His depar\u00adture was kept a guard\u00aded secret. In April, the three bat\u00adtal\u00adions of Indi\u00adan Legion were absorbed into the Ger\u00adman Army by the name of the 950th<\/sup> Infantry Reg\u00adi\u00adment and deployed to guard the West\u00adern Front.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A
Fig. 7:<\/strong> Cour\u00adtesy: Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv: Bild 146\u20111985-130\u201330\/Hoffmann Novem\u00adber 1943.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The above pic\u00adture shows the pro\u00adceed\u00adings of an elab\u00ado\u00adrate cer\u00ade\u00admo\u00adny to cel\u00ade\u00adbrate Bose\u2019s pro\u00advi\u00adsion\u00adal nation\u00adal gov\u00adern\u00adment in exile. The func\u00adtion took place in Hotel Kaiser\u00adhof, Berlin, in Novem\u00adber 1943. It was attend\u00aded by high pro\u00adfile Ger\u00adman dig\u00adni\u00adtaries, and ambas\u00adsadors from Italy and Japan. The founder of the exile gov\u00adern\u00adment Bose, iron\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly, can only be seen in a pic\u00adture frame on the wall while his speech played on a record player.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

[i]<\/sup><\/a> While the pho\u00adto col\u00adlec\u00adtion is cit\u00aded as CICR<\/span>, (Comit\u00e9 Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal de la Croix-Rouge) the reports go as ACICR<\/span> (Archiv de Comit\u00e9 Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal de la Croix-Rouge). Both are locat\u00aded on the same premis\u00ades in Gene\u00adva. I am thank\u00adful to Nav\u00adina Lam\u00adba for help\u00ading me with these reports writ\u00adten in French.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ii]<\/sup><\/a> Altenburg\u00ader, Andreas, Kriegs\u00adge\u00adfan\u00adgenen-Mannschafts-Stamm\u00adlager (M\u2011Stale\u00adg oder Sta\u00adlag)<\/em>, n.d.,  http:\/\/\u200cwww\u200c.\u200clexikon-der-wehrmacht.de\/Gliederungen\/Kriegsgefangenenlager\/Stammlager.html<\/a>. (Last accessed on: 01.12.2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iii]<\/a> <\/sup>This cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence is archived in all three coun\u00adtries. In Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Office Archives (PAAA<\/span>) in Berlin, the Nation\u00adal Archives (TNA<\/span>) and India Office Records (IOR<\/span>) in Lon\u00addon and the Office of the Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Com\u00admit\u00adtee of the Red Cross (CICR<\/span>) in Geneva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iv]<\/a> <\/sup>See: Joshi, Van\u00addana, \u201cMem\u00ado\u00adry and Memo\u00adri\u00adal\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion, inter\u00adment and exhuma\u00adtion, pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda and pol\u00adi\u00adtics dur\u00ading WWII<\/span> through the lens of Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Trac\u00ading-Ser\u00advice Col\u00adlec\u00adtions\u201d. MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/em> (2019): 12 pp. www.projekt-mida.de\/reflexicon\/memory-and-memorialisation-interment-and-exhumation-propa\u200cgan\u200cda-and-politics-during-wwii-through-the-lens-of-international-tracing-service-its-collections\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[v]<\/sup><\/a> For Germany\u2019s role in aid\u00ading and abet\u00adting anti-colo\u00adnial activ\u00adi\u00adties of the Indi\u00adan, Per\u00adsian, and Alger\u00adian-Tunisian inde\u00adpen\u00addence com\u00admit\u00adtees against the British, French, and Russ\u00adian empires respec\u00adtive\u00adly dur\u00ading the First World War through her \u2018pro\u00adgramme for rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u2019, see: Jenk\u00adins, Jen\u00adnifer, Heike Liebau, and Laris\u00adsa Schmid, \u201cTransna\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adism and Insur\u00adrec\u00adtion: Inde\u00adpen\u00addence Com\u00admit\u00adtees, Anti-Colo\u00adnial Net\u00adworks, and Germany\u2019s Glob\u00adal War\u201d. Jour\u00adnal of Glob\u00adal His\u00adto\u00adry<\/em> 15 (2020): pp. 61\u201379.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vi]<\/a><\/sup>Among the more recent works see David Motadel (2014) for Ger\u00adman sub\u00adver\u00adsive activ\u00adi\u00adties in the Islam\u00adic world. For\u00adeign Office Berlin made con\u00adcert\u00aded efforts through poli\u00adcies and pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda work in the Mus\u00adlim war zones from recruit\u00adment and spir\u00adi\u00adtu\u00adal care to ide\u00ado\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal indoc\u00adtri\u00adna\u00adtion of tens of thou\u00adsands of Mus\u00adlim vol\u00adun\u00adteers who fought in the Wehrma\u00adcht and the SS<\/span>. For Dan\u00adish, Swedish and Swiss Waf\u00adfen SS<\/span> vol\u00adun\u00adteers see: Gut\u00admann, Mar\u00adtin R., Build\u00ading a Nazi Europe: The SS<\/span>\u2019s Ger\u00adman\u00adic Vol\u00adun\u00adteers<\/em>. Cam\u00adbridge: Cam\u00adbridge Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2017; Ibid., \u201cDebunk\u00ading the Myth of the Vol\u00adun\u00adteers: Transna\u00adtion\u00adal Vol\u00adun\u00adteer\u00ading in the Nazi Waf\u00adfen-SS Offi\u00adcer Corps dur\u00ading the Sec\u00adond World War\u201d. Con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary Euro\u00adpean His\u00adto\u00adry <\/em>22, no. 4 (2013): pp. 585\u2013607.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vii]<\/sup><\/a> TNA<\/span> WO<\/span> 208\/802. This file con\u00adtains a brief sketch of Indi\u00adan col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtionist activ\u00adi\u00adties in Ger\u00admany, France and Italy in par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar ref\u00ader\u00adence to the Indi\u00adan Legion, writ\u00adten on 4.8.1945.  The Indi\u00adan Legion was lat\u00ader named the 950th<\/sup> Reg\u00adi\u00adment of Ger\u00adman Army once it was deployed out\u00adside Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[viii]<\/sup><\/a> Accord\u00ading to Man\u00adgat, one of those cap\u00adtured at El Mechilli, twen\u00adty-sev\u00aden pris\u00adon\u00aders were select\u00aded to fly to Sici\u00adly and he was one of them. On the 17th<\/sup> of May the par\u00adty was inter\u00adviewed again their ques\u00adtions were main\u00adly cen\u00adtred around pol\u00adi\u00adtics and Man\u00adgat found him\u00adself to be \u201cweak\u201d as far as his answers were con\u00adcerned. They then select\u00aded 8 men to fly with them to Berlin while the rest reached Berlin by train on the night of 19\/20 May 1941. He wrote about the pris\u00adon\u00aders being split up and rearranged in groups time and again. The advance par\u00adty was sup\u00adposed to advise the Ger\u00admans on the food habits and cus\u00adtoms of Indi\u00adans.  See: Man\u00adgat 1986, pp. 36\u201337.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ix]<\/sup><\/a> PAAA<\/span> R40742<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[x]<\/sup><\/a> The spellings of var\u00adi\u00adous reli\u00adgious groups of Indi\u00adans have been repro\u00adduced as they exist in reports of ACICR<\/span> fur\u00adnished in French (or ICRC<\/span> in English).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xi]<\/a> <\/sup>The Ger\u00adman ver\u00adsion of this arti\u00adcle was repub\u00adlished by MIDA<\/span> in 2020. See: Mahren\u00adholz, J\u00fcrgen\u2011K., \u201cS\u00fcdasi\u00adatis\u00adche Sprach- und Musikauf\u00adnah\u00admen im Lautarchiv der Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin\u201d. MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/em> (2020): 19 pp. https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/reflexicon\/suedasiatische-sprach-und-musikaufnahmen-im-lautarchiv-der-humboldt-universitaet-zu-berlin\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xii]<\/sup><\/a> ACICR<\/span>, C Sc Sta\u00adlag IV<\/span> E, 27.06.1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiii]<\/sup><\/a> ACICR<\/span>, C Sc, Sta\u00adlag IV<\/span> D\/Z, 15 May 1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiv]<\/sup><\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xv]<\/sup><\/a> PAAA<\/span> R 40985. This file on British-Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders was main\u00adtained for a peri\u00adod from July 1942 to Novem\u00adber 1942 and gives telling details of the war of words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvi]<\/sup><\/a> PAAA<\/span> R 40985<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvii]<\/sup><\/a> TNA<\/span> WO<\/span> 224\/14B<\/span> TNA<\/span> Annaburg 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvi\u00adii]<\/sup><\/a> TNA<\/span> WO<\/span> 224\/14 B<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xix]<\/sup><\/a> ACICR<\/span>, C Sc, Sta\u00adlag IV<\/span> D\/Z, vis\u00adit on 15.11.1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xx]<\/sup><\/a> Impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal War Muse\u00adum (IWM<\/span>), Sound Archive, 16800. For more on Mazum\u00addar and the life of South Asian POWs in Annaburg see: Joshi, Van\u00addana, \u201cThe Mak\u00ading of a Cos\u00admopoli\u00adtan Jan\u00adgi Qai\u00addi: A Leaf from Sohan Singh\u2019s Prison Note\u00adbook writ\u00adten in Annaburg\u00ader Stamm\u00adlager D\/Z in Ger\u00adman cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty dur\u00ading the Sec\u00adond World War (1942- 45)\u201d. MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/em> (2020): 11 pp. https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/reflexicon\/the-ma\u200cking-of-a-cosmopolitan-jangi-qaidi\/<\/a>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxi]<\/sup><\/a> TNA<\/span>, WO<\/span> 208\/808<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxii]<\/sup><\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxi\u00adii]<\/sup><\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxiv]<\/sup><\/a> See: G\u00fcn\u00adther, Lothar, Von Indi\u00aden nach Annaburg<\/em>. Berlin: Ver\u00adlag am Park, 2003, pp. 48\u201349.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxv]<\/sup><\/a> Gen\u00adder, race and sex\u00adu\u00adal\u00adi\u00adty in wartime is a bur\u00adgeon\u00ading field of new mil\u00adi\u00adtary his\u00adto\u00adry, and we now have ample lit\u00ader\u00ada\u00adture avail\u00adable on the theme. See: Her\u00adzog, Dag\u00admar (ed.), Bru\u00adtal\u00adi\u00adty and Desire: War and Sex\u00adu\u00adal\u00adi\u00adty in Europe\u2019s Twen\u00adti\u00adeth Cen\u00adtu\u00adry<\/em>. New York: Pal\u00adgrave Macmil\u00adlan, 2009; R\u00f6ger, Maren, Wartime Rela\u00adtions. Inti\u00adma\u00adcy, Vio\u00adlence, and Pros\u00adti\u00adtu\u00adtion in Occu\u00adpied Poland, 1939\u20131945<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2020; Joshi, Van\u00addana, \u201cSoldier\u2019s Morale and War Wife\u2019s Moral\u00adi\u00adty: Gen\u00addered Images of Right\u00adeous\u00adness and Cit\u00adi\u00adzen\u00adship in Nazi Ger\u00admany\u201d. Fem\u00adi\u00adnis\u00adtis\u00adche Stu\u00addi\u00aden<\/em> 2 (2015): pp. 229\u2013245; Timm, Annette, \u201cSex with a Pur\u00adpose. Pros\u00adti\u00adtu\u00adtion, Vene\u00adre\u00adal Dis\u00adease, and Mil\u00adi\u00adta\u00adrized Mas\u00adculin\u00adi\u00adty in the Third Reich\u201d. Jour\u00adnal of the His\u00adto\u00adry of Sex\u00adu\u00adal\u00adi\u00adty<\/em> 11, no. 1\/2 (2002): pp. 223\u2013255.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxvi]<\/sup><\/a> IOR<\/span> con\u00adtains a mas\u00adsive col\u00adlec\u00adtion of the cen\u00adsured let\u00adters that pro\u00advide us a win\u00addow to pris\u00adon\u00aders and sol\u00addiers life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Nor\u00admann, Rodrick de, \u201cInfantry Reg\u00adi\u00adment 950-Germany\u2019s Indi\u00adan Legion Source\u201d. Jour\u00adnal of the Soci\u00adety for Army His\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal Research<\/em> 75, no. 303 (1997): pp. 172\u2013190.\u2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f6ger, Maren, Wartime Rela\u00adtions. Inti\u00adma\u00adcy, Vio\u00adlence, and Pros\u00adti\u00adtu\u00adtion in Occu\u00adpied Poland, 1939\u20131945<\/em>.  Oxford: Oxford Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2020. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roy, Franziska, Heike Liebau, and Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds.), \u201cWhen the war began we heard of sev\u00ader\u00adal kings\u201d. South Asian Pris\u00adon\u00aders of World War I Ger\u00admany<\/em>. New Del\u00adhi: Social Sci\u00adence Press, 2011. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toye, Hugh (ed.), Sub\u00adhash Chan\u00addra Bose: The Spring\u00ading Tiger<\/em>. Bom\u00adbay: Jaico Pub\u00adlish\u00ading House, 1978. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timm, Annette, \u201cSex with a Pur\u00adpose. Pros\u00adti\u00adtu\u00adtion, Vene\u00adre\u00adal Dis\u00adease, and Mil\u00adi\u00adta\u00adrized Mas\u00adculin\u00adi\u00adty in the Third Reich\u201d.  Jour\u00adnal of the His\u00adto\u00adry of Sex\u00adu\u00adal\u00adi\u00adty<\/em> 11, no. 1\/2 (2002): pp. 223\u2013255.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Van\u00addana Joshi, Sri Venkateswara Col\u00adlege, Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Delhi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":3217,"template":"","categories":[75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3214","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWar of Words and Nerves: Diplomatic Maneuvers, Psychological Operations and Welfare Projections of British and German Empires during 1941-43 - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Vandana Joshi evaluates the diplomatic manoeuvres, psychological operations, and propaganda around British-Indian prisoners and Indian legionaries in WWII Germany from the perspective of experts from the International Red Cross Committee.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/war-of-words-and-nerves-diplomatic-maneuvers-psychological-operations-and-welfare-projections-of-british-and-german-empires-during-1941-43\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"War of Words and Nerves: Diplomatic Maneuvers, Psychological Operations and Welfare Projections of British and German Empires during 1941-43 - 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