{"id":3919,"date":"2023-04-17T08:10:47","date_gmt":"2023-04-17T06:10:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=3919"},"modified":"2023-06-06T21:38:46","modified_gmt":"2023-06-06T19:38:46","slug":"india-gdr-newsreels","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/india-gdr-newsreels\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018<\/span>Seeing\u2019 India through GDR<\/span> Newsreels: An exploration of DEFA<\/span> productions at the Progress Archive<\/em>, Berlin"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By Reyazul Haque<\/a><\/strong>
Pub\u00adlished in 2023<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132022-00063<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pho\u00adto: Skit\u00adter\u00adpho\u00adto<\/a> \/ Pixabay<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Table of Con\u00adtents<\/strong>
News\u00adreels on India in the Progress Archive<\/em><\/a>  | The Progress Film Archive<\/em><\/a>  |  Cold War Research and Cin\u00ade\u00adma Stud\u00adies<\/a>  |   End\u00adnotes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In autumn 2018, while prepar\u00ading a doc\u00adtor\u00adal project pro\u00adpos\u00adal on rela\u00adtions between Ger\u00admany and pre-inde\u00adpen\u00addence India in the field of film pro\u00adduc\u00adtion, a sys\u00adtem\u00adat\u00adic online-research on poten\u00adtial archives and col\u00adlec\u00adtions led me to the Progress Archive<\/em> in Berlin. This is one of Germany\u2019s most exhaus\u00adtive film archives, which also incor\u00adpo\u00adrates DEFA<\/span> (Deutsche Film-Aktienge\u00adsellschaft) pro\u00adduced films from the Ger\u00adman Demo\u00adc\u00adra\u00adt\u00adic Repub\u00adlic in its col\u00adlec\u00adtions. I was curi\u00adous to find out if there were any entries relat\u00aded to India in the archive\u2019s online data\u00adbase. To my fas\u00adci\u00adna\u00adtion, enter\u00ading sim\u00adple-search terms such like \u201cIndi\u00aden\u201d or \u201cindisch\u201d lead, besides oth\u00ader infor\u00adma\u00adtion, to an unex\u00adpect\u00aded\u00adly large num\u00adber of entries. Note\u00adwor\u00adthy among these were entries on Der Augen\u00adzeuge<\/em>, news\u00adreels that were pro\u00adduced in the GDR<\/span>. Between 1946 and 1980, DEFA<\/span> pro\u00adduced about 2000 news\u00adreels, 154 of which con\u00adtain reports on India.[i]<\/a> Screened before the main fea\u00adture films in cin\u00ade\u00admas, Der Augen\u00adzeuge<\/em> news\u00adreels were part of the cin\u00ade\u00adma pro\u00adgramme and were meant to inform audi\u00adences about cur\u00adrent affairs around the globe. This unique and hith\u00ader\u00adto large\u00adly unex\u00adplored mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal has even\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly become the cen\u00adtral focus of my ongo\u00ading PhD project. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This arti\u00adcle zooms into the main fea\u00adtures of the DEFA<\/span> news\u00adreel pro\u00adduc\u00adtions relat\u00aded to India. The first sec\u00adtion intro\u00adduces the dif\u00adfer\u00adent kinds of images of India in GDR<\/span>\u2019s news\u00adreel films. It is based on cer\u00adtain recur\u00adring themes that may be instruc\u00adtive in cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adriz\u00ading and ana\u00adlyz\u00ading GDR<\/span> news\u00adreel films on India. The sec\u00adond sec\u00adtion deals with the nature of the col\u00adlec\u00adtions and the loca\u00adtion of news\u00adreels with\u00adin the orga\u00adniz\u00ading struc\u00adture of the Progress Film Archive<\/em> as the offi\u00adcial archive of DEFA<\/span> pro\u00adduc\u00adtions. The last sec\u00adtion dis\u00adcuss\u00ades the sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcance of these sources for schol\u00adar\u00adship on the Cul\u00adtur\u00adal Cold War. In a dig\u00adi\u00adtal world sat\u00adu\u00adrat\u00aded with his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal and con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal on past events, this under\u00adstud\u00adied archive may pro\u00advide insights into pasts, which are very much part of our present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Newsreels on India in the Progress Archive<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

India fea\u00adtures in the news\u00adreels since the begin\u00adning of their pro\u00adduc\u00adtion (1946), but it becomes a promi\u00adnent top\u00adic with the offi\u00adcial for\u00adma\u00adtion of the GDR<\/span> (1949).[ii]<\/a>  Dur\u00ading the time-peri\u00adod under con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion, which marks the incep\u00adtion of news\u00adreels in 1946 up to 1980, when the pro\u00adduc\u00adtion of news\u00adreels end\u00aded, India occurs in 154 reports in which it is often pre\u00adsent\u00aded with promi\u00adnence and pal\u00adpa\u00adble fra\u00adter\u00adni\u00adty. Though there can be oth\u00ader ways to cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adrize these reports, three large\u00adly dis\u00adcernible rubrics emerge:[iii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) India\u2019s strug\u00adgle for democ\u00adra\u00adcy and strength: This cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adry refers to reports that describe con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary India from the GDR<\/span>\u2019s per\u00adspec\u00adtive. Films that pre\u00adsent\u00aded polit\u00adi\u00adcal, eco\u00adnom\u00adic, and social issues being faced in India, par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly as a coun\u00adtry that had recent\u00adly gained inde\u00adpen\u00addence, and those describ\u00ading the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of demo\u00adc\u00adra\u00adt\u00adic insti\u00adtu\u00adtions in the coun\u00adtry belong to this category.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) India and its net\u00adworks of sol\u00adi\u00addar\u00adi\u00adty: This cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adry con\u00adsists of news\u00adreel reports that sit\u00adu\u00adate India on the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal map, par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly in the con\u00adtext of inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal sol\u00adi\u00addar\u00adi\u00adty among the still-col\u00ado\u00adnized nations, the recent post-colonies, with the GDR<\/span>, and the broad\u00ader social\u00adist world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) India as a land of the past and the future: This rubric brings togeth\u00ader films that rep\u00adre\u00adsent images of every\u00adday life in India for audi\u00adences in the GDR<\/span>. They rely on old\u00ader famil\u00adiar images of the coun\u00adtry that had catered to East Ger\u00adman view\u00aders while simul\u00adta\u00adne\u00adous\u00adly cap\u00adtur\u00ading a soci\u00adety that was seen as rapid\u00adly changing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I fol\u00adlow this cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adriza\u00adtion with the aware\u00adness that plac\u00ading the vast reper\u00adtoire of news\u00adreels into schemat\u00adic cat\u00ade\u00adgories has its own dan\u00adgers and prob\u00adlems, which could include lim\u00adit\u00ading their scope and pro\u00adduc\u00ading pre\u00adcon\u00adceived notions about them. Indeed, news\u00adreels are not, and also can\u00adnot, be cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adrized into any strict\u00adly defined rubrics also because rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtions of India in these films changed through time. The rubrics are porous and also over\u00adlap\u00adping, with the same news\u00adreel often belong\u00ading to more than one cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adry. They are thus intend\u00aded as a heuris\u00adtic tool, which can assist in under\u00adtak\u00ading a nuanced analy\u00adsis of the films and the themes they cov\u00ader, rather than being exclu\u00adsive categories. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fol\u00adlow\u00ading are a few brief exam\u00adples of the reports that would fall under these cat\u00ade\u00adgories. The major theme of GDR<\/span> news\u00adreel reports on India from the ear\u00adly peri\u00adod is India\u2019s strug\u00adgle for democ\u00adra\u00adcy, which also draws upon the Ger\u00adman expe\u00adri\u00adence dur\u00ading the Sec\u00adond World War. For exam\u00adple, one of the ear\u00adly reports on India, released in Octo\u00adber 1949, talks about unrest and the par\u00adti\u00adtion of British India in 1947 and the process of achiev\u00ading inde\u00adpen\u00addence from colo\u00adnial rule. This newsreel\u2019s release in cin\u00ade\u00admas coin\u00adcid\u00aded with the year when the GDR<\/span> was also for\u00admal\u00adly estab\u00adlished. It con\u00adsists of eight reports on dif\u00adfer\u00adent top\u00adics. Among them there are reports main\u00adly relat\u00aded to the GDR<\/span> and com\u00admu\u00adnist par\u00adties in Europe.[iv]<\/a>  Mid\u00adway in the news\u00adreel, a high-paced reportage from India about the after\u00admath of par\u00adti\u00adtion is pre\u00adsent\u00aded. Titled as \u201cUnruhen in Indi\u00aden\u201d (Riots in India), it opens with the view of a street with flags of Pak\u00adistan. The fol\u00adlow\u00ading shots also dis\u00adplay such flags on hous\u00ades and on the street. Thus, the exis\u00adtence of a new nation, Pak\u00adistan, is the\u00adma\u00adtized, and the pro\u00adceed\u00ading scenes show the polit\u00adi\u00adcal and admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtive activ\u00adi\u00adties relat\u00aded to the for\u00adma\u00adtion of the coun\u00adtry. We are shown Moham\u00admad Ali Jin\u00adnah tak\u00ading charge of the new nation from the last colo\u00adnial Viceroy Mount\u00adbat\u00adten. This is fol\u00adlowed by a Pak\u00adistani flag being waved in the par\u00adlia\u00adment while a voiceover reminds the audi\u00adence about the role of Britain that \u201cpre\u00advent\u00aded the uni\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion of the Indi\u00adan peo\u00adple and cre\u00adat\u00aded two states \u2013 Pak\u00adistan and India\u201d.[v]<\/a>  The fol\u00adlow\u00ading scenes show the by now wide\u00adly known car\u00adnage and destruc\u00adtion dur\u00ading par\u00adti\u00adtion. The his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal moment par\u00adti\u00adtion, its ensu\u00ading vio\u00adlence and destruc\u00adtion, and a divid\u00aded soci\u00adety \u2013 the report empha\u00adsizes these as the bit\u00adter fruits of colo\u00adnial rule in India, and draws view\u00aders\u2019 atten\u00adtion to the uncan\u00adny resem\u00adblance that par\u00adti\u00adtion has with the post-war sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion in Ger\u00admany at that moment. It is impor\u00adtant to note that reports such as these do not draw direct par\u00adal\u00adlels between the two coun\u00adtries, but they do attempt to por\u00adtray close affini\u00adties in terms of their quest for peace and democracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reports on India\u2019s stand\u00ading in world pol\u00adi\u00adtics not only deal with the GDR<\/span>\u2019s offi\u00adcial expec\u00adta\u00adtions of, and efforts towards, gain\u00ading polit\u00adi\u00adcal recog\u00adni\u00adtion in the world, but also show the influ\u00adence of social\u00adist ide\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy on for\u00admer\u00adly col\u00ado\u00adnized nations. Indo-GDR rela\u00adtions were of sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcance in the polit\u00adi\u00adcal-cul\u00adtur\u00adal con\u00adtext of the Cold War, when for\u00admer colonies became impor\u00adtant for both the \u2018blocs\u2019.[vi]<\/a> News\u00adreels often com\u00adbined for\u00admal aspects of inter\u00adstate affairs with shots from the side-lines of these activ\u00adi\u00adties and loca\u00adtions, and employed back\u00adground music which empha\u00adsized the urgency and warmth of India-GDR rela\u00adtions. Cul\u00adtur\u00adal events and land\u00adscapes played a cru\u00adcial role in these rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtions, and it is inter\u00adest\u00ading to note how stereo\u00adtypes pro\u00adduced by such images present an implic\u00adit ten\u00adsion between an anti-impe\u00adri\u00adal\u00adist, social\u00adist ide\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy and a con\u00adven\u00adtion\u00adal ori\u00aden\u00adtal\u00adist under\u00adstand\u00ading of India. To make them appear authen\u00adtic and close to real\u00adi\u00adty, news on every\u00adday life and cul\u00adture was a promi\u00adnent part of these reports. A mix\u00adture of stereo\u00adtypes, dynam\u00adic, and spec\u00adtac\u00adu\u00adlar images of India was repet\u00adi\u00adtive\u00adly uti\u00adlized to pro\u00adduce a sense of every\u00adday life in the coun\u00adtry. India was depict\u00aded as a land of spec\u00adta\u00adcles and para\u00addox\u00ades. Thus, for exam\u00adple, on the one hand, a report pre\u00adsent\u00aded that there was a record tem\u00adper\u00ada\u00adture of 50 degrees in Cal\u00adcut\u00adta (1958), and on the oth\u00ader, in a dif\u00adfer\u00adent report, cou\u00adples were shown danc\u00ading waltz and skat\u00ading on a frozen lake in the north\u00adern part of the coun\u00adtry (1954). On one rare occa\u00adsion, a news\u00adreel opened with sports news, in which scenes from a hock\u00adey match between the nation\u00adal teams of India and GDR<\/span> were shown (1968). Here, India was con\u00adstruct\u00aded as a coun\u00adtry that was advanc\u00ading, not only in pol\u00adi\u00adtics and econ\u00ado\u00admy, but also in sports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Progress Film Archive<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Locat\u00aded today in cen\u00adtral Berlin\u2019s Friedrich\u00adstra\u00dfe, Progress was orig\u00adi\u00adnal\u00adly a Ger\u00adman film dis\u00adtrib\u00adu\u00adtor that was found\u00aded on August 1, 1950, as a Ger\u00adman-Sovi\u00adet film dis\u00adtri\u00adb\u00adu\u00adtion com\u00adpa\u00adny. Accord\u00ading to the web\u00adpage of the archive, Progress was<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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the only film dis\u00adtrib\u00adu\u00adtor in the Ger\u00adman Demo\u00adc\u00adra\u00adt\u00adic Repub\u00adlic [GDR<\/span>] and brought around 12000 films to the coun\u00adtry\u2019s 830 cin\u00ade\u00admas. Almost half of them were fea\u00adture films and doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adtaries by DEFA<\/span>, the only film stu\u00addio in the GDR<\/span>. With rough\u00adly 100 employ\u00adees, progress released around four films a week. The DEFA<\/span> doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adtaries and news\u00adreels show the 20th cen\u00adtu\u00adry world from an East\u00adern per\u00adspec\u00adtive.[vii]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Progress inher\u00adit\u00aded the films pro\u00adduced by DEFA<\/span>, the state-owned GDR<\/span> film pro\u00adduc\u00adtion com\u00adpa\u00adny, and became a unique archive that holds the com\u00adplete cin\u00ade\u00admat\u00adic pro\u00adduc\u00adtions of a \u201cnow entire\u00adly non-exis\u00adtent coun\u00adtry\u201d.[viii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A domes\u00adtic film dis\u00adtrib\u00adu\u00adtor in the GDR<\/span>, Progress Filmver\u00adleih<\/em> went into obliv\u00adion for many years after Ger\u00adman reuni\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion until it was revived in the late 1990s. Present\u00adly, it is a film dis\u00adtri\u00adb\u00adu\u00adtion com\u00adpa\u00adny owned by Ices\u00adtorm Enter\u00adtain\u00adment. The archive works in tan\u00addem with the Ger\u00adman Fed\u00ader\u00adal Film Archive (Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv-Fil\u00admarchiv<\/em>), which func\u00adtions as a film neg\u00ada\u00adtive stor\u00adage facil\u00adi\u00adty, and the DEFA-Stiftung, which has legal rights over all DEFA<\/span> pro\u00adduc\u00adtions, and the respon\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty to make them avail\u00adable to a wider pub\u00adlic.[ix]<\/a>  Progress\u2019s office in Berlin has DEFA<\/span> pro\u00adduced films stored on DVD<\/span> and oth\u00ader for\u00admats, which one can access upon request. How\u00adev\u00ader, not all DEFA<\/span> films can be accessed in the archive due to tech\u00adni\u00adcal lim\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtions, such as lim\u00adit\u00aded film pro\u00adjec\u00adtion equip\u00adment, and one may need to vis\u00adit the Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv-Fil\u00admarchiv<\/em> for some film pre\u00adviews. The best way to access DEFA<\/span> films is through Progress\u2019s online por\u00adtal (https:\/\/progress.film), that offers almost the entire film mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal via online-stream\u00ading. The portal\u2019s search option enables users to find films through their titles or key words and the results can be fil\u00adtered based on the source (e.g. His\u00adto\u00adriathek, Cinezen\u00adtrum, DEFA<\/span> etc.), the year and the over\u00adar\u00adch\u00ading cat\u00ade\u00adgo\u00adry (e.g. news\u00adreels, DDR<\/span> Mag\u00ada\u00adzine, fea\u00adture films etc.) of the pro\u00adduc\u00adtion. The plat\u00adform thus pro\u00advides basic infor\u00adma\u00adtion about the pro\u00adduc\u00adtions such as the year of pro\u00adduc\u00adtion and release, the direc\u00adtors, peo\u00adple and places men\u00adtioned, a descrip\u00adtion of the visu\u00adals, and a tran\u00adscript of dia\u00adlogues and voiceovers in Ger\u00adman, which one hopes will improve in their accu\u00adra\u00adcy and qual\u00adi\u00adty in the future with devel\u00adop\u00ading tech\u00adniques, giv\u00aden that for instance some of the non-Ger\u00adman names and places are not appro\u00adpri\u00adate\u00adly tran\u00adscribed by the pro\u00adgramme. The por\u00adtal is con\u00adtin\u00adu\u00adous\u00adly evolv\u00ading and has recent\u00adly also incor\u00adpo\u00adrat\u00aded film mate\u00adri\u00adals from non-DEFA sources, like Cin\u00adtec, Widoks, and West Ger\u00adman news\u00adreels etc. The Progress Archive<\/em> pro\u00advides inter\u00adest\u00aded users only lim\u00adit\u00aded access to the films and the above\u00admen\u00adtioned basic infor\u00adma\u00adtion about them. How\u00adev\u00ader, users need to con\u00adsult the Bun\u00adde\u00adsarchiv-Fil\u00admarchiv<\/em> or the DEFA-Stiftung for pro\u00adduc\u00adtion doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion and any oth\u00ader details.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Besides the news\u00adreel films pro\u00adduced by DEFA<\/span>, the Progress Archive<\/em>\u2019s col\u00adlec\u00adtions also include pro\u00adduc\u00adtions by Fil\u00admak\u00adtiv,[x]<\/a> DEFA<\/span>\u2019s pre\u00adde\u00adces\u00adsor, that was found\u00aded in Octo\u00adber 1945 by com\u00admu\u00adnist film\u00admak\u00aders in exile with the aim of reviv\u00ading Ger\u00adman cin\u00ade\u00adma. These films were screened before main fea\u00adture films in cin\u00ade\u00adma halls. The state-owned film pro\u00adduc\u00adtion com\u00adpa\u00adny DEFA<\/span> was estab\u00adlished in May 1946 with the man\u00addate of \u201cde-Naz\u00adi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion and polit\u00adi\u00adcal re-edu\u00adca\u00adtion in Ger\u00admany\u201d.[xi]<\/a>  It took over the pro\u00adduc\u00adtion of the news\u00adreel series Der Augen\u00adzeuge<\/em> from Fil\u00admak\u00adtiv, which was ini\u00adtial\u00adly released week\u00adly, and lat\u00ader twice a week, with the pur\u00adpose of edu\u00adcat\u00ading audi\u00adences about \u201csocial\u00adist work\u00ading, learn\u00ading, and liv\u00ading\u201d, with the USSR<\/span> as its nat\u00adur\u00adal mod\u00adel.[xii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cold War Research and Cinema Studies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

News\u00adreel reports in the Progress Film Archive<\/em> present an unex\u00adplored oppor\u00adtu\u00adni\u00adty to see India from a unique his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal per\u00adspec\u00adtive which was not only close and sym\u00adpa\u00adthet\u00adic to the nation and its peo\u00adple, but also depict\u00aded a view that now belongs to a non-exis\u00adtent coun\u00adtry. In these pro\u00adduc\u00adtions, we wit\u00adness the GDR<\/span> as the \u201coth\u00ader\u201d Ger\u00admany, a social\u00adist Ger\u00admany, which was try\u00ading to make sense of, and rep\u00adre\u00adsent, an emerg\u00ading post\u00adcolo\u00adnial India for its own cit\u00adi\u00adzens. News\u00adreels can serve as a rich source-base in refram\u00ading and resi\u00adt\u00adu\u00adat\u00ading frame\u00adworks uti\u00adlized in his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal as well as cin\u00ade\u00admat\u00adic stud\u00adies on the Cold War. Thus, in the Progress Film Archive<\/em>, we find rich film mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal that might con\u00adtribute to diver\u00adsi\u00adfy\u00ading under\u00adstand\u00adings of the Cold War and cinema\u2019s role in it. More so, because it is locat\u00aded in one of the coun\u00adtries that played a key role in the peri\u00adod, but does not exist anymore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Cold War did not end with the Cold War. Writ\u00ading Cold War his\u00adto\u00adries and there\u00adin shap\u00ading per\u00adspec\u00adtives to sit\u00adu\u00adate and under\u00adstand those pasts con\u00adtin\u00adues to be an ongo\u00ading effort after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dis\u00adso\u00adlu\u00adtion of the Sovi\u00adet Union. How\u00adev\u00ader, one can observe that his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal schol\u00adar\u00adship on the Cold War, to some extent, repro\u00adduces Cold War dichotomies. Where\u00adas New Cold War His\u00adto\u00adry has attempt\u00aded to diver\u00adsi\u00adfy per\u00adspec\u00adtives by incor\u00adpo\u00adrat\u00ading those from around the world, par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly those from for\u00admer social\u00adist coun\u00adtries,[xiii]<\/a> such per\u00adspec\u00adtives are still miss\u00ading in the field of film and cin\u00ade\u00adma stud\u00adies.  His\u00adto\u00adries that rely on films made dur\u00ading or on the Cold War as their source-base, still large\u00adly mir\u00adror Cold War his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal posi\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adi\u00adties where\u00adby Amer\u00adi\u00adcan and West\u00adern nar\u00adra\u00adtives are still pre\u00addom\u00adi\u00adnant, not least because of the over\u00adwhelm\u00ading author\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtive pres\u00adence of the Hol\u00adly\u00adwood film indus\u00adtry and US<\/span> media dis\u00adcourse.[xiv]<\/a>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In cin\u00ade\u00admat\u00adic rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtions of the Cold War, this near monop\u00adoly of an Amer\u00adi\u00adcan view can eas\u00adi\u00adly be dis\u00adcerned from the con\u00adtent of fea\u00adture films, doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adtaries, as well as oth\u00ader gen\u00adres of non-fic\u00adtion films that also include news\u00adreels films.[xv]<\/a> This not only leads to mis\u00adrep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion or non-rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion in cul\u00adtur\u00adal pro\u00adduc\u00adtion, but also con\u00adtributes to the pro\u00adduc\u00adtion of skewed knowl\u00adedge and his\u00adto\u00adry around Cold War themes, as has been apt\u00adly dis\u00adcussed by Nora Alter in her research on Ger\u00adman non-fic\u00adtion cin\u00ade\u00adma.[xvi]<\/a>  As Marc Fer\u00adro argues, as a medi\u00adum, films are \u201can agent, prod\u00aduct and source of his\u00adto\u00adry\u201d, which not only influ\u00adence the mak\u00ading of his\u00adto\u00adry but also his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy.[xvii]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In recent schol\u00adar\u00adship there has been a greater empha\u00adsis on iden\u00adti\u00adfy\u00ading alter\u00adna\u00adtive source mate\u00adri\u00adals to con\u00adtest undif\u00adfer\u00aden\u00adti\u00adat\u00aded and hege\u00admon\u00adic dis\u00adcours\u00ades about the Cold War. This is espe\u00adcial\u00adly need\u00aded in order to bet\u00adter under\u00adstand and val\u00adue the role of coun\u00adtries from Asia, Africa, and Latin Amer\u00adi\u00adca in the Cold War. This not only incor\u00adpo\u00adrates ana\u00adlyz\u00ading how they were pro\u00adject\u00aded by Cold War \u2018blocs\u2019 (or with\u00adin \u2018bloc\u2019 pol\u00adi\u00adtics) but also, and even more so, how actors from \u2018third world\u2019 coun\u00adtries per\u00adceived their rep\u00adre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion with\u00adin Cold War dis\u00adcours\u00ades. DEFA<\/span> news\u00adreels pro\u00advide an inter\u00adest\u00ading set of mate\u00adri\u00adals in which one can map both nation\u00adal anx\u00adi\u00adeties and inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal imag\u00adi\u00adna\u00adtions in how a social\u00adist state (GDR<\/span>) pro\u00adject\u00aded itself through the por\u00adtray\u00adal of coun\u00adtries like India by a state-owned film body. They also become a resource for decen\u00adtral\u00adiz\u00ading the explo\u00adration of the cin\u00ade\u00admat\u00adic medi\u00adum and imag\u00adi\u00adna\u00adtive pol\u00adi\u00adtics. The por\u00adtray\u00adal of \u2018devel\u00adop\u00ading nations\u2019 in these films (and the shifts there\u00adin over time) become a rich repos\u00adi\u00adto\u00adry for explor\u00ading the role and strate\u00adgic sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcance of these nations for social\u00adist states like the GDR<\/span>. They also hint at tran\u00adsi\u00adtions in the dis\u00adcours\u00ades and realpoli\u00adtik of the Cold War. Por\u00adtray\u00adals of the \u2018third world\u2019 often still bor\u00adrow from what was pro\u00adduced dur\u00ading the Cold War. Work\u00ading with sources from a dig\u00adi\u00adtized archive like the Progress Archive<\/em> can pro\u00advide schol\u00adars the oppor\u00adtu\u00adni\u00adty to explore con\u00adti\u00adnu\u00adities in the medi\u00adum and how it cre\u00adates its own recur\u00adsive repertoires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

[i]<\/a> These ten to twelve min\u00adutes\u2019 long news\u00adreels con\u00adtained between 8 to 15 reports. They most\u00adly began with a report on top\u00adics of nation\u00adal or local sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcance and end\u00aded with those on cul\u00adture and sports. Reports that were placed in between most\u00adly cov\u00adered themes in inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal affairs; aspects of social, polit\u00adi\u00adcal, and cul\u00adtur\u00adal life in the GDR<\/span> and the USSR<\/span>, but also cov\u00ader\u00adage on coun\u00adtries from around the world, where the GDR<\/span> had strate\u00adgic inter\u00adests. In this paper, an entire news\u00adreel film is referred to as \u2018film\u2019, and a com\u00adplete seg\u00adment of the news\u00adreel, which deals with a par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar top\u00adic is referred to as a \u2018report\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ii]<\/a> See Haque, Reyazul. 2020. \u201cNon-Fic\u00adtion films pro\u00adduced by DEFA<\/span> in the Ger\u00adman Demo\u00adc\u00adra\u00adt\u00adic Repub\u00adlic, 1946\u20131989. Col\u00adlec\u00adtions of the Progress Film Archive, Berlin\u201d, MIDA<\/span> The\u00adma\u00adtis\u00adche Ressource. <\/em>DOI<\/span>: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25360\/01\u20132022-00042<\/a>. Avail\u00adable online at https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/thematicressources\/list-of-non-fiction-films-produced-by-defa-in-the-german-democratic-republic-1946\u20131989-collections-of-the-progress-film-archive-berlin\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is note\u00adwor\u00adthy that oth\u00ader South Asian coun\u00adtries like Pak\u00adistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan\u00adka also appear in the news\u00adreels and explor\u00ading them can also open inter\u00adest\u00ading research avenues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iii]<\/a> I have dealt with these rubrics and their con\u00adtents in depth in the fol\u00adlow\u00ading pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtion: Haque, Reyazul. 2021. \u201cA Wit\u00adness to His\u00adto\u00adry \u2014 Pro\u00adduc\u00adtion of Images of India in GDR<\/span> News\u00adreels\u201d. In: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai (ed.) Cor\u00addial Cold War \u2014 Cul\u00adtur\u00adal Actors in India and the Ger\u00adman Demo\u00adc\u00adra\u00adt\u00adic Repub\u00adlic<\/em>. Los Ange\u00adles, Lon\u00addon, New Del\u00adhi: Sage, pp. 153\u2013177. Avail\u00adable online at https:\/\/spectrum.sagepub.in\/_api\/v1\/products\/6\/variants\/18\/pdf_file<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iv]<\/a> Der Augen\u00adzeuge<\/em> 1949\/39, 1949. Avail\u00adable online at http:\/\/www.progress-film.de\/der-augenzeuge-1949\u201339.html<\/a>. Accessed on 29 Feb\u00adru\u00adary 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[v]<\/a> A tran\u00adscrip\u00adtion of the select\u00aded voiceover is pro\u00advid\u00aded in Ger\u00adman on the web\u00adsite along with the video. The trans\u00adla\u00adtion has been done by the author.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vi]<\/a> See Benatar, Alexan\u00adder. 2020. Kalter Krieg auf dem indis\u00adchen Sub\u00adkon\u00adti\u00adnent: Die deutsch-deutsche Diplo\u00admatie im Banglade\u00adschkrieg 1971<\/em>. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. DOI<\/span>: https:\/\/doi.org\/\u200c10.1515\/9783110682038<\/a>. Also Benatar\u2019s (2019) essay \u201cDie Beziehun\u00adgen zwis\u00adchen Pak\u00adistan und der DDR<\/span> bis 1973\u201d, MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/em>, DOI<\/span>: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25360\/01\u20132022-00011<\/a>. Avail\u00adable online at https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/reflexicon\/die-beziehungen-zwischen-pakistan-und-der-ddr-bis-1973\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vii]<\/a> \u2018About Us\u2019, Progress<\/em>, https:\/\/progress.film\/about_us<\/a>. Accessed online on 29th August 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[viii]<\/a> \u2018About Us\u2019, Progress<\/em>, https:\/\/progress.film\/about_us<\/a>. Accessed online on 29th August 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ix]<\/a> Hei\u00adduschke, Sebas\u00adt\u00adian. 2013. East Ger\u00adman Cin\u00ade\u00adma: DEFA<\/span> and Film His\u00adto\u00adry<\/em>. New York: Pal\u00adgrave Macmil\u00adlan, p.33. DEFA<\/span> Stiftung can be reached through its web\u00adsite: https:\/\/www.defa-stiftung.de\/defa\/geschichte\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[x]<\/a> Hei\u00adduschke, Sebas\u00adt\u00adian. 2013. East Ger\u00adman Cin\u00ade\u00adma: DEFA<\/span> and Film His\u00adto\u00adry<\/em>. New York: Pal\u00adgrave Macmil\u00adlan, p.10. It is inter\u00adest\u00ading to note that idea of Fil\u00admak\u00adtiv was to make cin\u00ade\u00adma to \u201cpro\u00admote a sense of respect for oth\u00ader peo\u00adple and oth\u00ader nations\u201d (ibid).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xi]<\/a> Allan, Se\u00e1n. 2015. \u201cDEFA<\/span>\u2019s antifas\u00adcist myths and the con\u00adstruc\u00adtion in East Ger\u00adman cin\u00ade\u00adma\u201d. In: K. Leed\u00ader (ed.), Reread\u00ading East Ger\u00admany: The Lit\u00ader\u00ada\u00adture and Film of the GDR<\/span><\/em>. Cam\u00adbridge: Cam\u00adbridge Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press, p. 52.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xii]<\/a> Lehn\u00adert, Sigrun. 2018. \u201cGer\u00adman News\u00adreels as Agent of His\u00adto\u00adry\u201d. Media His\u00adto\u00adry<\/em>, DOI<\/span>: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13688804.2018.1544886 <\/a><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiii]<\/a> For an overview of dif\u00adfer\u00adent per\u00adspec\u00adtives on his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy on Cold War, see for exam\u00adple, Romero, Fed\u00aderi\u00adco. 2014. \u201cCold War His\u00adto\u00adri\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy at the Cross\u00adroads\u201d, Cold War His\u00adto\u00adry<\/em> 14, 4, pp. 685\u2013703, DOI<\/span>: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14682745.2014.950249<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiv]<\/a> See for exam\u00adple Shaw, Tony. 2007. Hollywood\u2019s Cold War<\/em>. Edin\u00adburgh: Edin\u00adburgh Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Press. Also see Shain, Rus\u00adsell E. 1974. \u201cHollywood\u2019s Cold War\u201d, Jour\u00adnal of Pop\u00adu\u00adlar Film<\/em> 3, 4, pp. 334\u2013350, DOI<\/span>: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00472719.1974.10661746<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xv]<\/a> For exam\u00adple, see Alter, Nora M. 2002. Pro\u00adject\u00ading His\u00adto\u00adry: Ger\u00adman Non\u00adfic\u00adtion Cin\u00ade\u00adma, 1967\u20132000<\/em>. Ann Arbor: The Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Michi\u00adgan Press. \u201cThe Amer\u00adi\u00adcan avoid\u00adance of non\u2011U.S. mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal man\u00adi\u00adfests itself not only on the lev\u00adel of cul\u00adtur\u00adal pro\u00adduc\u00adtion but also on the lev\u00adel of intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal analy\u00adsis. Most Eng\u00adlish-lan\u00adguage arti\u00adcles on doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adtaries about the Viet\u00adnam War focus exclu\u00adsive\u00adly on Amer\u00adi\u00adcan doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adtaries.\u201d (p.20)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvi]<\/a> Alter, Nora M. 2002. Pro\u00adject\u00ading His\u00adto\u00adry: Ger\u00adman Non\u00adfic\u00adtion Cin\u00ade\u00adma, 1967\u20132000<\/em>. Ann Arbor: The Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Michi\u00adgan Press. p. 20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvii]<\/a> Fer\u00adro, Marc. 1983. \u201cFilm as an Agent, Prod\u00aduct and Source of His\u00adto\u00adry\u201d. Jour\u00adnal of Con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary His\u00adto\u00adry<\/em> 18, p. 357.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reyazul Haque, Leib\u00adniz-Zen\u00adtrum Mod\u00adern\u00ader Ori\u00adent, Berlin<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Mon\u00adja Hof\u00admann, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

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