{"id":3548,"date":"2022-10-11T03:36:07","date_gmt":"2022-10-11T01:36:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=3548"},"modified":"2022-12-08T16:04:21","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T15:04:21","slug":"undertakings-and-instigations","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201c<\/span>Undertakings and Instigations\u201d: The Berlin Indian Independence Committee in the Files of the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (1914\u20131920)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n
\"Partial<\/figure>
\n
\n

By Heike Liebau<\/a><\/strong>
Pub\u00adlished in 2022<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132022-00048<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
Down\u00adload PDF<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Pho\u00adto: Verze\u00adich\u00adnis der vom Europ\u00e4is\u00adchen Zen\u00adtralkomi\u00adtee der Indis\u00adchen Nation\u00adal\u00adis\u00adten bish\u00ader ver\u00f6f\u00adfentlicht\u00aden Schriften.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

This is a trans\u00adlat\u00aded ver\u00adsion of the 2019 MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon entry \u201c\u2018Unternehmungen und Aufwiegelun\u00adgen\u2019: Das Berlin\u00ader Indis\u00adche Unab\u00adh\u00e4ngigkeit\u00adskomi\u00adtee in den Akten des Poli\u00adtis\u00adchen Archivs des Ausw\u00e4r\u00adti\u00adgen Amts  (1914\u20131920)<\/a>\u201d. The text was trans\u00adlat\u00aded by Rekha Rajan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table of Con\u00adtents<\/strong>
Gen\u00ade\u00adsis of an Archival Hold\u00ading<\/a>  |  India in Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Pol\u00adi\u00adcy dur\u00ading the World War<\/a>  |  The Indi\u00adan Inde\u00adpen\u00addence Com\u00admit\u00adtee: Goals and Net\u00adworks<\/a>  |  \u201cUnternehmungen und Aufwiegelun\u00adgen in den Gebi\u00adeten unser\u00ader Feinde. Indi\u00aden\u201d and oth\u00ader rel\u00ade\u00advant file col\u00adlec\u00adtions in the PA<\/span> AA<\/span><\/a>  |   End\u00adnotes<\/a>  |   Sec\u00adondary Literature<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Genesis of an Archival Holding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sup\u00adport\u00ading anti-colo\u00adnial forces glob\u00adal\u00adly was an impor\u00adtant ele\u00adment of the Ger\u00adman for\u00adeign pol\u00adi\u00adcy strat\u00ade\u00adgy dur\u00ading the First World War. It con\u00adsist\u00aded not only of pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda at var\u00adi\u00adous lev\u00adels but also of finan\u00adcial and mil\u00adi\u00adtary- logis\u00adti\u00adcal aid. The pol\u00adi\u00adcy aimed at pick\u00ading up on and strength\u00aden\u00ading anti-colo\u00adnial sen\u00adti\u00adments, and thus ulti\u00admate\u00adly sup\u00adport\u00ading unrest and upheavals against the wartime adver\u00adsaries Eng\u00adland, France and Rus\u00adsia. In short, the pol\u00adi\u00adcy aimed to \u201cinsti\u00adgate\u201d and \u201crev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adize\u201d ene\u00admy territories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Infor\u00adma\u00adtion Ser\u00advice for the Ori\u00adent (Nachricht\u00aden\u00adstelle f\u00fcr den Ori\u00adent<\/em>, NfO) spe\u00adcial\u00adly cre\u00adat\u00aded at the For\u00adeign Office, the ori\u00aden\u00adtal\u00adist, archae\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgist and diplo\u00admat Max Frei\u00adherr von Oppen\u00adheim (1860\u20131946) ini\u00adtial\u00adly devel\u00adoped a spe\u00adcial strat\u00ade\u00adgy for \u201cinsti\u00adga\u00adtion\u201d in Mus\u00adlim areas, but this was soon extend\u00aded to oth\u00ader colonies and ter\u00adri\u00adto\u00adries under British, French or Russ\u00adian rule. The his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adan Fritz Fis\u00adch\u00ader lat\u00ader called this for\u00adeign pol\u00adi\u00adcy pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda strat\u00ade\u00adgy a \u201crev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adiza\u00adtion pro\u00adgramme\u201d and showed how \u201crev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adiza\u00adtion\u201d was used by the Ger\u00adman side as a means of warfare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The aim of the war, to break up the British and the Russ\u00adian empire, was com\u00adbined with \u201crev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adiza\u00adtion\u201d as a means of war\u00adfare. France and Eng\u00adland appeared to be most vul\u00adner\u00ada\u00adble in their coloured colo\u00adnial peo\u00adples while the dif\u00adfer\u00adent for\u00adeign nation\u00adal\u00adi\u00adties in Rus\u00adsia offered a start\u00ading point for insti\u00adgat\u00ading insurgencies.<\/p>(Fis\u00adch\u00ader 1984: 109)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The Polit\u00adi\u00adcal Archive of the Fed\u00ader\u00adal For\u00adeign Office, Berlin (PA<\/span> AA<\/span>), con\u00adtains exten\u00adsive files on World War I, arranged by coun\u00adtry or region and enti\u00adtled \u201cUnternehmungen und Aufwiegelun\u00adgen gegen unsere Feinde\u201d. These con\u00adtain a detailed doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion of Ger\u00adman efforts to sup\u00adport rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary and nation\u00adal\u00adist forces with an anti-colo\u00adnial or anti-impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal thrust. The aims of such efforts direct\u00aded against the British, French or Russ\u00adian impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal pow\u00aders were eas\u00adi\u00adly com\u00adpat\u00adi\u00adble with the mil\u00adi\u00adtary and polit\u00adi\u00adcal goals of Ger\u00adman for\u00adeign pol\u00adi\u00adcy. It was a glob\u00adal strat\u00ade\u00adgy which also includ\u00aded neu\u00adtral coun\u00adtries as the doc\u00adu\u00adments in the For\u00adeign Office archives show. Under the title \u201cUnder\u00adtak\u00adings and Insti\u00adga\u00adtions against our Ene\u00admies\u201d the hold\u00adings Weltkrieg 11<\/em> (WK<\/span> 11) [World War 11] con\u00adtain files on sup\u00adport for anti-Russ\u00adian activ\u00adi\u00adties in the Ukraine (WK<\/span> 11a); in Poland (WK<\/span> 11b); in Rus\u00adsia, espe\u00adcial\u00adly in Fin\u00adland (WK<\/span> 11c) or in the Cau\u00adca\u00adsus (WK<\/span> 11d); sup\u00adport for anti-colo\u00adnial move\u00adments in Afghanistan and Per\u00adsia (WK<\/span> 11e); in \u201cEgypt, Syr\u00adia and Ara\u00adbia\u201d (WK<\/span> 11g); Cana\u00adda (WK<\/span> 11i); among the Boers (WK<\/span> 11j); among the Irish (WK<\/span> 11k); \u201cin the African ter\u00adri\u00adto\u00adries of France\u201d (WK<\/span> 11l); \u201cin Siberia\u201d (WK<\/span> 11m); in Roma\u00adnia (WK<\/span> 11n); in Bul\u00adgar\u00adia (WK<\/span> 11o); in Italy (WK<\/span> 11p); in Spain (WK<\/span> 11q); \u201cin Abyssinia\u201d (WK<\/span> 11r); in Por\u00adtu\u00adgal (WK<\/span> 11v) and in India (WK11f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The For\u00adeign Office and the Infor\u00adma\u00adtion Ser\u00advice for the Ori\u00adent did not organ\u00adise these pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00addis\u00adtic, mil\u00adi\u00adtary, logis\u00adti\u00adcal or finan\u00adcial \u201cactions\u201d alone, but car\u00adried them out with inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adly oper\u00adat\u00ading net\u00adworks, which had an anti-colo\u00adnial or anti-impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal ori\u00aden\u00adta\u00adtion. Cor\u00adre\u00adspond\u00ading groups in Berlin played an impor\u00adtant role, which, for their part, were inter\u00adest\u00aded in weak\u00aden\u00ading colo\u00adnial pow\u00aders from exile and in a pur\u00adpose\u00adful coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion with Ger\u00admany. To this end, the For\u00adeign Office, the NfO, and Depart\u00adment IIIb of the Polit\u00adi\u00adcal Sec\u00adtion of the Deputy General\u2019s Staff of the Army under Rudolf Nadol\u00adny (1873\u20131953) observed and mon\u00adi\u00adtored poten\u00adtial coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion part\u00adners and made use of already exist\u00ading organ\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion\u00adal struc\u00adtures and net\u00adworks of anti-colo\u00adnial groups in Europe and North Amer\u00adi\u00adca. They sup\u00adport\u00aded the for\u00adma\u00adtion of inde\u00adpen\u00addence com\u00admit\u00adtees that were mon\u00adi\u00adtored and con\u00adtrolled by the Ger\u00admans, but which in turn tried to evade this mon\u00adi\u00adtor\u00ading and con\u00adtrol and pur\u00adsued their own polit\u00adi\u00adcal strategies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The files in the PA<\/span> AA<\/span> with the title \u201cUnder\u00adtak\u00adings and Insti\u00adga\u00adtions against our Ene\u00admies. India\u201d pro\u00advide infor\u00adma\u00adtion about the ori\u00adgins, com\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adtion and the activ\u00adi\u00adties of the Indi\u00adan Inde\u00adpen\u00addence Com\u00admit\u00adtee in Berlin (IIC<\/span>), estab\u00adlished in Sep\u00adtem\u00adber 1914, about its col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion with the For\u00adeign Office and with its asso\u00adci\u00adat\u00aded inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal net\u00adworks. Com\u00adpared to oth\u00ader coun\u00adtries, India is the coun\u00adtry with the most exten\u00adsive col\u00adlec\u00adtion of doc\u00adu\u00adments on the theme \u201cInsti\u00adga\u00adtions\u201d in the PA<\/span> AA<\/span>. The files on India with\u00adin the WK<\/span> 11 hold\u00adings begin with vol\u00adume 1 in August 1914, with the shelf-mark R 21070; the last file in vol\u00adume 48 with the shelf-mark R 21118 ends in April 1920. In addi\u00adtion, there are four sub-files with details about peo\u00adple for the same peri\u00adod (R 21119 to R 21122).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>India in German Foreign Policy during the World War<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As the largest colony of the British empire, India played a spe\u00adcial role in the strate\u00adgic plans of the Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Office. The guid\u00ading thought for the Ger\u00adman side was that unrest in India would con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00adably weak\u00aden the British empire. Rel\u00ade\u00advant assess\u00adments of the sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion were gath\u00adered from var\u00adi\u00adous sources. In analy\u00adses, which the For\u00adeign Office com\u00admis\u00adsioned at the out\u00adbreak of the war, Ger\u00adman and Indi\u00adan experts described the sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion in India and gave their opin\u00adion on the ques\u00adtion that was most deci\u00adsive for the Ger\u00admans, name\u00adly whether upris\u00adings and revolts against the Eng\u00adlish were to be expect\u00aded there in the near future and which forces should be sup\u00adport\u00aded in this con\u00adtext. The Ger\u00adman Ara\u00adbist and Islam-schol\u00adar Josef Horovitz (1874\u20131931), who had pre\u00advi\u00adous\u00adly taught for sev\u00ader\u00adal years in the Muhammedan Anglo-Ori\u00aden\u00adtal Col\u00adlege<\/em> in Ali\u00adgarh, elab\u00ado\u00adrat\u00aded on the spe\u00adcial role of Indi\u00adan Mus\u00adlims in a mem\u00ado\u00adran\u00addum. He was of the view:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u2026] that the Mohammedans in North India rep\u00adre\u00adsent the more mas\u00adcu\u00adline ele\u00adment and if one want\u00aded to cre\u00adate prob\u00adlems in the north\u00adern part of India it was essen\u00adtial to influ\u00adence this com\u00adpo\u00adnent of the pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion, name\u00adly with ref\u00ader\u00adence to the pan-Islam\u00adic move\u00adment and the affil\u00adi\u00ada\u00adtion to the Ottoman Caliphate.[1]<\/a><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The views of Indi\u00adan polit\u00adi\u00adcal activists out\u00adside the sub-con\u00adti\u00adnent were also obtained. One of them was Chempakara\u00adman Pil\u00adlai (1891\u20131934), who had estab\u00adlished and head\u00aded the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal com\u00admit\u00adtee Pro India<\/em> in Zurich and who had moved from Switzer\u00adland to Berlin in Sep\u00adtem\u00adber 1914. He stat\u00aded that an upris\u00ading was immi\u00adnent in India.[2]<\/a> Even Har Day\u00adal (1884\u20131957), co-founder of the Ghadar Move\u00adment (Eng\u00adlish: Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion) in North Amer\u00adi\u00adca and who was already in Europe by then, was con\u00advinced that a rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion was to be expect\u00aded in India very soon.[3]<\/a> Both Har Day\u00adal and Pil\u00adlai became active mem\u00adbers of the IIC<\/span>. It was the first of sev\u00ader\u00adal inde\u00adpen\u00addence com\u00admit\u00adtees of for\u00adeign groups in exile in Berlin and was fol\u00adlowed, among oth\u00aders, by com\u00admit\u00adtees of Per\u00adsian, Egypt\u00adian, Geor\u00adgian or Irish nation\u00adal\u00adists (Bihl, 1975). These com\u00admit\u00adtees were formed with the help of the For\u00adeign Office, espe\u00adcial\u00adly the NfO. As far as the prac\u00adti\u00adcal coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion with Ger\u00adman author\u00adi\u00adties was con\u00adcerned, how\u00adev\u00ader, these com\u00admit\u00adtees increas\u00ading\u00adly elud\u00aded Ger\u00adman con\u00adtrol in the course of the war and pur\u00adsued dif\u00adfer\u00adent, nation\u00adal\u00adist goals.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"The
Fig. 1<\/strong> Max Frei\u00adherr von Oppen\u00adheim. Source: https:\/\/secure.i.telegraph.co.uk\/multimedia\/archive\/03001\/Oppenheim_3001312c.jpg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Dur\u00ading the First World War, Berlin became an impor\u00adtant cen\u00adtre for the polit\u00adi\u00adcal activ\u00adi\u00adties of Indi\u00adan nation\u00adal\u00adists and rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adar\u00adies. When the war broke out Indi\u00adans, who were in Ger\u00admany or in Europe in the sum\u00admer of 1914, expect\u00aded that they would get active sup\u00adport from Ger\u00admany for their anti-colo\u00adnial strug\u00adgle. The Ger\u00adman gov\u00adern\u00adment author\u00adi\u00adties, for their part, asso\u00adci\u00adat\u00aded this coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion with the hope of strength\u00aden\u00ading anti-British forces and expand\u00ading their own posi\u00adtions dur\u00ading the war and beyond. This was in line with the dom\u00adi\u00adnant Ger\u00adman mil\u00adi\u00adtary and for\u00adeign pol\u00adi\u00adcy strat\u00ade\u00adgy, which Fritz Fis\u00adch\u00ader char\u00adac\u00adterised as the \u201cpro\u00adgramme for rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u201d. In Fischer\u2019s view, rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion was indeed a goal of the war that was direct\u00aded at a sup\u00adport of anti-colo\u00adnial forces and thus a weak\u00aden\u00ading of the Euro\u00adpean colo\u00adnial pow\u00aders, i.e. Germany\u2019s wartime ene\u00admies (Fis\u00adch\u00ader, 1984; Jenk\u00adins, 2013). One way to imple\u00adment this goal was by \u201cinsti\u00adgat\u00ading\u201d anti-colo\u00adnial groups glob\u00adal\u00adly. It includ\u00aded sup\u00adport for Flem\u00adish, Irish or Per\u00adsian nation\u00adal\u00adists as also coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion with Geor\u00adgian, Egypt\u00adian and Indi\u00adan anti-colo\u00adnial polit\u00adi\u00adcal forces. The Ger\u00adman \u201cJihad-strat\u00ade\u00adgy\u201d, ini\u00adtial\u00adly devel\u00adoped by Max von Oppen\u00adheim and intense\u00adly dis\u00adcussed in the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic world (Loth, 2014; L\u00fcd\u00adke, 2015; Z\u00fcrcher, 2016), was mere\u00adly one, albeit cen\u00adtral, com\u00adpo\u00adnent of a more com\u00adpre\u00adhen\u00adsive impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal for\u00adeign policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Indian Independence Committee: Goals and Networks<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\"A
Fig. 2 <\/strong>Viren\u00addranath Chat\u00adtopadyaya. Source: https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6b\/Biren_Chattopadhyaya.jpg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

 A look at the found\u00ading process of the Indi\u00adan Inde\u00adpen\u00addence Com\u00admit\u00adtee makes it clear that the organ\u00adis\u00aders were able to draw on exist\u00ading resources. Pre-exist\u00ading translo\u00adcal polit\u00adi\u00adcal net\u00adworks and struc\u00adtures were part\u00adly relo\u00adcat\u00aded to Berlin and reor\u00adgan\u00adised. Oth\u00ader places like Lon\u00addon and Paris, which had ear\u00adli\u00ader played an impor\u00adtant role in polit\u00adi\u00adcal work, became too dan\u00adger\u00adous for (not only Indi\u00adan) anti-colo\u00adnial activ\u00adi\u00adties when the war began. With the help of the NfO, the Berlin Indi\u00adan Com\u00admit\u00adtee estab\u00adlished con\u00adtact with the Ghadar Move\u00adment, which had come into being in 1913 in Cal\u00adi\u00adfor\u00adnia, as well as with exist\u00ading Euro\u00adpean net\u00adworks of Indi\u00adan rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adar\u00adies in Lon\u00addon, Bern, Gene\u00adva and Zurich in order to recruit mem\u00adbers for the new\u00adly-estab\u00adlished com\u00admit\u00adtee. Chempakara\u00adman Pil\u00adlai, who had estab\u00adlished the Pro India Com\u00admit\u00adtee<\/em> in Switzer\u00adland and had also pub\u00adlished the news\u00adpa\u00adper Pro India<\/em> there; Viren\u00addranath Chat\u00adtopad\u00adhyaya, who had begun aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic stud\u00adies in Ger\u00admany in 1914; as well as Har Day\u00adal, who had co-found\u00aded the Ghadar Move\u00adment; and oth\u00aders pro\u00advid\u00aded fur\u00adther con\u00adtacts. More than 50 names were asso\u00adci\u00adat\u00aded with the IIC<\/span> over time, includ\u00ading Abhi\u00adnash Chan\u00addra Bhat\u00adtacharya, Tarac\u00adhand Roy, Mansur Ahmad, Maulavi Barkat\u00adul\u00adlah, Tarak\u00adnath Das, Biren\u00addranath Das\u00adgup\u00adta, Bupen\u00addra Nath Dut\u00adta or the broth\u00aders Abdel Jab\u00adbar Kheiri and Abdel Sat\u00adtar Kheiri, who were main\u00adly active in Istan\u00adbul (Man\u00adjapra, 2014; Fis\u00adch\u00ader-Tin\u00e9, 2015; Liebau, 2011a, 2014a; Oester\u00adheld, 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The IIC<\/span>\u2019s most impor\u00adtant tasks, at least dur\u00ading the first half of the war, reflect\u00aded both the inter\u00adests of the anti-colo\u00adnial activists as well as the expec\u00adta\u00adtions and goals of the For\u00adeign Office. One of the defined goals was to organ\u00adise a mis\u00adsion to Afghanistan which would seek the Emir\u2019s per\u00admis\u00adsion to use Afghan ter\u00adri\u00adto\u00adry for launch\u00ading an attack on India with an armed Indi\u00adan bat\u00adtal\u00adion. Mem\u00adbers of the IIC<\/span> were involved in the famous Afghanistan Mis\u00adsion of 1915 led by Wern\u00ader Otto von Hentig (1886\u20131984). Fur\u00adther\u00admore, a mis\u00adsion to the Per\u00adsian Gulf was to be organ\u00adised to con\u00advince Indi\u00adan sol\u00addiers there to not fight against Turk\u00adish troops. There was also a plan to win over vol\u00adun\u00adteers for an Indi\u00adan Legion by car\u00adry\u00ading out pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda among the Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders-of-war in Mesopotamia. Anti-British pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda was also to be organ\u00adised among South Asian pris\u00adon\u00aders-of-war in Ger\u00admany in order to gath\u00ader pris\u00adon\u00aders to fight in the Turk\u00adish army. Mem\u00adbers of the Berlin Inde\u00adpen\u00addence Com\u00admit\u00adtee took part in pro\u00adduc\u00ading the pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda camp-news\u00adpa\u00adper \u201cHin\u00addostan\u201d in Hin\u00addi and Urdu, which was dis\u00adtrib\u00aduted in the Halb\u00admond\u00adlager (\u201cHalf Moon Camp\u201d) in W\u00fcns\u00addorf, a camp set up spe\u00adcial\u00adly for Mus\u00adlims (Oester\u00adheld, 2004; Liebau 2011a\/b; 2014 a\/b; Jenkins\/Liebau\/Schmid, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A
Fig. 3<\/strong> Lala Har Day\u00adal. Source: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Har_Dayal#\/media\/File:Hardayal_from_%22Young_India;_an_interpretation_and_a_history_of_the_nationalist_movement_from_within%22_(1916)_(14781991012).jpg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The Turk\u00adish side and the group of Indi\u00adan nation\u00adal\u00adists oper\u00adat\u00ading from Istan\u00adbul played a deci\u00adsive role in the func\u00adtion\u00ading of the IIC<\/span>. Short\u00adly after the com\u00admit\u00adtee was formed in Berlin, a sim\u00adi\u00adlar com\u00admit\u00adtee was also estab\u00adlished in Istan\u00adbul. Mem\u00adbers some\u00adtimes switched between the loca\u00adtions. Dis\u00adputes over posi\u00adtions, hier\u00adar\u00adchies and strate\u00adgies of action, as well as reli\u00adgious dif\u00adfer\u00adences were the order of the day. Vary\u00ading assess\u00adments of the polit\u00adi\u00adcal sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion in Europe and in India and diverse alliances led to fur\u00adther ten\u00adsions. In the back\u00adground, the Ger\u00adman Fed\u00ader\u00adal For\u00adeign Office and the Turk\u00adish intel\u00adli\u00adgence ser\u00advice, Tashkilat\u2011e Mah\u00adsusa<\/em>, pulled the strings. Dur\u00ading the war, it became obvi\u00adous that the plans to rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adize India and the Ger\u00adman Jihad<\/em>-pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda were not yield\u00ading the expect\u00aded suc\u00adcess. The efforts of Ger\u00adman impe\u00adri\u00adal\u00adism to instru\u00admen\u00adtal\u00adize anti-colo\u00adnial free\u00addom move\u00adments had failed. The com\u00admit\u00adtees real\u00adized that the expec\u00adta\u00adtions they had from the Ger\u00adman sup\u00adport would not be ful\u00adfilled. The IIC<\/span> react\u00aded by look\u00ading for new places to work in Switzer\u00adland, the Nether\u00adlands or Swe\u00adden. In 1917, Viren\u00addranath Chat\u00adtopad\u00adhyaya opened a new office in Stock\u00adholm, which oper\u00adat\u00aded under the name Indiska Nation\u00adalkom\u00admit\u00adt\u00e9en<\/em>. This new com\u00admit\u00adtee engaged in a dis\u00adpute with those left in the IIC<\/span> in Berlin about who had the author\u00adi\u00adty to rep\u00adre\u00adsent the Indi\u00adan nation\u00adal\u00adists in Europe (Barooah, 2004).[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The his\u00adto\u00adry of the Berlin Indi\u00adan Inde\u00adpen\u00addence Com\u00admit\u00adtee not only offers insights into Indi\u00adan anti-colo\u00adnial move\u00adments out\u00adside the South Asian sub-con\u00adti\u00adnent and into Ger\u00adman for\u00adeign pol\u00adi\u00adcy strate\u00adgies dur\u00ading the First World War. Mem\u00adbers of the com\u00admit\u00adtee lat\u00ader found their pur\u00adpose in var\u00adi\u00adous ide\u00ado\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal, reli\u00adgious or polit\u00adi\u00adcal con\u00adtexts. Recent stud\u00adies that focus on the point of view of the dif\u00adfer\u00adent Inde\u00adpen\u00addence Com\u00admit\u00adtees are now also exam\u00adin\u00ading the links between these com\u00admit\u00adtees beyond the strate\u00adgic inten\u00adtions of the Ger\u00admans (Jenk\u00adins, Liebau, Schmid, 2020). In order to be able to sys\u00adtem\u00adat\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly trace these his\u00adto\u00adries, it is nec\u00ades\u00adsary to ana\u00adlyze fur\u00adther archival hold\u00adings of dif\u00adfer\u00adent nation\u00adal and polit\u00adi\u00adcal ori\u00adgins in India, Eng\u00adland, Turkey, Swe\u00adden or Russia.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A
Fig. 4<\/strong> Chempakara\u00adman Pil\u00adlai. Source: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chempakaraman_Pillai#\/media\/File:Champakraman_Pillai.jpg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The con\u00adcept for the Ger\u00adman incite\u00adment strat\u00ade\u00adgy can be traced back to a mem\u00ado\u00adran\u00addum pre\u00adpared by Max von Oppen\u00adheim, the \u201cDenkschrift betr\u00ade\u00adf\u00adfend die Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adierung der islamis\u00adchen Gebi\u00adete unser\u00ader Feinde\u201d (1914) (von Oppen\u00adheim, 2018) [Mem\u00ado\u00adran\u00addum con\u00adcern\u00ading the rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adiza\u00adtion of the Islam\u00adic ter\u00adri\u00adto\u00adries of our ene\u00admies]. Short\u00adly after the out\u00adbreak of war, Oppen\u00adheim had already point\u00aded out to the For\u00adeign Office the neces\u00adsi\u00adty of insti\u00adgat\u00ading anti-colo\u00adnial forces through inten\u00adsive pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda cam\u00adpaigns, as well as finan\u00adcial and mil\u00adi\u00adtary sup\u00adport. He sug\u00adgest\u00aded the foun\u00adda\u00adtion of an insti\u00adtu\u00adtion espe\u00adcial\u00adly geared to this pur\u00adpose, the Infor\u00adma\u00adtion Ser\u00advice for the Ori\u00adent. While, at a first glance, this appeared to be a trans\u00adla\u00adtion and infor\u00adma\u00adtion office, it was in fact an insti\u00adtu\u00adtion of far-reach\u00ading pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00addis\u00adtic and intel\u00adli\u00adgence sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcance. Here, strate\u00adgies for pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda were devel\u00adoped at var\u00adi\u00adous lev\u00adels: in the colonies and depen\u00addent ter\u00adri\u00adto\u00adries, among colo\u00adnial sol\u00addiers at the front and in pris\u00adon\u00ader-of-war camps as well as in neu\u00adtral coun\u00adtries. Rel\u00ade\u00advant mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal was pre\u00adpared, print\u00aded and dis\u00adsem\u00adi\u00adnat\u00aded in var\u00adi\u00adous lan\u00adguages. The NfO was staffed both by Ger\u00admans (besides diplo\u00admats, also aca\u00add\u00ade\u00admics, mis\u00adsion\u00adar\u00adies, busi\u00adness\u00admen) and by rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtives of the var\u00adi\u00adous colonised and depen\u00addent regions. Along with the NfO, Depart\u00adment III<\/span> b of the polit\u00adi\u00adcal Sec\u00adtion of the Deputy Gen\u00ader\u00adal Staff under Rudolf Nadol\u00adny was respon\u00adsi\u00adble for deci\u00adsions and strate\u00adgies in the sphere of pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda. All activ\u00adi\u00adties thus took place with the approval and under the con\u00adtrol of the For\u00adeign Office and the Supreme Army Command.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201c<\/span>Unternehmungen und Aufwiegelungen in den Gebieten unserer Feinde. Indien\u201d and other relevant file collections in the PA<\/span> AA<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The files of the 48-vol\u00adume sub-col\u00adlec\u00adtions WK<\/span> 11f titled \u201c<\/strong>Unternehmungen und Aufwiegelun\u00adgen in den Gebi\u00adeten unser\u00ader Feinde. Indi\u00aden\u201d <\/strong>(Under\u00adtak\u00adings and insti\u00adga\u00adtions in the ter\u00adri\u00adto\u00adries of our ene\u00admies. India) belong to the R\u2011holdings of the Polit\u00adi\u00adcal Archive of the Fed\u00ader\u00adal For\u00adeign Office, which include doc\u00adu\u00adments till 1945. These include papers for the peri\u00adod of August 1914-April 1920, which reflect Ger\u00adman for\u00adeign pol\u00adi\u00adcy efforts to pro\u00admote anti-colo\u00adnial devel\u00adop\u00adments in and with ref\u00ader\u00adence to India, the largest British colony. The doc\u00adu\u00adments com\u00adprise cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence, reports and assess\u00adments, news\u00adpa\u00adper clip\u00adpings, pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal as well as doc\u00adu\u00adments on admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtive pro\u00adce\u00addures. In their entire\u00adty, they give an overview of the work of the IIC<\/span> and of the polit\u00adi\u00adcal activists asso\u00adci\u00adat\u00aded with the com\u00admit\u00adtee, their posi\u00adtions, inten\u00adtions and con\u00adflicts \u2013 viewed and fil\u00adtered through the con\u00adtrol and per\u00adspec\u00adtive of the Ger\u00adman side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enquiries<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

For the first months of the World War, the doc\u00adu\u00adments deal first\u00adly with enquiries about Indi\u00adans will\u00ading to work with the Ger\u00adman side. The For\u00adeign Office obtained infor\u00adma\u00adtion about Indi\u00adans liv\u00ading in Ger\u00admany as well as from diplo\u00admats in dif\u00adfer\u00adent coun\u00adtries, for exam\u00adple in Switzer\u00adland. Indi\u00adans like Chempakara\u00adman Pil\u00adlai, who lived in Zurich, or Abhi\u00adnash Bhat\u00adtacharya, who was study\u00ading in Halle, also sought con\u00adtact with Ger\u00adman gov\u00adern\u00adment author\u00adi\u00adties to explore chances for coop\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion. They gave fur\u00adther rec\u00adom\u00admen\u00adda\u00adtions for con\u00adtacts and assessed polit\u00adi\u00adcal activists who could be con\u00adsid\u00adered for mem\u00adber\u00adship of the com\u00admit\u00adtee. These assess\u00adments could be in the form of rec\u00adom\u00admen\u00adda\u00adtions, but they could also con\u00adtain warn\u00adings. Sec\u00adond\u00adly, in the first months there are some reports about the sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion in India. The cen\u00adtral ques\u00adtion was: How does the author assess the polit\u00adi\u00adcal sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion, and does he see pos\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adties for car\u00adry\u00ading out anti-colo\u00adnial upris\u00adings in the coun\u00adtry? The authors of these sta\u00adtus reports were Ger\u00adman busi\u00adness\u00admen, mis\u00adsion\u00adar\u00adies or aca\u00add\u00ade\u00admics as well as Indi\u00adans who want\u00aded to coop\u00ader\u00adate with the Ger\u00adman side. In Sep\u00adtem\u00adber 1914, Max von Oppen\u00adheim report\u00aded that \u201chis\u201d India Com\u00admit\u00adtee had been set up in Berlin.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Correspondence<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Fur\u00adther\u00admore, the files con\u00adtain exten\u00adsive cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence between the For\u00adeign Office in Berlin and var\u00adi\u00adous Ger\u00adman diplo\u00admat\u00adic mis\u00adsions abroad, espe\u00adcial\u00adly in Turkey, but also the cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence between the IIC<\/span> and the For\u00adeign Office, between indi\u00advid\u00adual Indi\u00adans and the For\u00adeign Office. This cor\u00adre\u00adspon\u00addence con\u00adcerned the organ\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion\u00adal and per\u00adson\u00adnel work, main\u00adly regard\u00ading the ques\u00adtion of pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda and in rela\u00adtion to the var\u00adi\u00adous polit\u00adi\u00adcal-mil\u00adi\u00adtary mis\u00adsions in which rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtives of the IIC<\/span> were involved. The files also con\u00adtain numer\u00adous doc\u00adu\u00adments on lengthy admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtive and deci\u00adsion-mak\u00ading process\u00ades with ref\u00ader\u00adence to the prepa\u00adra\u00adtion and exe\u00adcu\u00adtion of these activ\u00adi\u00adties. They deal with the logis\u00adtics of the approach, includ\u00ading finan\u00adcial and per\u00adson\u00adnel-relat\u00aded con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtions that were dis\u00adcussed between the For\u00adeign Office, the Depart\u00adment III<\/span> B of the Army Gen\u00ader\u00adal Staff and var\u00adi\u00adous offices such as embassies, mis\u00adsions and consulates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reports<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

A fur\u00adther cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adry of doc\u00adu\u00adments are the sta\u00adtus reports, work\u00ading reports, reports on sur\u00adveil\u00adlance of indi\u00advid\u00adu\u00adals and mem\u00ado\u00adran\u00adda. The files con\u00adtain, for exam\u00adple, sev\u00ader\u00adal detailed reports about the work of the Indi\u00adan Com\u00admit\u00adtee in Istan\u00adbul or on the so-called Bagh\u00addad mis\u00adsion and the futile attempts to estab\u00adlish an Indi\u00adan Legion in Mesopotamia. From 1917 onwards, there are also reports from the Stock\u00adholm branch of the com\u00admit\u00adtee head\u00aded by Viren\u00addranath Chat\u00adtopad\u00adhyaya. These reports, writ\u00adten by rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtives of the Indi\u00adan Com\u00admit\u00adtee, were com\u00adment\u00aded upon by the rel\u00ade\u00advant Ger\u00adman author\u00adi\u00adties and pro\u00advid\u00aded with instruc\u00adtions for action. Some Indi\u00adans were also placed under obser\u00adva\u00adtion on the orders of the For\u00adeign Office. Thus, Hel\u00admuth von Glase\u00adnapp, for exam\u00adple, inves\u00adti\u00adgat\u00aded the schol\u00adar and rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary Shyamji Krish\u00adnavar\u00adma (1857\u20131930) liv\u00ading in Zurich, or sent reports about the lec\u00adtures giv\u00aden by Chempakara\u00adman Pil\u00adlai in dif\u00adfer\u00adent Ger\u00adman cities. The For\u00adeign Office also gen\u00ader\u00adat\u00aded sep\u00ada\u00adrate files for some per\u00adsons, for exam\u00adple for Chat\u00adtopad\u00adhyaya. These are in the pre\u00advi\u00adous\u00adly men\u00adtioned sub-files \u201cPer\u00adson\u00ada\u00adlia\u201d (R 21119-R21122<\/span>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further Files<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

It is not only the India-relat\u00aded files in the hold\u00adings WK<\/span> 11 \u201cUnternehmungen und Aufwiegelun\u00adgen\u201d which pro\u00advide infor\u00adma\u00adtion about the work of the Berlin-based IIC<\/span>. There are ref\u00ader\u00adences in the files on oth\u00ader coun\u00adtries, espe\u00adcial\u00adly in those for Per\u00adsia (WK<\/span> 11e), Egypt (WK<\/span> 11g) or Ire\u00adland (WK<\/span> 11k). The IIC<\/span> col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adrat\u00aded with rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtives of these inde\u00adpen\u00addence com\u00admit\u00adtees in var\u00adi\u00adous areas. Infor\u00adma\u00adtion about the pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda work of the IIC<\/span> among Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders-of-war is avail\u00adable under the file num\u00adber WK<\/span> 11s \u201cUnternehmungen und Aufwiegelun\u00adgen gegen unsere Feinde \u2013 T\u00e4tigkeit in den Gefan\u00adgenen\u00adlagern Deutsch\u00adlands\u201d (Under\u00adtak\u00adings and insti\u00adga\u00adtions against our ene\u00admies \u2013 work in the pris\u00adon\u00ader-of-war camps in Ger\u00admany). These files begin with the shelf-mark R 21244 in Octo\u00adber 1914 and end with R 21262 in Decem\u00adber 1919. The spe\u00adcial work by some mem\u00adbers of the IIC<\/span> for the Infor\u00adma\u00adtion Ser\u00advice for the Ori\u00adent (NfO), includ\u00ading the col\u00adlab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adtion in bring\u00ading out the camp news\u00adpa\u00adper Hin\u00addostan<\/em> in Hin\u00addi and Urdu, is reflect\u00aded in the files of the NfO. The 27 vol\u00adumes under the file num\u00adber Deutsch\u00adland 126 adh.1 begin with the shelf-mark R 1510 in Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1915 and end with R 1536 in Decem\u00adber 1919.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
[1]<\/a><\/td>PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, R 21080, von Oppen\u00adheim in a let\u00adter accom\u00adpa\u00adny\u00ading a mem\u00ado\u00adran\u00addum authored by Josef Horovitz dis\u00adcussing the sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion of Indi\u00adan Mus\u00adlims, 11. March 1915.<\/td><\/tr>
[2]<\/a><\/td>PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, R 21070, telegram from the impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal envoy in Switzer\u00adland, Frei\u00adherr von Romberg, to the For\u00adeign Office, 8. Sep\u00adtem\u00adber 1914.<\/td><\/tr>
[3]<\/a><\/td>PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, R 21071, telegram from Frei\u00adherr von Wan\u00adgen\u00adheim to the For\u00adeign Office, Kon\u00adstan\u00adtinopel, 13. Sep\u00adtem\u00adber 1914.<\/td><\/tr>
[4]<\/a><\/td>PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, R 21111, report of the Indiske Nation\u00adalkom\u00admit\u00adt\u00e9en in Stock\u00adholm addressed to the Indi\u00adan Com\u00admit\u00adtee Berlin-Char\u00adlot\u00adten\u00adburg, 17. Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1918.<\/td><\/tr>
[5]<\/a><\/td>PA<\/span> AA<\/span>, R 21071, note from Max von Oppen\u00adheim to Otto G\u00fcn\u00adther von Wesendonk, 11. Sep\u00adtem\u00adber 1914.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Secondary Literature<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Barooah, Nirode K., Chat\u00adto: The life and times of an Indi\u00adan anti-impe\u00adri\u00adal\u00adist in Europe<\/em>. New Del\u00adhi, Oxford: OUP<\/span>, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bihl, Wolfdi\u00adeter, <\/em>Die Kauka\u00adsus-Poli\u00adtik der Mit\u00adtelm\u00e4chte. Teil 1:<\/em> Ihre Basis in der Ori\u00adent-Poli\u00adtik und ihre Aktio\u00adnen 1914\u20131917<\/em>. Wien: B\u00f6h\u00adlau, 1975.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bose, A. C., Indi\u00adan rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adar\u00adies abroad: 1905\u20131927<\/em>. New Del\u00adhi: North\u00adern Book Cen\u00adtre, 2002. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conze, Eckart, Das Ausw\u00e4r\u00adtige Amt: Vom Kaiser\u00adre\u00adich bis zur Gegen\u00adwart<\/em>. M\u00fcnchen: Ver\u00adlag C.H. Beck, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fis\u00adch\u00ader, Fritz, Griff nach der Welt\u00admacht: Die Kriegspoli\u00adtik des kaiser\u00adlichen Deutsch\u00adland 1914\u20131918<\/em>. D\u00fcs\u00adsel\u00addorf: Droste Ver\u00adlag, 1984.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fis\u00adch\u00ader-Tin\u00e9, Har\u00adald, \u201cThe oth\u00ader side of inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adism: Switzer\u00adland as a hub of mil\u00adi\u00adtant anti-colo\u00adnial\u00adism c. 1910\u20131920\u201d. In: Patri\u00adcia Purtschert and Har\u00adald Fis\u00adch\u00ader-Tin\u00e9 (eds.), Colo\u00adnial Switzer\u00adland: rethink\u00ading colo\u00adnial\u00adism from the mar\u00adgins<\/em>. Bas\u00adingstoke: Pal\u00adgrave Macmil\u00adlan, 2015, pp. 221- 258.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jenk\u00adins, Jen\u00adnifer, \u201cFritz Fischer\u2019s \u2018Pro\u00adgramme for Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u2019: Impli\u00adca\u00adtions for a Glob\u00adal His\u00adto\u00adry of Ger\u00admany in the First World War\u201d. Jour\u00adnal of Con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary His\u00adto\u00adry <\/em>2013, 48: pp. 397\u2013417.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jenk\u00adins, Jen\u00adnifer, Heike Liebau and Laris\u00adsa Schmid, \u201cTransna\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adism and insur\u00adrec\u00adtion: inde\u00adpen\u00addence com\u00admit\u00adtees, anti-colo\u00adnial net\u00adworks, and Germany\u2019s glob\u00adal war\u201d. Jour\u00adnal of Glob\u00adal His\u00adto\u00adry<\/em> 12, no. 1 (2020): pp. 61\u201379.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liebau, Heike, \u201cThe Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Office, Indi\u00adan emi\u00adgrants and pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda efforts among the \u2018Sepoys\u2019\u201d. In: Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau and Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds.) \u2018When the war began we heard of sev\u00ader\u00adal kings\u2019: South Asian pris\u00adon\u00aders of war in World War I Ger\u00admany<\/em>. New Del\u00adhi: Social Sci\u00adence Press, 2011, pp. 96\u2013129.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2013, \u201cDas Deutsche Ausw\u00e4r\u00adtige Amt, indis\u00adche Emi\u00adgranten und pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00addis\u00adtis\u00adche Bestre\u00adbun\u00adgen unter den s\u00fcdasi\u00adatis\u00adchen Kriegs\u00adge\u00adfan\u00adgenen im \u2018Halb\u00admond\u00adlager\u2019\u201d. In: Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau, Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds.) Sol\u00addat Ram Singh und der Kaiser. Indis\u00adche Kriegs\u00adge\u00adfan\u00adgene in deutschen Pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00addalagern 1914\u20131918. <\/em>Hei\u00addel\u00adberg: Drau\u00adpa\u00addi Ver\u00adlag, 2014, pp. 109\u2013143.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2013, \u201cHin\u00addostan \u2013 a camp news\u00adpa\u00adper for South Asian pris\u00adon\u00aders of World war One in Ger\u00admany\u201d. In: Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau and Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds.) \u2018When the war began we heard of sev\u00ader\u00adal kings\u2019: South Asian pris\u00adon\u00aders of war in World War I Ger\u00admany. <\/em>New Del\u00adhi: Social Sci\u00adence Press, 2011, pp. 231\u2013249.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2013, \u201cHin\u00addostan. Eine Lagerzeitung f\u00fcr s\u00fcdasi\u00adatis\u00adche Kriegs\u00adge\u00adfan\u00adgene in Deutsch\u00adland 1915\u20131918\u201d. In: Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau, Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds.) Sol\u00addat Ram Singh und der Kaiser. Indis\u00adche Kriegs\u00adge\u00adfan\u00adgene in deutschen Pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00addalagern 1914\u20131918<\/em>. Hei\u00addel\u00adberg: Drau\u00adpa\u00addi Ver\u00adlag 2014,  pp. 261\u2013285.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loth, Wil\u00adfried, Erster Weltkrieg und Dschi\u00adhad. Die Deutschen und die Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adierung des Ori\u00adents<\/em>. M\u00fcnchen: Old\u00aden\u00adbourg Ver\u00adlag, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00fcd\u00adke, Tilman, Jihad made in Ger\u00admany: Ottoman and Ger\u00adman pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda and intel\u00adli\u00adgence oper\u00ada\u00adtions in the First World War<\/em>. M\u00fcn\u00adster: LIT<\/span>, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Man\u00adjapra, Kris, Age of entan\u00adgle\u00adment: Ger\u00adman and Indi\u00adan intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adals across empire<\/em>. Cam\u00adbridge, MA<\/span>: Har\u00advard Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Purtschert, Patri\u00adcia, Fis\u00adch\u00ader-Tin\u00e9, Har\u00adald (eds.), Colo\u00adnial Switzer\u00adland. Rethink\u00ading colo\u00adnial\u00adism from the mar\u00adgins. Cam\u00adbridge Impe\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal and Post-Colo\u00adnial Stud\u00adies<\/em>. Bas\u00adingstoke: Pal\u00adgrave Macmil\u00adlan, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oester\u00adheld, Frank, \u201c\u2018Der Feind meines Fein\u00addes ist mein Fre\u00adund.\u2019 Zur T\u00e4tigkeit des Indi\u00adan Inde\u00adpen\u00addence Com\u00admit\u00adtee (IIC<\/span>) w\u00e4hrend des Ersten Weltkrieges in Berlin\u201d. MA<\/span> The\u00adsis, Hum\u00adboldt Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Berlin, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oppen\u00adheim, Max Frei\u00adherr von, Denkschrift betr\u00ade\u00adf\u00adfend die Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adierung der islamis\u00adchen Gebi\u00adete unser\u00ader Feinde<\/em>, her\u00adaus\u00adgegeben von Stef\u00adfen Kopet\u00adzky. Berlin: Ver\u00adlag Das kul\u00adturelle Ged\u00e4cht\u00adnis, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00fcrcher, Erik-Jan (ed.), Jihad and Islam in World War I: stud\u00adies on the Ottoman jihad on the cen\u00adte\u00adnary of Snouck Hurgronje\u2019s \u201cHoly War made in Ger\u00admany\u201d<\/em>. Lei\u00adden: Lei\u00adden Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heike Liebau, Leib\u00adniz-Zen\u00adtrum Mod\u00adern\u00ader Ori\u00adent, Berlin<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":3660,"template":"","categories":[54],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3548","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cUndertakings and Instigations\u201d: The Berlin Indian Independence Committee in the Files of the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (1914-1920) - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Heike Liebau about the activities of the Indian Independence Committee relating to the German Information Service for the Orient.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cUndertakings and Instigations\u201d: The Berlin Indian Independence Committee in the Files of the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (1914-1920) - MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Heike Liebau about the activities of the Indian Independence Committee relating to the German Information Service for the Orient.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-12-08T15:04:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"981\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"768\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"23 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/undertakings-and-instigations\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/undertakings-and-instigations\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u201cUndertakings and Instigations\u201d: The Berlin Indian Independence Committee in the Files of the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (1914-1920) - MIDA\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/undertakings-and-instigations\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/undertakings-and-instigations\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/11\\\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-10-11T01:36:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-12-08T15:04:21+00:00\",\"description\":\"Heike Liebau about the activities of the Indian Independence Committee relating to the German Information Service for the Orient.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/undertakings-and-instigations\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/undertakings-and-instigations\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/undertakings-and-instigations\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/11\\\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/11\\\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg\",\"width\":981,\"height\":768,\"caption\":\"Partial photograph of an archival source with the head line \\\"Register of writings published so far by the European central committee of Indian nationalists\\\" in German.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/undertakings-and-instigations\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u201cUndertakings and Instigations\u201d: The Berlin Indian Independence Committee in the Files of the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (1914-1920)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"MIDA\",\"description\":\"Das moderne Indien in deutschen Archiven 1706-1989\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2016\\\/05\\\/cropped-midalogo.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2016\\\/05\\\/cropped-midalogo.jpg\",\"width\":1480,\"height\":397,\"caption\":\"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u201cUndertakings and Instigations\u201d: The Berlin Indian Independence Committee in the Files of the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (1914-1920) - MIDA","description":"Heike Liebau about the activities of the Indian Independence Committee relating to the German Information Service for the Orient.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u201cUndertakings and Instigations\u201d: The Berlin Indian Independence Committee in the Files of the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (1914-1920) - MIDA","og_description":"Heike Liebau about the activities of the Indian Independence Committee relating to the German Information Service for the Orient.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/","og_site_name":"MIDA","article_modified_time":"2022-12-08T15:04:21+00:00","og_image":[{"width":981,"height":768,"url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"23 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/","name":"\u201cUndertakings and Instigations\u201d: The Berlin Indian Independence Committee in the Files of the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (1914-1920) - MIDA","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg","datePublished":"2022-10-11T01:36:07+00:00","dateModified":"2022-12-08T15:04:21+00:00","description":"Heike Liebau about the activities of the Indian Independence Committee relating to the German Information Service for the Orient.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg","width":981,"height":768,"caption":"Partial photograph of an archival source with the head line \"Register of writings published so far by the European central committee of Indian nationalists\" in German."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/undertakings-and-instigations\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u201cUndertakings and Instigations\u201d: The Berlin Indian Independence Committee in the Files of the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (1914-1920)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/","name":"MIDA","description":"Das moderne Indien in deutschen Archiven 1706-1989","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#organization","name":"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/cropped-midalogo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/cropped-midalogo.jpg","width":1480,"height":397,"caption":"MIDA - Das Moderne Indien in Deutschen Archiven 1706-1989"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"guten_post_layout_featured_media_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg",981,768,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-300x235.jpg",300,235,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-768x601.jpg",768,601,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg",955,748,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg",981,768,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg",981,768,false],"guten_post_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg",981,768,false],"guten_post_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg",981,768,false],"guten_post_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00.jpg",981,768,false],"guten_post_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-600x400.jpg",600,400,true],"guten_post_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-600x768.jpg",600,768,true],"guten_post_layout_square":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-600x600.jpg",600,600,true],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-680x330.jpg",680,330,true],"evolve-plus-post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-680x330.jpg",680,330,true],"evolve-plus-slider-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-800x600.jpg",800,600,true],"evolve-plus-tabs-img":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-50x50.jpg",50,50,true],"evolve-plus-testimonial-avatar":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-80x80.jpg",80,80,true],"evolve-plus-related-img":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-300x225.jpg",300,225,true],"evolve-plus-portfolio-square":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-75x75.jpg",75,75,true],"evolve-plus-portfolio-small":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"evolve-plus-portfolio-medium":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-320x240.jpg",320,240,true],"evolve-plus-portfolio-img":["https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AR_img_2022_Liebau-Heike-Undertakings-and-Instigations00-640x480.jpg",640,480,true]},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/reflexicon\/3548","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/reflexicon"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/reflexicon"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3660"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3548"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3548"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3548"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}