{"id":4238,"date":"2023-06-03T12:23:04","date_gmt":"2023-06-03T10:23:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=4238"},"modified":"2025-01-14T13:36:23","modified_gmt":"2025-01-14T12:36:23","slug":"lautarchiv","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/lautarchiv\/","title":{"rendered":"Recordings of South Asian Languages and Music in the Lautarchiv <\/em>of the Humboldt\u00ad Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By J\u00fcrgen\u2011K. Mahren\u00adholz<\/strong>
Pub\u00adlished in 2023<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132023-00035<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pho\u00adto: A Vinyl Record<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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This is the cor\u00adre\u00adspond\u00ading Eng\u00adlish ver\u00adsion of the 2020 MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon entry \u201cS\u00fcdasi\u00adatis\u00adche Sprach- und Musikauf\u00adnah\u00admen im Lautarchiv der Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin<\/a>\u201d. The text was orig\u00adi\u00adnal\u00adly pub\u00adlished in \u201cWhen the war began we heard of sev\u00ader\u00adal kings\u201d South Asian Pris\u00adon\u00aders in Worl War I Ger\u00admany<\/em>, edit\u00aded by Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau, and Ravi Ahu\u00adja. New Del\u00adhi: Social Sci\u00adence Press, 2011, pp. 187\u2013206.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table of Con\u00adtents<\/strong>
Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen and the His\u00adto\u00adry of the Lautarchiv<\/em><\/a> | The Phon\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion<\/a>  | Tech\u00adni\u00adcal and Organ\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion\u00adal Real\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion of the Gramo\u00adphone Record\u00adings in the POW<\/span> Camps <\/a> | South Asian Record\u00adings in the Lautarchiv<\/em><\/a>  | Con\u00adclu\u00adsion<\/a>  | End\u00adnotes<\/a> | Bib\u00adli\u00adog\u00adra\u00adphy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This chap\u00adter gives an overview of the sound record\u00adings of South Asian sol\u00addiers and civil\u00adians from the First World War stored in the Lautarchiv<\/em> of the Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin. Pris\u00adon\u00aders of war became \u2018objects\u2019 of lin\u00adguis\u00adtic research when, in 1915, a com\u00admis\u00adsion of researchers received the offi\u00adcial sanc\u00adtion to record the numer\u00adous lan\u00adguages and dialects that were spo\u00adken by the cos\u00admopoli\u00adtan assort\u00adment of \u2018ene\u00admy\u2019 sol\u00addiers and civil\u00adians in Ger\u00admany\u2019s prison camps. The record\u00adings of voic\u00ades, lan\u00adguages, dialects and music of interned sol\u00addiers and civil\u00adians for research pur\u00adpos\u00ades account for a sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant part of the col\u00adlec\u00adtion, but there were also oth\u00ader areas of focus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In terms of scope and his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcance there is no com\u00adpa\u00adra\u00adble col\u00adlec\u00adtion in any Ger\u00adman uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty. This col\u00adlec\u00adtion is the ear\u00adli\u00adest and most com\u00adpre\u00adhen\u00adsive sys\u00adtem\u00adat\u00adic sound archive cre\u00adat\u00aded for doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adtary and sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic pur\u00adpos\u00ades by record\u00ading onto shel\u00adlac disc. It was estab\u00adlished for sci\u00aden\u00adtists by sci\u00aden\u00adtists for the pur\u00adpos\u00ades of teach\u00ading and research. On the one hand, research into pho\u00adnet\u00adics, dialects, com\u00adpar\u00ada\u00adtive lin\u00adguis\u00adtics, and eth\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy were to be fur\u00adthered; on the oth\u00ader, the record\u00adings were to play a sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant role in for\u00adeign lan\u00adguage teach\u00ading. The archive, which was pre\u00adserved after the Sec\u00adond World War though with\u00adout being man\u00adaged or extend\u00aded, has been devel\u00adoped and dig\u00adi\u00adtalised since 1999. A data\u00adbase of the record\u00adings made by the archive on shel\u00adlac disc between 1915\u201344 has been com\u00adplet\u00aded and is avail\u00adable online.[i]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

These sound record\u00adings can only be prop\u00ader\u00adly appre\u00adci\u00adat\u00aded in their respec\u00adtive sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic and his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal con\u00adtext, which, how\u00adev\u00ader, has not been inves\u00adti\u00adgat\u00aded and recon\u00adstruct\u00aded in suf\u00adfi\u00adcient depth as yet. The fol\u00adlow\u00ading does not pre\u00adsume to offer a com\u00adplete pic\u00adture, for this reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wilhelm Doegen and the History of the Lautarchiv<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The his\u00adto\u00adry of the Lautarchiv<\/em> is close\u00adly linked to its founder Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (17.3.1877\u20133.11.1967). Doe\u00adgen was born in Berlin in the same year that Edi\u00adson invent\u00aded the phono\u00adgraph. On fin\u00adish\u00ading high school, he under\u00adwent an appren\u00adtice\u00adship in a bank and then stud\u00adied eco\u00adnom\u00adics and busi\u00adness law. Doe\u00adgen also went unof\u00adfi\u00adcial\u00adly to Eng\u00adlish lec\u00adtures giv\u00aden by Alois Bran\u00addl (1855\u20131940) at the Friedrich-Wil\u00adhelm\u00ads\u00adU\u00adni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t (today Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin). It was Bran\u00addl who encour\u00adaged Doe\u00adgen to study Mod\u00adern Lan\u00adguages. In 1899\u20131900 Doe\u00adgen spent one term at Oxford where he stud\u00adied with Hen\u00adry Sweet (1845\u20131912). Sweet is regard\u00aded as one of the pio\u00adneers of mod\u00adern pho\u00adnet\u00adics, and he played a deci\u00adsive role in the devel\u00adop\u00adment of pho\u00adnet\u00adic tran\u00adscrip\u00adtion with its numer\u00adous spe\u00adcial characters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doe\u00adgen lat\u00ader described the meet\u00ading with Sweet and the latter\u2019s sys\u00adtem of pho\u00adnet\u00adic tran\u00adscrip\u00adtion as a deter\u00admin\u00ading influ\u00adence on his own work. In 1904, Doe\u00adgen qual\u00adi\u00adfied as a teacher of Eng\u00adlish, French and Ger\u00adman. His dis\u00adser\u00adta\u00adtion was on the use of pho\u00adnet\u00adics in the teach\u00ading of Eng\u00adlish to begin\u00adners (Die Ver\u00adwen\u00addung der Phonetik im Englis\u00adchen Anfang\u00adsun\u00adter\u00adricht). With great enthu\u00adsi\u00adasm he pur\u00adsued the use of pho\u00adnet\u00adic tran\u00adscrip\u00adtion in teach\u00ading mate\u00adri\u00adals to be used in con\u00adjunc\u00adtion with texts spo\u00adken onto records.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a teacher at the Bor\u00adsig High School from 1909, Doe\u00adgen com\u00adpiled teach\u00ading mate\u00adri\u00adals run\u00adning to sev\u00ader\u00adal vol\u00adumes in co\u00ad oper\u00ada\u00adtion with the Odeon Record\u00ading Com\u00adpa\u00adny in Berlin. The shel\u00adlac disc was to be used as a new medi\u00adum of teach\u00ading. These mate\u00adri\u00adals were called \u201cDoegen\u2019s teach\u00ading book\u00adlets for the inde\u00adpen\u00addent learn\u00ading of for\u00adeign lan\u00adguages with the help of pho\u00adnet\u00adic tran\u00adscrip\u00adtion and the speech machine\u201d (Doe\u00adgens Unter\u00adricht\u00adshefte f\u00fcr die selb\u00adst\u00e4ndi\u00adge Erler\u00adnung fremder Sprachen mit Hil\u00adfe der Lautschrift und der Sprech\u00admas\u00adchine). In addi\u00adtion to this he pub\u00adlished mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal using native speak\u00aders to read from clas\u00adsi\u00adcal Eng\u00adlish and French literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doe\u00adgen con\u00adtin\u00adued to work close\u00adly with the Min\u00adistry of Sci\u00adence, Art, and Nation\u00adal Edu\u00adca\u00adtion and was sent by this depart\u00adment to the World Expo\u00adsi\u00adtion in Brus\u00adsels in 1910. There he received the sil\u00adver medal for intro\u00adduc\u00ading the record to teach\u00ading and research. A mere two years lat\u00ader, some 1,000 schools and uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adties could be seen using Doegen\u2019s shel\u00adlac discs for lan\u00adguage teach\u00ading. Encour\u00adaged by the suc\u00adcess of his sound record\u00adings, Doe\u00adgen devel\u00adoped ideas for a voice muse\u00adum (Stim\u00admen\u00admu\u00adse\u00adum). In Feb\u00adru\u00adary 1914, he sub\u00admit\u00adted an appli\u00adca\u00adtion to the Pruss\u00adian Min\u00adistry of Sci\u00adence, Art, and Nation\u00adal Edu\u00adca\u00adtion to estab\u00adlish a Roy\u00adal Pruss\u00adian Pho\u00adnet\u00adic Insti\u00adtute (K\u00f6niglich Preu\u00dfis\u00adches Phonetis\u00adches Institut).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1920, Doe\u00adgen became the direc\u00adtor of the Sound Depart\u00adment of the Pruss\u00adian State Library (Lautabteilung an der Preu\u00dfis\u00adchen Staats\u00adbib\u00adlio\u00adthek). Irreg\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adi\u00adties in book-keep\u00ading led to Doe\u00adgen step\u00adping down in July 1930. In Octo\u00adber 1931 he was, how\u00adev\u00ader, able to begin work again but the admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion of the Lautabteilung <\/em>became the respon\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty of the uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty. In the end the Nazi law of 1933 on the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of a loy\u00adal and \u2018Aryan\u2019 \u2018Berufs\u00adbeam\u00adten\u00adtum\u2019 (The Law for the Restora\u00adtion of the Pro\u00adfes\u00adsion\u00adal Civ\u00adil Ser\u00advice) led to Doegen\u2019s dismissal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Phongraphic Commission<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Accord\u00ading to Doegen\u2019s \u201cSug\u00adges\u00adtions for the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of a Roy\u00adal Pruss\u00adian Pho\u00adnet\u00adic Insti\u00adtute\u201d from 1914, the fol\u00adlow\u00ading were to be collected:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  1. Lan\u00adguages from around the world.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. All Ger\u00adman dialects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Music and songs from around the world.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Voic\u00ades of famous people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Oth\u00ader areas of inter\u00adest.[ii]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    The appli\u00adca\u00adtion led to the appoint\u00adment of the Roy\u00adal Pruss\u00adian Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion on 27 Octo\u00adber 1915. Carl Stumpf, psy\u00adchol\u00ado\u00adgist, acousti\u00adcian, and founder of the Phono\u00adgramm-Archiv<\/em> was appoint\u00aded as chair\u00adman of the Com\u00admis\u00adsion.[iii]<\/sup><\/a> Dur\u00ading the ear\u00adly phase of acoustic research Carl Stumpf was regard\u00aded as an indis\u00adputable author\u00adi\u00adty in the field and it is there\u00adfore not sur\u00adpris\u00ading that the min\u00adistry entrust\u00aded him with the lead\u00ader\u00adship of the new initiative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In total, the com\u00admis\u00adsion com\u00adprised thir\u00adty aca\u00add\u00ade\u00admics work\u00ading in the fields of philol\u00ado\u00adgy, anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy and musi\u00adcol\u00ado\u00adgy and includ\u00aded such pres\u00adti\u00adgious schol\u00adars as Otto Dem\u00adp\u00adwolff (Med\u00adi\u00adcine, African Indone\u00adsian and South Seas\u2019 lan\u00adguages), Felix von Luschan (Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy), Friedrich Carl Andreas (Iran\u00adian lan\u00adguages), Alois Bran\u00addl (Eng\u00adlish dialects), Adolf Dirr (Cau\u00adcasian lan\u00adguages), Hel\u00admuth von Glase\u00adnapp (Pun\u00adjabi, Hin\u00addi), August Heisen\u00adberg (Greek), George Sch\u00fcne\u00admann (Musi\u00adcol\u00ado\u00adgy), Hein\u00adrich L\u00fcders (Ben\u00adgali, Paschto, Gurung).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    One of the pur\u00adpos\u00ades of the com\u00admis\u00adsion was to make audio record\u00adings in Ger\u00adman pris\u00adon\u00ader of war camps. Between 29 Decem\u00adber 1915 and 19 Decem\u00adber 1918, the Roy\u00adal Pruss\u00adian Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion record\u00aded 2672 audio-media (gramo\u00adphone-discs and wax\u00ad cylin\u00adders) of approx\u00adi\u00admate\u00adly 250 lan\u00adguages, dialects, and tra\u00addi\u00adtion\u00adal music among the pris\u00adon\u00aders of war of the Ger\u00adman Empire. The mem\u00adbers of the com\u00admis\u00adsion select\u00aded 31 of the exist\u00ading 175 prison camps for the col\u00adlec\u00adtion of their sam\u00adples.[<\/sup><\/a>iv]<\/a><\/sup> Some of these camps were vis\u00adit\u00aded on more than one occa\u00adsion and thus, all in all, the com\u00admis\u00adsion under\u00adtook 49 field trips to prison camps. With the excep\u00adtion of Aus\u00adtria, this form of gath\u00ader\u00ading ethno\u00adgraph\u00adi\u00adcal mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal was unique dur\u00ading World War I. In Ger\u00admany, the activ\u00adi\u00adties of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion were kept secret dur\u00ading the course of the war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Doe\u00adgen him\u00adself was respon\u00adsi\u00adble for the pure\u00adly tech\u00adni\u00adcal pro\u00adduc\u00adtion of the gramo\u00adphone record\u00adings only. Togeth\u00ader with the sub\u00adject experts and a tech\u00adni\u00adcian he made 1650 record\u00adings, of which two thirds were lan\u00adguage record\u00adings and a third music record\u00adings. The last disc (PK<\/span> 1650) was record\u00aded short\u00adly before Christ\u00admas 1918. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The musi\u00adcol\u00ado\u00adgist Georg Sch\u00fcne\u00admann made musi\u00adcal record\u00adings exclu\u00adsive\u00adly with the phono\u00adgraph. He worked most\u00adly on his own and did not make use of the stan\u00addard\u00adised data acqui\u00adsi\u00adtion of the com\u00admis\u00adsion, which is described in the fol\u00adlow\u00ading pas\u00adsage. His col\u00adlec\u00adtion con\u00adsists of 1022 wax cylin\u00adders which are today kept in the Phono\u00adgramm-Archiv<\/em>.[v]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"The
    Fig.1:<\/strong> <\/em>Gramo\u00adphone record\u00adings being made by Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen and the Eng\u00adlish philol\u00ado\u00adgist Alois Bran\u00addl in the Wahn Camp in Octo\u00adber 1916.Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Depart\u00adment of Musi\u00adcol\u00ado\u00adgy and Media stud\u00adies, Lautarchiv (with the kind per\u00admis\u00adsion of Har\u00adro Broedler).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    In the con\u00adfu\u00adsion of the Novem\u00adber Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion of 1918, Doe\u00adgen obtained per\u00adson\u00adal con\u00adtrol of the gramo\u00adphone record\u00adings through the Min\u00adistry of Edu\u00adca\u00adtion and estab\u00adlished this col\u00adlec\u00adtion as the basis of the Sound Depart\u00adment of the Pruss\u00adian State Library (Lautabteilung an der Preu\u00dfis\u00adchen Staats\u00adbib\u00adlio\u00adthek), found\u00aded on 1 April 1920.[vi]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

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    \"In
    Fig. 2:<\/strong> Carl Stumpf (right) and Georg Sch\u00fcne\u00admann (cen\u00adtre) record a Tatar\u00adi\u00adan musi\u00adcian with a phono\u00adgraph. (The record\u00ading is archived in the Berlin Phono\u00adgramm-Archiv under the sig\u00adna\u00adture \u2018Phon. Komm. 34\u2019, Camp Frank\u00adfurt a. d. O., 1916.) Pho\u00adtog\u00adra\u00adphy: W. Doe\u00adgen, 1925 pho\u00adto\u00adgraph oppo\u00adsite page 144.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    The Chair\u00adman of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion, Carl Stumpf, was not informed of this devel\u00adop\u00adment and react\u00aded angri\u00adly,[vii]<\/sup><\/a> because as far as he was con\u00adcerned the col\u00adlec\u00adtion was to be retained by the Min\u00adistry of Edu\u00adca\u00adtion as a whole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Instead, with the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of the Lautabteilung<\/em> (Sound Depart\u00adment) the col\u00adlec\u00adtion of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion was divid\u00aded accord\u00ading to the record\u00ading medi\u00adum (shel\u00adlac in the Lautabteilung<\/em>, wax cylin\u00adders in the Phono\u00adgramm-Archiv<\/em>) and these have been kept at two dif\u00adfer\u00adent loca\u00adtions ever since.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In addi\u00adtion to the gramo\u00adphone record\u00adings of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion, the Lautabteilung<\/em> also kept record\u00adings of famous indi\u00advid\u00adu\u00adals, a voice col\u00adlec\u00adtion, which was begun by Doe\u00adgen in 1917. These record\u00adings were made with finan\u00adcial sup\u00adport giv\u00aden by the chem\u00adistry pro\u00adfes\u00adsor Dr Lud\u00adwig Darm\u00adstaedter. Accord\u00ading to the con\u00adtract of dona\u00adtion, the pur\u00adpose of this col\u00adlec\u00adtion was: \u201cStim\u00admen von solchen Per\u00ads\u00f6n\u00adlichkeit\u00aden aufzube\u00adwahren, an deren Erhal\u00adtung f\u00fcr die Nach\u00adwelt ein his\u00adtorisches Inter\u00adesse vor\u00adliegt\u201d (To retain the voic\u00ades of impor\u00adtant per\u00adson\u00adal\u00adi\u00adties that are of his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal inter\u00adest of future gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtions).[viii]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cPer\u00adson\u00adal\u00adi\u00adties\u201d, here, relates in par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar to politi\u00adcians, sci\u00aden\u00adtists and artists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    These record\u00adings were intend\u00aded to sup\u00adple\u00adment the Lud\u00adwig Darm\u00adstaedter col\u00adlec\u00adtion of auto\u00adgraphs for the his\u00adto\u00adry of sci\u00adence, which Darm\u00adstaedter had donat\u00aded to the Roy\u00adal Library (K\u00f6nigliche Bib\u00adlio\u00adthek) ten years ear\u00adli\u00ader.[ix]<\/sup><\/a> As hon\u00adorary cura\u00adtor of this col\u00adlec\u00adtion Doe\u00adgen had to accept the deci\u00adsions made by a cura\u00adtor\u00adship on new record\u00adings. The records of this col\u00adlec\u00adtion of voic\u00ades car\u00adry the sig\u00adna\u00adture \u201cAut\u201d (Autophon). The first offi\u00adcial record\u00ading with the sig\u00adna\u00adture \u201cAut 1\u201d was the speech of the Ger\u00adman Kaiser Wil\u00adhelm II<\/span> with the title \u201cAufruf an mein Volk\u201d (Appeal to my Peo\u00adple) record\u00aded on 10 Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1918 in the Schlo\u00df Belle\u00advue. This speech was orig\u00adi\u00adnal\u00adly held in August 1914. A typ\u00adi\u00adcal sign of the \u201cAut\u201d sig\u00adna\u00adto\u00adry series is that every record\u00ading is made up of pas\u00adsages tak\u00aden from famous speech\u00ades or lec\u00adtures already giv\u00aden. The time lapse between a speech being held and it being record\u00aded ranged from only a few days to four years. A fur\u00adther char\u00adac\u00adter\u00adis\u00adtic of this \u201cAut\u201d sig\u00adna\u00adto\u00adry is that the speak\u00ader signed the wax matrix after the suc\u00adcess\u00adful recording.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Spe\u00adcial sta\u00adtus was giv\u00aden to the record \u201cAut 0\u201d used only with\u00adin the col\u00adlec\u00adtion. This par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar record\u00ading which con\u00adtains the voic\u00ades of both Doe\u00adgen and Darm\u00adstaedter appears in none of the doc\u00adu\u00adments in the archive and was only dis\u00adcov\u00adered among the 7500 records dur\u00ading a review of the con\u00adtents of the col\u00adlec\u00adtion. In this record\u00ading Doe\u00adgen and Darm\u00adstaedter set out their rea\u00adsons for build\u00ading the col\u00adlec\u00adtion and also dis\u00adcuss the finan\u00adcial sup\u00adport giv\u00aden. The \u201cAut\u201d sig\u00adna\u00adto\u00adry was dis\u00adcon\u00adtin\u00adued in 1924 because Darm\u00adstaedter with\u00addrew his finan\u00adcial support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    When Doe\u00adgen became direc\u00adtor of the Lautabteilung<\/em> in 1920 he remained account\u00adable to the Sound Com\u00admis\u00adsion (Lautkomis\u00adsion) which, just like the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion, decid\u00aded on what record\u00adings were to be made, and it was made up, in part, of the same group of peo\u00adple. As direc\u00adtor of the col\u00adlec\u00adtion Doe\u00adgen was respon\u00adsi\u00adble for the tech\u00adni\u00adcal real\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion, con\u00adser\u00adva\u00adtion, and eval\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion of the col\u00adlec\u00adtion, as well as mak\u00ading it avail\u00adable to the public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The record\u00adings of the Lautabteilung<\/em> were giv\u00aden the sig\u00adna\u00adture LA<\/span>. The range of themes cov\u00adered in the col\u00adlec\u00adtion was great\u00adly extend\u00aded. Apart from \u201cLan\u00adguages and Music from around the World\u201d (Sprache und Musik s\u00e4mtlich\u00ader V\u00f6lk\u00ader) the doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion of Ger\u00adman dialects became a mat\u00adter of inter\u00adest. Record\u00adings of the 40 Wenker Sen\u00adtences (40 Wenker\u00adsche S\u00e4tze) for the Ger\u00adman lan\u00adguage atlas were made with the help of Fer\u00addi\u00adnand Wrede from Mar\u00adburg. Along with the var\u00adi\u00adous record\u00ading expe\u00addi\u00adtions under\u00adtak\u00aden with\u00adin Ger\u00admany there were also expe\u00addi\u00adtions to Switzer\u00adland, to Ire\u00adland and to Latvia. The area of record\u00ading, \u201cFamous Peo\u00adple\u201d, of the \u201cAut\u201d sig\u00adna\u00adture was car\u00adried on in the LA<\/span> sig\u00adna\u00adture after Darm\u00adstaedter end\u00aded his involve\u00adment but this time it was devel\u00adoped under the title \u201cPeo\u00adple of Pub\u00adlic Inter\u00adest\u201d. The voic\u00ades of peo\u00adple includ\u00aded in the col\u00adlec\u00adtion ranged from those involved in tech\u00adni\u00adcal inno\u00adva\u00adtions to pio\u00adneers of aviation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In 1925 ani\u00admal nois\u00ades were record\u00aded in co-oper\u00ada\u00adtion with the Kro\u00adne cir\u00adcus. As well as the record\u00adings of wild ani\u00admals such as ele\u00adphants, sea lions and tigers, the North Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Indi\u00adans who were made to put on a show by the Kro\u00adne cir\u00adcus in the same year were brought in front of the record\u00ading trum\u00adpet. By record\u00ading the chiefs of the Iowa and Cheyenne sound doc\u00adu\u00adments of the Sioux and Algo\u00adnquin lan\u00adguages were added to the collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    When the African\u00adist and pho\u00adneti\u00adcian Diedrich West\u00ader\u00admann took over the run\u00adning of the Lautabteilung<\/em> after Doegen\u2019s dis\u00admissal in 1933, it became a teach\u00ading and research insti\u00adtu\u00adtion for pho\u00adnet\u00adics and was inte\u00adgrat\u00aded into the uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty[x]<\/sup><\/a> as the Insti\u00adtute for Sound Research (Insti\u00adtut f\u00fcr Laut\u00adforschung). In 1935, it was divid\u00aded into depart\u00adments for lin\u00adguis\u00adtics, music, and a pho\u00adnet\u00adic lab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adto\u00adry. An aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic spe\u00adcial\u00adist was respon\u00adsi\u00adble for each depart\u00adment.[xi]<\/sup><\/a> The archive remained in this form until 1944.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Dur\u00ading the Sec\u00adond World War sound record\u00adings were made of pris\u00adon\u00aders of war both in Ger\u00admany and in camps in France between 1939 and 1941. In France there was par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar empha\u00adsis on record\u00adings of African lan\u00adguages. This work is not com\u00adpa\u00adra\u00adble with that of Carl Stumpf dur\u00ading the First World War either in terms of the extent or its content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    After 1945 the Insti\u00adtute for Sound Research was sub\u00adject to much restruc\u00adtur\u00ading until it lost its inde\u00adpen\u00addence in the Sec\u00adond High\u00ader Edu\u00adca\u00adtion Reform of 1969, and was inte\u00adgrat\u00aded into the sec\u00adtion Reha\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion Ped\u00ada\u00adgogy and Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adtion Stud\u00adies (Reha\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adta\u00adtion\u00adsp\u00e4d\u00ada\u00adgogik und Kom\u00admu\u00adnika\u00adtion\u00adswis\u00adsenschaft) as the Depart\u00adment for Pho\u00adnet\u00adics and Sci\u00adence of Lan\u00adguage (Abteilung Phonetik\/ Sprech\u00adwis\u00adsenschaft). Here, the Lautarchiv<\/em> held a mar\u00adgin\u00adal posi\u00adtion at best while the col\u00adlec\u00adtion of mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal had come to a stand\u00adstill con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00adably ear\u00adli\u00ader. In 1981 it was to be dis\u00adposed of alto\u00adgeth\u00ader. But the eth\u00adno\u00admu\u00adsi\u00adcol\u00ado\u00adgist J\u00fcr\u00adgen Elsner recog\u00adnised the great val\u00adue of the (for the most part neglect\u00aded) col\u00adlec\u00adtion and took steps to ensure that the col\u00adlec\u00adtion was secured in lock\u00ading rooms in the Depart\u00adment of Musi\u00adcol\u00ado\u00adgy (Musik\u00adwis\u00adsenschaftlich\u00ades Sem\u00adi\u00adnar). A first com\u00adpre\u00adhen\u00adsive report on the col\u00adlec\u00adtion was pub\u00adlished in 1996 by Dieter Mehn\u00adert who looked after the col\u00adlec\u00adtion in the 1990s.[xii]<\/sup><\/a> Today this col\u00adlec\u00adtion is known as the Lautarchiv<\/em> and is still locat\u00aded at the Depart\u00adment of Musi\u00adcol\u00ado\u00adgy and Media Stud\u00adies at the Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t in Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Technical and Organisational Realisation of the Gramophone Recordings in the POW<\/span> Camps<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    The gramo\u00adphone record\u00adings under the super\u00advi\u00adsion of Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen were realised in the fol\u00adlow\u00ading man\u00adner: First the mem\u00adbers of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion took account of the lan\u00adguages spo\u00adken by the pris\u00adon\u00aders in each camp since the lists they obtained from the camp com\u00adman\u00adders before\u00adhand were not always accu\u00adrate. The Com\u00admis\u00adsion and\/or the lan\u00adguage expert then decid\u00aded who was to be record\u00aded. Before each record\u00ading a so-called per\u00adson\u00adal ques\u00adtion\u00adnaire (Per\u00adson\u00adal\u00adbo\u00adgen) had to be completed.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"A
    Fig. 3:<\/strong> The per\u00adson\u00adal ques\u00adtion\u00adnaire (Per\u00adson\u00adal\u00adbo\u00adgen<\/em>) of pris\u00adon\u00ader Sib Singh from the Pun\u00adjab, Lautarchiv der Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin [LA-HUB<\/span>, PK<\/span> 610].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Apart from doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00ading the record\u00ading, the ques\u00adtion\u00adnaire gave detailed infor\u00adma\u00adtion about the prove\u00adnance of the speak\u00ader as well as his lin\u00adguis\u00adtic her\u00aditage and con\u00adtained ques\u00adtions regard\u00ading the social back\u00adground of the speak\u00ader. Fur\u00adther\u00admore, no record\u00ading could be made before the text was writ\u00adten down in the hand\u00adwrit\u00ading style or type\u00adface nor\u00admal\u00adly used for the speaker\u2019s lan\u00adguage. Since speak\u00aders and singers did not always stick to the agreed text, new tran\u00adscrip\u00adtions had at times to be made once the shel\u00adlac discs had been pro\u00adduced. Tran\u00adscrip\u00adtions of music were only made after press\u00ading the records.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The themes of the record\u00adings are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Word groups of rel\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly unknown lan\u00adguages and con\u00adtain\u00ading words which are eas\u00adi\u00adly con\u00adfused were record\u00aded for use in dictionaries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Fairy tales, sto\u00adries and anecdotes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Pris\u00adon\u00aders of war, in par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar from Great Britain and France, but also from oth\u00ader Euro\u00adpean coun\u00adtries, read the Para\u00adble of the Prodi\u00adgal Son (Luke XV<\/span>, 11 ff.) in their own dialects. In this way dialects of all Eng\u00adlish coun\u00adties were doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00aded and could be com\u00adpared with each other.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. The major\u00adi\u00adty of the music record\u00adings are vocal, only a few record\u00adings are pure\u00adly instru\u00admen\u00adtal. About two thirds of the record\u00adings are spo\u00adken and about one third is music.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      The activ\u00adi\u00adties of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion did not only extend to acoustic record\u00adings. Apart from sim\u00adply tran\u00adscrib\u00ading the record\u00aded texts, so-called palatograms were made by the den\u00adtist Alfred Doe\u00adgen, a broth\u00ader of Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen, in order to detail the exact tongue posi\u00adtion, made more com\u00adpli\u00adcat\u00aded by vari\u00ada\u00adtion in accent. X\u00adray pho\u00adtographs of the lar\u00adynx were made to enable sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic research into spe\u00adcif\u00adic speech sounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      The eth\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgist and cura\u00adtor of the Berlin Eth\u00adno\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal Muse\u00adum, Felix von Luschan, under\u00adtook anthro\u00adpo\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal stud\u00adies and made mea\u00adsure\u00adments of the pris\u00adon\u00aders.[xiii]<\/sup><\/a> A pho\u00adtog\u00adra\u00adph\u00ader took pic\u00adtures of near\u00adly every speak\u00ader and singer. About 50 of these pho\u00adtos sur\u00advived in the archive. Not all of them can be assigned defin\u00adi\u00adtive\u00adly to a record\u00ading. The pho\u00adtos show a per\u00adson from the front and in pro\u00adfile in keep\u00ading with the con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adrary eth\u00adno\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      There is a con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00adable num\u00adber of African and Asian lan\u00adguage and music record\u00adings as well as sam\u00adples of speech tak\u00aden from East and West Euro\u00adpean lan\u00adguages. These are among the ear\u00adli\u00adest sound record\u00adings of this type. Because of their ortho\u00adgraph\u00adic and pho\u00adnet\u00adic tran\u00adscrip\u00adtions, accom\u00adpa\u00adnied by Ger\u00adman trans\u00adla\u00adtions, these record\u00adings were, by con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adne\u00adous stan\u00addards, excel\u00adlent\u00adly doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00aded and are there\u00adfore invalu\u00adable for cur\u00adrent research projects. So, for exam\u00adple, accom\u00adpa\u00adny\u00ading one disc which runs for three and a half min\u00adutes there are 35 pages of writ\u00adten documentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      South Asian Recordings in the Lautarchiv<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      Sound record\u00adings from the fol\u00adlow\u00ading present-day states can be found in the archive: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pak\u00adistan. With\u00adout excep\u00adtion all record\u00adings were made using pris\u00adon\u00aders of war from the First World War as speak\u00aders and singers from the for\u00admer ter\u00adri\u00adto\u00adries of British India and Nepal. Most of these pris\u00adon\u00aders were held in the \u2018Half\u00admoon Camp\u2019 in W\u00fcns\u00addorf near Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      With eleven trips, W\u00fcns\u00addorf was the most fre\u00adquent\u00adly vis\u00adit\u00aded camp, also known as \u2018Half\u00admoon Camp\u2019 (Halb\u00admond\u00adlager) due to the large num\u00adber of Mus\u00adlim pris\u00adon\u00aders interned here.[xiv]<\/sup><\/a> Sit\u00adu\u00adat\u00aded mere\u00adly 40 kilo\u00adme\u00adtres south of Berlin, W\u00fcns\u00addorf was espe\u00adcial\u00adly inter\u00adest\u00ading for the researchers due to its rich diver\u00adsi\u00adty of cul\u00adtures, many of which were asso\u00adci\u00adat\u00aded with the colo\u00adnial pow\u00aders of Eng\u00adland and France. About 65 idioms were clas\u00adsi\u00adfied by the mem\u00adbers of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion. South Asian Lan\u00adguages spo\u00adken and record\u00aded by the interned sol\u00addiers were:[xv]<\/sup><\/a> Hindi\/Hindustani\/Urdu, Pun\u00adjabi, Bengali\/Sylheti, Garhwali, Old-Hin\u00addi, Baluchi, Pash\u00adto, Khasi, Lim\u00adbu, Nepali, Mag\u00ada\u00adri, Gurung, Rai.Other lan\u00adguages includ\u00aded Eng\u00adlish (Nepal, Great Britain), Viet\u00adnamese (Viet\u00adnam), Baule (Ivory Coast), Dahome\u00aden, Bari\u00adba (Benin), Bobo, (Burk\u00adi\u00adna Faso), Mosi, Samogo (Buk\u00adi\u00adna Faso, Mali),Wolof, Pulaar (Sene\u00adgal), Ful (Mali, Sudan, Sene\u00adgal, Guinea), Kasonke (Mali), Zarma (Mali, Nige\u00adria), Kwa (Togo), Kru (Liberia), Malin\u00adka, Toma (Guinea), Soso (Sier\u00adra Leone, Guinea), Ban\u00adtu, Swahili, Mwali, Ngazid\u00adja, Ndzwani (Comoros), Soma\u00adli (Soma\u00adlia), Bam\u00adbara (Sudan, Mali, Sene\u00adgal), Man\u00addara, Kanuri (Sudan), Haus\u00adsa (Sudan, Mali), Yoru\u00adba (Nige\u00adria), Anyin (Ghana), Ara\u00adbic, (Alge\u00adria, Tunisia, Moroc\u00adco, Russ\u00adian Fed\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion), Berber (Alge\u00adria, Moroc\u00adco), Kabyle (Alge\u00adrien), Bet\u00adsileo, Bet\u00adsimis\u00adara\u00adka, Bezanozano, Meri\u00adna, Sakalave, Syanaka,Taisaka, Tanosy (Mada\u00adgas\u00adcar), Mal\u00adtese (Mal\u00adta), Tatar, Avar, Bashkir, Udmurt (Russ\u00adian Fed\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion), Kirghiz (Kyr\u00adgyzs\u00adtan), New Cale\u00addon\u00adian (New Caledonia).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Adja\u00adcent to the Half\u00admoon Camp in W\u00fcns\u00addorf was the Wein\u00adberg Camp in Zossen. Here, Mus\u00adlim sol\u00addiers from Rus\u00adsia (Tatars) were interned. In the ini\u00adtial phase of the record\u00ading work only sev\u00aden discs were made of Tatar songs. Oth\u00ader\u00adwise, all the record\u00adings of Russ\u00adian Mus\u00adlims held in the Wein\u00adberg camp were made in the Half\u00admoon Camp. Both camps were set up to encour\u00adage the inmates to defect to the Ger\u00adman side using care\u00adful\u00adly tar\u00adget\u00aded pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda.[xvi]<\/sup><\/a> We can assume that there was con\u00adstant exchange of pris\u00adon\u00aders between the two camps for the record\u00ading. For instance, the Mohammedan Call to Prayer (Gebet\u00adsruf der Mohammedan\u00ader) record\u00aded in Ara\u00adbic in the W\u00fcns\u00addorf camp was that of a Tatar from Tobol\u00adsk who was held pris\u00adon\u00ader in the Wein\u00adberg camp.[xvii]<\/sup><\/a> In the Half\u00admoon Camp there was also a mosque with a minaret from which the muezzin could have called peo\u00adple to prayer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      About half of the mem\u00adbers of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion vis\u00adit\u00aded the Half\u00admoon Camp to make sound record\u00adings. They filled 482 discs with 765 indi\u00advid\u00adual record\u00adings, which accounts for approx\u00adi\u00admate\u00adly 30 per cent of all record\u00adings in the archive made under the aus\u00adpices of Doe\u00adgen. Also rel\u00ade\u00advant to the South Asian record\u00adings is the work direct\u00aded by com\u00admis\u00adsion mem\u00adbers Hein\u00adrich L\u00fcders, Friedrich Carl Andreas, Hel\u00admuth von Glase\u00adnapp, Alois Bran\u00addl and Josef Horovitz. This part of the col\u00adlec\u00adtion com\u00adpris\u00ades 282 titles on 193 shel\u00adlac discs. These record\u00adings will be exam\u00adined in more detail in the fol\u00adlow\u00ading para\u00adgraph. For the most part ortho\u00adgraph\u00adic tran\u00adscrip\u00adtions are avail\u00adable in Devana\u00adgari for all titles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Most record\u00adings were made by the Indi\u00adan and Ori\u00aden\u00adtal schol\u00adar Hein\u00adrich L\u00fcders (1869\u20131943)[xvi\u00adii]<\/sup><\/a> with 150 indi\u00advid\u00adual record\u00adings on 98 discs. Most of these (70 titles) are in Nepalese. lt is note\u00adwor\u00adthy that along with many Nepalese sto\u00adries, L\u00fcders also record\u00aded songs. In the oth\u00ader lan\u00adguages, which he recorded\u2014Gurung (23),[xix]<\/sup><\/a> Khasi (17), Ben\u00adgali (13)\u2014it is most\u00adly sto\u00adries which are doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00aded, but there also neu\u00adtral exem\u00adplars such as the alpha\u00adbet and lan\u00adguage sam\u00adples. In the Gurung sam\u00adples L\u00fcders did not keep to the sequence of tran\u00adscrib\u00ading the texts and record\u00ading them for he wrote in a note attached to the trans\u00adla\u00adtion of discs PK<\/span> 636 and 637:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n

      These exam\u00adples have been record\u00aded in a Hin\u00addi dialect, but it is not clear in which. Giv\u00aden the inac\u00adcu\u00adrate orthog\u00adra\u00adphy and the pho\u00adnet\u00adic tran\u00adscrip\u00adtion which puts down in writ\u00ading what is heard, it was no more pos\u00adsi\u00adble for two edu\u00adcat\u00aded Indi\u00adans, whom I con\u00adsult\u00aded, than it was for me to arrive at a com\u00adplete trans\u00adla\u00adtion.[xx]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

      With the excep\u00adtion of mil\u00adi\u00adtary com\u00admands (record\u00aded by Bran\u00addl), the only record\u00ading of a South Asian POW<\/span> in Eng\u00adlish camp can be found among the lan\u00adguage record\u00adings made by L\u00fcders.[xxi]<\/sup><\/a> Disc num\u00adber PK<\/span> 271 is a voice record\u00ading of Gan\u00adga Ram, a Pris\u00adon\u00ader of War from Nepal. What is unusu\u00adal about this disc is that he does not speak in his moth\u00ader tongue, Khasi, but relates the sto\u00adry of the Prodi\u00adgal Son which has noth\u00ading to do with his own reli\u00adgious back\u00adground as a Hindu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Hel\u00admuth von Glase\u00adnapp (1891\u20131963),[xxii]<\/sup><\/a> a schol\u00adar of reli\u00adgion and Indi\u00adan stud\u00adies who worked for the pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda wing of the over\u00adseas agency Infor\u00adma\u00adtion Bureau for the Ori\u00adent (Nachricht\u00aden\u00adstelle f\u00fcr den Ori\u00adent), made 56 discs with 86 titles. He focussed on the lan\u00adguages Pun\u00adjabi (34), Hin\u00addi (49), Old Hin\u00addi (2) and Garhwali (1) and his work is dom\u00adi\u00adnat\u00aded by songs more than sto\u00adries or poems. The Ori\u00aden\u00adtal\u00adist Josef Horovitz (1874\u20131931)[xxi\u00adii]<\/sup><\/a> was respon\u00adsi\u00adble for 22 discs com\u00adpris\u00ading 26 record\u00adings. His record\u00adings of Hin\u00addus\u00adtani (21) and Belutschi (5) con\u00adsist main\u00adly of stories\u2014especially fairy tales and anec\u00addotes. Nine of 16 record\u00adings made by the Ori\u00aden\u00adtal\u00adist and Iran schol\u00adar Friedrich Carl Andreas (1846\u20131930)[xxiv]<\/sup><\/a> are record\u00adings of Pash\u00adto songs on shel\u00adlac discs. Com\u00adic songs make up a sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant part of his list of record\u00adings. Alois Bran\u00addl,[xxv]<\/sup><\/a> philol\u00ado\u00adgist and Pro\u00adfes\u00adsor for Eng\u00adlish at Berlin Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty made only four record\u00adings of Indi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders of war on four discs. His oth\u00ader 260 titles made for the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion are of acoustic sig\u00adnals with a bugle and Eng\u00adlish mil\u00adi\u00adtary com\u00admands. At this point it is also nec\u00ades\u00adsary to men\u00adtion the record\u00adings of Georg Sch\u00fcne\u00admann. On his list of record\u00adings from the pris\u00adon\u00ader of war camps the fol\u00adlow\u00ading can be found: 16 Ghurkha, four Sikh, sev\u00aden Thalor and one Hin\u00addus\u00adtani.[xxvi]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      The con\u00adtent of even the strangest of these record\u00adings is not\u00aded in neu\u00adtral terms by the com\u00admis\u00adsion. One of the four Pun\u00adjabi sto\u00adries record\u00aded by Glase\u00adnapp is direct\u00adly relat\u00aded to a wish on the part of the pris\u00adon\u00aders relat\u00ading to the camp and the reli\u00adgious atti\u00adtude of the Sikhs. Tue disc num\u00adbered PK<\/span> 676 was made by Sun\u00addar Singh on 5 Jan\u00adu\u00adary 1917 under the gen\u00ader\u00adal title \u201cSto\u00adry\u201d (Erz\u00e4h\u00adlung). In order to crit\u00adi\u00adcise the atti\u00adtude of the camp author\u00adi\u00adties to the reli\u00adgious sen\u00adsi\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adties of the Sikhs, he prais\u00ades the liv\u00ading con\u00addi\u00adtions in the camp in an exag\u00adger\u00adat\u00aded way:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n

      Om, by the grace of the true guru (or: the Granth). The guru has looked upon us with great benev\u00ado\u00adlence for he has revealed him\u00adself in this strange land and in this cap\u00adtiv\u00adi\u00adty and in this very prison. We are so hap\u00adpy that we feel blessed. To us, there can be no bliss greater than this, it is greater even than the bliss of peace. Due to this the reli\u00adgious assem\u00adblage has suc\u00adceed\u00aded. We regard the Granth Sahib as the like\u00adness of the tenth Guru and high\u00adly ven\u00ader\u00adate it. If any\u00adbody should not ven\u00ader\u00adate it or should not be will\u00ading to ven\u00ader\u00adate it then each and every Singh would be pre\u00adpared to sac\u00adri\u00adfice his life at this place or he would not suf\u00adfer to have it [the Granth] dis\u00adhon\u00adoured. So far our Guru Saheb [i.e. the Granth] has not received a blan\u00adket. If we had been in India and our Guru Sahib had gone with\u00adout a blan\u00adket, we would not have tak\u00aden any food. We have tried a lot but our Guru Sahib has not received a blan\u00adket yet. If we were not to take any food in this place we would per\u00adish very quick\u00adly because we have no strength left in our bod\u00adies for you know that these (peo\u00adple) do not receive food like they do in India. There\u00adfore, we can\u00adnot give up tak\u00ading food. That the Eng\u00adlish have sent us our Guru Granth Sahib\u2014of what avail is that? Think about this your\u00adself and swift\u00adly fur\u00adnish us with a reply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      When we see the denizens of Ger\u00admany we feel very hap\u00adpy, but we believe that the Ger\u00admans do not think of us as we do of them. If the Ger\u00admans thought of us like this, they would hon\u00adour the house [i.e. the tem\u00adple] of our guru [i.e. the Granth].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      PS<\/span>: Refers to the desire of the pris\u00adon\u00aders to obtain a blan\u00adket for their holy book, the \u2018Granth\u2019.[xxvii]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

      Crit\u00adi\u00adcism on the sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion in the camp was not always passed so open\u00adly. The dif\u00adfi\u00adcult life of the pris\u00adon\u00ader also finds expres\u00adsion in the form of fables, fairy tales or anec\u00addotes. The fol\u00adlow\u00ading exam\u00adple, also record\u00aded by Glase\u00adnapp can be inter\u00adpret\u00aded in this way:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n

      A peas\u00adant was friends with a tiger. The friend\u00adship between them was very great. One day the tiger came to the house of the peas\u00adant. The wife of the peas\u00adant said: \u2018You have made friends with jack\u00adals, wolves and tigers, don\u2019t you have any shame? Since the tiger has been com\u00ading to our house, there is a stench in the house.\u2019 When the tiger heard this, he was enraged and left the house. The peas\u00adant left with him. The tiger said to the peas\u00adant: \u2018You are only my friend if you strike at my head with an axe.\u2019 On hear\u00ading this, the peas\u00adant com\u00adplied with his wish and struck with the axe, then the tiger aban\u00addoned him. When, after one year, the tiger met the peas\u00adant again, the tiger said: \u2018Now look at the wound of the axe with which you have struck at my head.\u2019 When the peas\u00adant looked for the wound, no wound was there. The tiger said: \u2018The wound caused by the axe has van\u00adished, but what your wife has said that is a wound I will car\u00adry for the rest of my life. Now the friend\u00adship between us is at an end.\u2019 Take a good look, my friend, this address even an ani\u00admal has not for\u00adgot\u00adten, how could a man for\u00adget the like?[xxvi\u00adii]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

      Regard\u00adless of whether the record\u00ading is of a tra\u00addi\u00adtion\u00adal sto\u00adry or one which has its ori\u00adgin in the camp, the real issue is that the con\u00adtext always remains that of a pris\u00adon\u00ader of war camp. If we accept this as a basis for our inter\u00adpre\u00adta\u00adtion, Ish\u00admer Singh, here\u00adin the role of the tiger, can be seen to give expres\u00adsion to wounds he received in the war and as a pris\u00adon\u00ader which are not vis\u00adi\u00adble on the surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      The palatogram and X\u2011ray images men\u00adtioned ear\u00adli\u00ader were not the only pieces of research in the area of phys\u00adi\u00adcal anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy. The pris\u00adon\u00aders of the Half\u00admoon Camp were often the sub\u00adjects of anthro\u00adpo\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal exam\u00adi\u00adna\u00adtions. On the invi\u00adta\u00adtion of Felix von Luschan (Roy\u00adal Eth\u00adno\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal Muse\u00adum in Berlin and Pro\u00adfes\u00adsor of Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy at Berlin Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty) the Aus\u00adtri\u00adan Rudolf P\u00f6ch and his assis\u00adtant Josef Weninger car\u00adried out exam\u00adi\u00adna\u00adtions of West African pris\u00adon\u00aders which were only pub\u00adlished in 1927 in Vien\u00adna.[xxix]<\/sup><\/a> P\u00f6ch also car\u00adried out much wider research on Aus\u00adtri\u00adan and Hun\u00adgar\u00adi\u00adan pris\u00adon\u00aders of war which should be con\u00adsid\u00adered in con\u00adjunc\u00adtion with the data from the Half\u00admoon Camp. Egon von Eick\u00adst\u00adedt, a pupil of Luschan, made head mea\u00adsure\u00adments of Sikhs and tried to estab\u00adlish a topol\u00ado\u00adgy, but his exper\u00adi\u00adment failed.[xxx]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      lt is note\u00adwor\u00adthy that the doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion pro\u00advid\u00aded by the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion in no way attempt\u00aded to con\u00advey any\u00adthing of the indi\u00advid\u00adu\u00adal\u00adi\u00adty of each per\u00adson. The per\u00adson\u00adal record cards tell us noth\u00ading about the fam\u00adi\u00adly back\u00adground of the pris\u00adon\u00ader, nor the cir\u00adcum\u00adstances in which he came to be involved in the war. The per\u00adson\u00adal\u00adi\u00adty of each pris\u00adon\u00ader was only used to place them in a socio cul\u00adtur\u00adal matrix. The pur\u00adpose of the per\u00adson\u00adal details was to allow the pris\u00adon\u00ader to be grouped accord\u00ading to eth\u00adnic\u00adi\u00adty and lan\u00adguage. Any infor\u00adma\u00adtion beyond this was of no inter\u00adest to the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion. It was not seen as an omis\u00adsion that the record\u00adings were made with\u00adout a cul\u00adtur\u00adal con\u00adtext. This weak\u00adness in the strat\u00ade\u00adgy used for col\u00adlect\u00ading data can be linked to the polit\u00adi\u00adcal sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion at that time. By way of their doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00ading of lan\u00adguages and styles of music, the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion sought to meet the demands made on them by a colo\u00adnial pow\u00ader. In this way the glob\u00adal cul\u00adtur\u00adal inter\u00adests of Ger\u00admany and their claims as a colo\u00adnial pow\u00ader could be rein\u00adforced. Doe\u00adgen was not only pur\u00adsu\u00ading a per\u00adson\u00adal inter\u00adest in cre\u00adat\u00ading a sound record\u00ading archive; he was also keep\u00ading an eye on oth\u00ader more com\u00admer\u00adcial pur\u00adpos\u00ades. For exam\u00adple, the record\u00adings were to be used for train\u00ading colo\u00adnial offi\u00adcials in the lan\u00adguages of the colonies envi\u00adsioned as of strate\u00adgic impor\u00adtance after a suc\u00adcess\u00adful con\u00adclu\u00adsion of the First World War from the point of view of the Ger\u00adman Empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      As a gen\u00ader\u00adal rule, the note\u00adbooks accom\u00adpa\u00adny\u00ading the shel\u00adlac discs of the sound record\u00ading archive in which the pho\u00adnet\u00adic and ortho\u00adgraph\u00adic tran\u00adscrip\u00adtion of the con\u00adtents of each disc held in print\u00aded form give no details about the per\u00adson\u00adal life of the pris\u00adon\u00ader because of the nature of the per\u00adson\u00adal infor\u00adma\u00adtion giv\u00aden. These books do not give the read\u00ader any sense that the record\u00adings were made in pris\u00adon\u00ader of war camps.[xxxi]<\/sup><\/a> Nor is there a note\u00adbook accom\u00adpa\u00adny\u00ading the South Asian record\u00adings for only a small num\u00adber of these discs must have been sold. The researchers did not use the South Asian mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal for their publications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      These exam\u00adples should demon\u00adstrate the type of absence of infor\u00adma\u00adtion in the archive. On the oth\u00ader hand, there is no oth\u00ader his\u00adtor\u00adi\u00adcal sound archive of that sta\u00adtus. And even if the infor\u00adma\u00adtion is not com\u00adplete at least the Lautarchiv<\/em> pro\u00advides a base that allows us to con\u00adtin\u00adue search\u00ading for descen\u00addants and fur\u00adther infor\u00adma\u00adtion. There\u00adfore research in this archive can help in shift\u00ading the focus away from see\u00ading the war through the lens of inter\u00adac\u00adtions among states and towards indi\u00advid\u00adual trajectories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      In 1925 Alois Bran\u00addl writes about the qual\u00adi\u00adty of the record\u00adings of British dialects made by him in the pris\u00adon\u00ader of war camps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n

      Review\u00ading the mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal I col\u00adlect\u00aded in 15 camps, from a sum\u00adma\u00adry study of some 1000 speak\u00aders of dialects and from a close sound\u00ading out of 75, under\u00adneath all the var\u00adie\u00adga\u00adtion there is a uni\u00adfy\u00ading char\u00adac\u00adter\u00adis\u00adtic: it is not tak\u00aden from books or news\u00adpa\u00adpers but from real life.[\u2026] Here resounds a choir of par\u00adtic\u00adi\u00adpants in the war, whose voic\u00ades oth\u00ader\u00adwise would have fad\u00aded away; a hun\u00addred years from now they shall still speak as that por\u00adtion of Eng\u00adland\u2019s soul which, in crit\u00adi\u00adcal times, had to act and endure but did not have a say in pub\u00adlic. Good lads, how unflag\u00adging\u00adly have you repeat\u00aded your cou\u00adple of lines until they were incor\u00adpo\u00adrat\u00aded into the muse\u00adum of lin\u00adguis\u00adtics! [\u2026] One day the bet\u00adter Eng\u00adland[\u2026] will awak\u00aden once more and hon\u00adour this cul\u00adtur\u00adal work amidst the inces\u00adsant clam\u00adour of weapons in world his\u00adto\u00adry; until then let it stand in the shad\u00adow as mere \u2018dialec\u00adtol\u00adogy\u2019, as bizarre philol\u00ado\u00adgism, as Ger\u00adman rever\u00adie.[xxxii]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

      Of all the schol\u00adars named above who made record\u00adings of sol\u00addiers from south\u00adern Asia in the Half\u00admoon Camp, Alois Bran\u00addl, along with Hein\u00adrich L\u00fcders,[xxxi\u00adii]<\/sup><\/a> is the only per\u00adson to make ref\u00ader\u00adence to the research and record\u00adings in the pris\u00adon\u00ader of war camps in his arti\u00adcle in Doegen\u2019s book \u201cAmongst For\u00adeign Peo\u00adples\u201d (Unter frem\u00adden V\u00f6lk\u00adern) pub\u00adlished in 1925. The three essays writ\u00adten by Hel\u00admuth von Glase\u00adnapp, which are pub\u00adlished in this book, refer nei\u00adther to the cir\u00adcum\u00adstances of the record\u00adings nor to his own record\u00adings.[xxxiv]<\/sup><\/a> Josef Horovitz refers to his work in the camps only in the last para\u00adgraph of his arti\u00adcle enti\u00adtled \u201cOn Indi\u00adan Mus\u00adlims\u201d.[xxxv]<\/sup><\/a> The essay by Friedrich Carl Andreas makes no men\u00adtion of his vis\u00adits to the prison camps.[xxxvi]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      An unusu\u00adal source is avail\u00adable to those who wish to inves\u00adti\u00adgate the sit\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion of South Asians who were detained in Ger\u00adman intern\u00adment camps dur\u00ading the First World War. An acoustic doc\u00adu\u00adment, the shel\u00adlac disc, offers infor\u00adma\u00adtion of a very par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar type. Despite the crack\u00adling these record\u00adings give a sense of imme\u00addi\u00ada\u00adcy cre\u00adat\u00aded not least by the record\u00ading tech\u00adniques used from the begin\u00adning of sound record\u00ading. In this way sound doc\u00adu\u00adments of many peo\u00adples have been pre\u00adserved and are today stored in the Lautarchiv <\/em>of the Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin. The sound doc\u00adu\u00adments are part of a world her\u00aditage and offer lin\u00adguists, his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adans as well as schol\u00adars of cul\u00adtur\u00adal and lit\u00ader\u00adary stud\u00adies from all parts of the globe an invalu\u00adable cor\u00adpus of research material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      It is now more than 90 years since the begin\u00adning of the First World War. This dis\u00adtance should allow for this col\u00adlect\u00aded mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal, which is not only a mul\u00adti\u00adlin\u00adgual repos\u00adi\u00adto\u00adry of record\u00aded lan\u00adguage sam\u00adples but an impor\u00adtant part of world cul\u00adtur\u00adal her\u00aditage, to be eval\u00adu\u00adat\u00aded and analysed more com\u00adpre\u00adhen\u00adsive\u00adly and from var\u00adi\u00adous aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic angles. This research should be car\u00adried out by aca\u00add\u00ade\u00admics from the respec\u00adtive lin\u00adguis\u00adtic regions for they are best placed to unrav\u00adel the var\u00adi\u00adous pho\u00adnet\u00adic, seman\u00adtic, and prag\u00admat\u00adic lev\u00adels of the acoustic mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal and set them in their appro\u00adpri\u00adate cul\u00adtur\u00adal and his\u00adtoric context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      In recent years the doc\u00adu\u00adments of the sound record\u00ading archive have been the basis of exhi\u00adbi\u00adtions and doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adtary films. In terms of the South Asian record\u00adings Philip Scheffner\u2019s film and exhi\u00adbi\u00adtion project \u201cThe Half\u00admoon Files\u201d is worth men\u00adtion\u00ading. The basis of his research is the voice record\u00adings of British-Indi\u00adan sol\u00addiers kept in the archive.[xxxvii]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      The re-record\u00ading of the main part of the shel\u00adlac disc col\u00adlec\u00adtion from the years 1915\u201344 was con\u00adclud\u00aded with the cre\u00adation of the data base in 2005. The dig\u00adi\u00adtal files of the 3825 discs are now avail\u00adable in WAV<\/span> for\u00admat and as MP3<\/span> files. As there was often more than one record\u00ading on each side of a disc, a total of 6806 files were cre\u00adat\u00aded. Because of the lev\u00adel to which indi\u00advid\u00adual record\u00adings have been devel\u00adoped the sound record\u00ading archive has set inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal stan\u00addards for sim\u00adi\u00adlar sound collections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      [<\/sup><\/a>i<\/a><\/sup>]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.sammlungen.hu-berlin.de<\/a>, Rev. 2011-02-14. At the moment the web\u00adpage can be accessed in Ger\u00adman only. Since the data\u00adbase com\u00adpris\u00ades a vari\u00adety of oth\u00ader col\u00adlec\u00adtions researchers are advised, in order to exclu\u00adsive\u00adly search the sound archive, to choose under the option \u201cThe\u00adsaurus\u201d \u201cSprachen\u201d (lan\u00adguages) or \u201cSprach\u00adfam\u00adi\u00adlien\u201d (fam\u00adi\u00adlies of lan\u00adguages). Due to copy\u00adright issues the online ver\u00adsion of the data\u00adbase does not include the option of lis\u00adten\u00ading to the actu\u00adal sound files. Titles and var\u00adi\u00adous infor\u00adma\u00adtion about each record\u00ading is avail\u00adable however.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [ii]<\/sup><\/a> Doegen,Wilhelm (Hg.), Unter frem\u00adden V\u00f6lk\u00adern. Eine neue V\u00f6lk\u00aderkunde<\/em>, Berlin: Otto Stoll\u00adberg, 1925, S. 9. The mod\u00adern col\u00adlec\u00adtion cor\u00adre\u00adsponds to Doegen\u2019s clas\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion, yet the start\u00ading dates of the dif\u00adfer\u00adent branch\u00ades vary: from 1915 Lan\u00adguages, Music and Songs of the Peo\u00adples of the World (Sprachen, Musik und Gesang der V\u00f6lk\u00ader der Erde), from 1917 Vocal Potraits of lmpor\u00adtant Pub\u00adlic Fig\u00adures (Stimm\u00adpor\u00adtraits bekan\u00adnter Per\u00ads\u00f6n\u00adlichkeit\u00aden) and from 1922 Ger\u00adman dialects (deutsche Mundarten) as well as \u201cMis\u00adcel\u00adla\u00adneous\u201d includ\u00ading ani\u00admal voices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [iii]<\/sup><\/a> Carl Stumpf found\u00aded the Phono\u00adgramm-Archiv<\/em> at the Friedrich Wil\u00adhelm Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty in 1905 with audio record\u00adings that he had been pro\u00adduc\u00ading since 1900 on Edi\u00adson wax cylin\u00adders. The Phono\u00adgramm-Archiv<\/em> now is part of the Eth\u00adno\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal Muse\u00adum in Berlin. Simon, Arthur (ed.) Das Berlin\u00ader Phono\u00adgramm-Archiv 1900\u20132000\u2014Sammlungen der tra\u00addi\u00adtionellen Musik der Welt<\/em>, Berlin: Ver\u00adlag f\u00fcr Wis\u00adsenschaft und Bil\u00addung, 2000, S. 25\u201346.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [iv]<\/sup><\/a> All the fig\u00adures quot\u00aded are based on the doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion of 1650 shel\u00adlac record\u00adings of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion, today held by the Lautarchiv<\/em> of the Humboldt\u00ad Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [v]<\/sup><\/a> Simon, Ibid., S. 237. The shel\u00adlac discs of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion car\u00adry the sig\u00adna\u00adture \u201cPK<\/span>\u201d, where\u00adas that the Edi\u00adson wax cylin\u00adders have the sig\u00adna\u00adture \u201cPhon. Komm.\u201d The shel\u00adlac disc, which in com\u00adpar\u00adi\u00adson to wax cylin\u00adders (or phono\u00adgraph cylin\u00adders) is marked by a bet\u00adter play\u00adback qual\u00adi\u00adty, repro\u00adducibil\u00adi\u00adty, and dura\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty, was to be used as a new medi\u00adum of teach\u00ading. The con\u00adtent of the wax cylin\u00adders is not part of this article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [vi]<\/sup><\/a> This was based on Doegen\u2019s \u201cmem\u00ado\u00adran\u00addum on the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of a sound depart\u00adment in the Pruss\u00adian state library\u201d (Denkschrift \u00fcber die Errich\u00adtung ein\u00ader Lautabteilung in der Preu\u00dfis\u00adchen Staatsbibliothek).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [vii]<\/sup><\/a> Geheimes Staatsarchiv\u2014Preu\u00dfischer Kul\u00adturbe\u00adsitz [GStAPK), num\u00adber 250,Vol. I, doc\u00adu\u00adments 78 and 79. Fol\u00adlow\u00ading a meet\u00ading of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Com\u00admis\u00adsion on 3.2.1919, Carl Stumpf wrote to the Min\u00adistry for Edu\u00adca\u00adtion on 12.04.1920 as fol\u00adlows: \u201cSie [die Kom\u00admis\u00adsion] kann daher ein starkes Befrem\u00adden dar\u00fcber nicht ver\u00adhehlen, dass im Staat\u00adshaushalt\u00ads\u00adplan von 1920 zu diesem Zwecke die Errich\u00adtung ein\u00ader Laut\u00adsamm\u00adlung als beson\u00adder\u00ader Abteilung der Staats\u00adbib\u00adlio\u00adthek vorge\u00adse\u00adhen ist, ohne dass die Mei\u00adn\u00adung der Phono\u00adgrapis\u00adchen Kom\u00admis\u00adsion irgend\u00adwie geh\u00f6rt wor\u00adden w\u00e4re.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u201cWe [the Com\u00admis\u00adsion] can\u00adnot with\u00adhold our reser\u00adva\u00adtions about the nation\u00adal bud\u00adget plan of 1920 envis\u00adag\u00ading the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of a sound col\u00adlec\u00adtion as a spe\u00adcial depart\u00adment of the state library, with\u00adout in any way hear\u00ading the opin\u00adion of the Phono\u00adgraph\u00adic Commission.\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [viii]<\/sup><\/a> GStAPK, num\u00adber 250, Vol. I, doc\u00adu\u00adments 3 and 4. Con\u00adtract dat\u00aded 17.03.1917.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [ix]<\/sup><\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [x]<\/sup><\/a> The Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin has been renamed sev\u00ader\u00adal times. To avoid con\u00adfu\u00adsion here are the names in chrono\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal order:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1810\u20131827 Berlin\u00ader Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t, 1828\u20131945 Friedrich-Wil\u00adhelms-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t, 1945\u20131947 Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t Berlin, 1948-today Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xi]<\/sup><\/a> D. West\u00ader\u00admann took over the run\u00adning of the depart\u00adment of lin\u00adguis\u00adtics, F. Bose that of music and F. Weth\u00adlo the pho\u00adnet\u00adic laboratory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xii]<\/sup><\/a> Mehn\u00adert, Dieter, \u201eHis\u00adtorische Schallaufnahmen\u2014Das Lautarchiv an der Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin\u201c, Stu\u00addi\u00aden\u00adtexte zur Sprachkom\u00admu\u00adnika\u00adtion<\/em> 13 (1996): S. 28\u201345.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xiii]<\/sup><\/a> Lange, Brit\u00adta, \u201cSouth Asian Sol\u00addiers and Ger\u00adman Aca\u00add\u00ade\u00admics: Anthro\u00adpo\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal, Lin\u00adguis\u00adtic and Musi\u00adco\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal Field Stud\u00adies in Prison Camps\u201d. In: Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau and Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds), \u2018When The War Began We Heard of Sev\u00ader\u00adal Kings\u2019 South Asian Pris\u00adon\u00aders in World War I Ger\u00admany<\/em>, New Del\u00adhi: Social Sci\u00adence Press, 2011, pp. 149\u2013185.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xiv]<\/sup><\/a> In a mosque spe\u00adcial\u00adly built for the pris\u00adon\u00aders they could con\u00adgre\u00adgate for prayers. The call of the muezzin has been pre\u00adserved on the shel\u00adlac discs. Apart from the shel\u00adlac discs sev\u00ader\u00adal pho\u00adtographs depict\u00ading the camp life have been pre\u00adserved (Cf. Kahleyss, Mar\u00adgot, Mus\u00adlime in Brandenburg\u2014Kriegsgefangene im 1. Weltkrieg: Ansicht\u00aden und Absicht\u00aden<\/em>, Berlin: Staatliche Museen Preu\u00dfis\u00adch\u00ader Kul\u00adturbe\u00adsitz, 2000), see also Kahleyss, Mar\u00adgot, \u201cIndi\u00adan Pris\u00adon\u00aders of War in World War I: Pho\u00adtographs as Source Mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal\u201d. In: Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau and Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds), Ibid., pp. 187\u2013206. Even a short film doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adta\u00adtion from the camp exists (kept in the Bun\u00addes\u00adfil\u00admarchiv). Mad\u00adhus\u00adree Dut\u00adta and Philip Scheffn\u00ader used this mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal as well as record\u00adings from the Lautarchiv in their doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adtary \u201cFrom Here to Here\u201d deal\u00ading with Indo-Ger\u00adman rela\u00adtions (lndia, 2005, 58 min.). The film scene from the camp can also be found in Scheffner\u2019s lat\u00adest doc\u00adu\u00admen\u00adtary: \u201cThe Half\u00admoon Files\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xv]<\/sup><\/a> Inside the brack\u00adets are the names of present states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xvi]<\/sup><\/a> Liebau, Heike, \u201cThe Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Office, Indi\u00adan Emi\u00adgrants and Pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda Efforts Among the \u2018Sepoys\u2019\u201d. In: Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau and Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds), Ibid., pp. 96\u2013129 and Liebau, Heike, 2011, \u201cHin\u00addostan<\/em>: A Camp News\u00adpa\u00adper for South-Asian Pris\u00adon\u00aders of World War One in Ger\u00admany\u201d. In: Ibid., pp. 231\u2013249.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xvii]<\/sup><\/a> The disc\u2019s sig\u00adna\u00adture is LA<\/span>, PK<\/span> 626.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xvi\u00adii]<\/sup><\/a> Hein\u00adrich L\u00fcders was an Ori\u00aden\u00adtal\u00adist and Indol\u00ado\u00adgist. From 1909 he was the chair of lan\u00adguages and lit\u00ader\u00ada\u00adture of Ancient lndia at the Friedrich-Wil\u00adhelms-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t as well as being, also from 1909, mem\u00adber of the Pruss\u00adian Acad\u00ade\u00admy of Sci\u00adences. 1931\u20131932 he act\u00aded as prin\u00adci\u00adpal of the Friedrich-Wil\u00adhelms-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t in Berlin. For fur\u00adther details on L\u00fcders, cf. Lange, Ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xix]<\/sup><\/a> The num\u00adbers in the brack\u00adets gives the amount of indi\u00advid\u00adual titles in the respec\u00adtive language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xx]<\/sup><\/a> Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Lautarchiv<\/em>, fold\u00ader No. 9. \u201cDie St\u00fccke sind in einem Hin\u00addi-Dialekt abge\u00adfa\u00dft, doch lie\u00df sich nicht fest\u00adstellen in welchem. Bei der fehler\u00adhaften Orthogra\u00adphie und der nach dem Geh\u00f6rten wiedergegebe\u00adnen phonetis\u00adchen Umschrift war es zwei von mir herange\u00adzo\u00adge\u00adnen gebilde\u00adten Indern eben\u00adso wenig als mir selb\u00adst m\u00f6glich, eine voll\u00adst\u00e4ndi\u00adge \u00dcber\u00adset\u00adzung herzustellen.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxi]<\/sup><\/a> Oth\u00ader lan\u00adguages doc\u00adu\u00adment\u00aded by L\u00fcders: Lim\u00adbu (6), Hin\u00addi (5), Pash\u00adtu (4), Hin\u00addus\u00adtani (3), Mag\u00adar (3), Urdu (2), Rai (1), Gurmuk[h]i (1), Mag\u00ada\u00adri (1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxii]<\/sup><\/a> Glase\u00adnapp was Pro\u00adfes\u00adsor of lndol\u00ado\u00adgy at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty K\u00f6nigs\u00adberg (East Prus\u00adsia, 1928\u201344), Pro\u00adfes\u00adsor of Com\u00adpar\u00ada\u00adtive Reli\u00adgious Stud\u00adies at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty T\u00fcbin\u00adgen (1946\u201359). Dur\u00ading the First World War Glase\u00adnapp was a mem\u00adber of the NfO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxi\u00adii]<\/sup><\/a> Horovitz was from 1902 lec\u00adtur\u00ader at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Berlin, between 1907\u201314 lec\u00adtur\u00ader in Ara\u00adbic at the Muhammedan Anglo-Ori\u00aden\u00adtal Col\u00adlege in Ali\u00adgargh, lndia. From 1915 to 1931 he held the chair in Semit\u00adic lan\u00adguages at the Ori\u00aden\u00adtal Sem\u00adi\u00adnar of the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty Frank\u00adfurt am Main.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxiv]<\/sup><\/a> Andreas was from 1883 to 1903 Lec\u00adtur\u00ader of Per\u00adsian and Turk\u00adish at the Ori\u00aden\u00adtal Sem\u00adi\u00adnar of the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Berlin. Since 1903 he held the chair in West Asian Lan\u00adguages at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty G\u00f6ttingen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxv]<\/sup><\/a> Sub\u00adse\u00adquent to hold\u00ading chairs at Prague, G\u00f6t\u00adtin\u00adgen and Stras\u00adbourg, Bran\u00addl, in 1895, became pro\u00adfes\u00adsor of Eng\u00adlish Philol\u00ado\u00adgy in Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxvi]<\/sup><\/a> List \u201cSamm\u00adlung aus den Kriegs\u00adge\u00adfan\u00adgenen-Lagern\u201d (Col\u00adlec\u00adtions from the prison camps) in: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin\u2014Preussischer Kul\u00adturbe\u00adsitz, Eth\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgis\u00adches Muse\u00adum<\/em>. No inven\u00adto\u00adry number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxvii]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cOm, durch die Gnade des wahren Guru. Der Guru (oder: der Granth) hat mit gro\u00dfer G\u00fcte auf uns geblickt, denn er hat sich uns im frem\u00adden Lande und in dieser Gefan\u00adgen\u00adschaft und uns diesem Gef\u00e4ng\u00adnis gezeigt. Wir sind so gl\u00fcck\u00adlich, da\u00df wir selig sind. Es kann kein gr\u00f6\u00dferes Gl\u00fcck f\u00fcr uns geben, als dieses; es ist gr\u00f6\u00dfer als selb\u00adst das Gl\u00fcck des Friedens. Die religi\u00f6se Ver\u00adsamm\u00adlung ist dadurch gl\u00fcck\u00adlich. Wir betra\u00adcht\u00aden den Granth Sahib als das Eben\u00adbild des 10. Gurus und verehren ihn sehr. Wenn irgen\u00addein\u00ader ihn nicht ehrt, oder ihn nicht ehren will, so wird jed\u00ader Singh bere\u00adit sein entwed\u00ader an diesem Ort sein Leben zu geben, oder wird es nicht dulden ihn [den Granth] entehrt zu lassen. Bis jet\u00adzt hat unser Guru Saheb [d.h. der Granth] keine Decke erhal\u00adten. W\u00e4ren wir in Indi\u00aden und h\u00e4tte unser Guru Sahib keine Decke, so w\u00fcr\u00adden wir keine Speise zu uns genom\u00admen haben. Wir haben viel ver\u00adsucht, aber unser Guru Sahib hat bis jet\u00adzt noch keine Decke erhal\u00adten. Wenn wir an diesem Ort keine Speise essen w\u00fcr\u00adden, so w\u00fcr\u00adden wir sehr schnell ster\u00adben, weil in unseren <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      K\u00f6r\u00adpern keine Kraft ist, denn Sie wis\u00adsen, dass diese (Leute) kein Essen wie in Indi\u00aden erhal\u00adten. Deshalb k\u00f6n\u00adnen wir das Essen nicht aufgeben. Da\u00df die Engl\u00e4n\u00adder uns unseren Guru Granth Sahib gesandt haben, was hat das f\u00fcr einen Zweck? Denken Sie sel\u00adber \u00fcber diese Sache nach und geben Sie uns schnell Antwort. Wenn wir die Bewohn\u00ader Deutsch\u00adlands sehen, sind wir sehr gl\u00fcck\u00adlich, aber wir glauben, dass die Deutschen von uns nicht so denken, wie wir von ihnen. Wenn die Deutschen so d\u00e4cht\u00aden, so w\u00fcr\u00adden sie das Haus [d.h. den Tem\u00adpel] unseres Gurus [d.h. des Granth] ehren. P.S. Bezieht sich auf den Wun\u00adsch der Gefan\u00adgenen, f\u00fcr ihr heiliges Buch, den \u2018Granth\u2019 eine Decke zu erhal\u00adten.\u201d Cf. Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin, LA<\/span>, fold\u00ader No. 9. All the notes in brack\u00adets are in accor\u00addance with the original.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxvi\u00adii]<\/sup><\/a> Record\u00ading of Ish\u00ader Singh on the 11 Decem\u00adber 1916. The trans\u00adla\u00adtion of PK615<\/span> exists in the form of a type\u00adscript. Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin, LA<\/span> fold\u00ader No 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxix]<\/sup><\/a> Lange, Brit\u00adta, \u201cAca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic Research on (Coloured) Pris\u00adon\u00aders of War in Ger\u00admany, 1915\u20131918\u201d. In: Dominiek Den\u00addooven and Piet Chie\u00adlens (eds), World War 1. Five Con\u00adti\u00adnents in Flan\u00adders<\/em>, Tielt: Lanoo, 2008, pp. 153\u2013159.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxx]<\/sup><\/a> Eick\u00adst\u00adedt, Egon von, \u201eRassenele\u00admente der Sikhs\u201c, Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Eth\u00adnolo\u00adgie<\/em> 52 (1920\u201321): S. 317\u2013394.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxxi]<\/sup><\/a> Laut\u00adbib\u00adlio\u00adthek-Phonetis\u00adche Plat\u00adten und Umschriften<\/em> (pub\u00adlished by Lautabteilung der Preussichen Staats\u00adbib\u00adlio\u00adthek), 1926\u20131930.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxxii]<\/sup><\/a> Bran\u00addl, Alois, \u201eDer Anglist bei den Engl\u00e4n\u00addern\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Ibid., S. 362\u2013376, see S. 375f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxxi\u00adii]<\/sup><\/a> L\u00fcders, Hein\u00adrich, \u201eDie Gurkhas\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Ibid., S. 126\u2013139.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxxiv]<\/sup><\/a> Glase\u00adnapp, Hel\u00admuth von, \u201eDer Hin\u00adduis\u00admus\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Ibid., S. 116\u2013125; Idem, \u201eDie Rad\u00adseh\u00adputen\u201c. In: Ibid., S. 140\u2013150; Idem, \u201eDie Sikhs\u201c. In: Ibid., S. 151\u2013160.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxxv]<\/sup><\/a> Horovitz, Josef, \u201eDie indis\u00adchen Mohammedan\u00ader\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Ibid., S. 161\u2013166.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxxvi]<\/sup><\/a> Andreas, Friedrich Karl, \u201eIranier\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Ibid., S. 376\u2013383.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [xxxvii]<\/sup><\/a> The film had its world pre\u00admiere at the 57th Berli\u00adnale film fes\u00adti\u00adval dur\u00ading The Inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal Forum of New Cin\u00ade\u00adma on 16 Feb\u00adru\u00adary 2007. Sev\u00ader\u00adal inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal awards fol\u00adlowed. http:\/\/www.halfmoonfiles.de<\/a>, accessed on 25.05.2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      Andreas, Friedrich Karl, \u201eIranier\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Unter frem\u00adden V\u00f6lk\u00adern. Eine neue V\u00f6lk\u00aderkunde<\/em>, Berlin: Otto Stoll\u00adberg, 1925, S. 376\u2013383.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Bran\u00addl, Alois, \u201eDer Anglist bei den Engl\u00e4n\u00addern\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Unter frem\u00adden V\u00f6lk\u00adern. Eine neue V\u00f6lk\u00aderkunde<\/em>, Berlin: Otto Stoll\u00adberg, 1925, S. 362\u2013376.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Doe\u00adgen, Wil\u00adhelm (Hg.), Unter frem\u00adden V\u00f6lk\u00adern. Eine neue V\u00f6lk\u00aderkunde<\/em>, Berlin: Otto Stoll\u00adberg, 1925.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Eick\u00adst\u00adedt, Egon von, \u201eRassenele\u00admente der Sikhs\u201c, Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Eth\u00adnolo\u00adgie<\/em> 52 (1920\u201321): S. 317\u2013394.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Glase\u00adnapp, Hel\u00admuth von, \u201eDer Hin\u00adduis\u00admus\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Unter frem\u00adden V\u00f6lk\u00adern. Eine neue V\u00f6lk\u00aderkunde<\/em>, Berlin: Otto Stoll\u00adberg, 1925, S. 116\u2013125.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u2014\u2014\u2013, \u201eDie Rad\u00adseh\u00adputen\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Unter frem\u00adden V\u00f6lk\u00adern. Eine neue V\u00f6lk\u00aderkunde<\/em>, Berlin: Otto Stoll\u00adberg, 1925, S. 140\u2013150.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u2014\u2014\u2013, \u201eDie Sikhs\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Unter frem\u00adden V\u00f6lk\u00adern. Eine neue V\u00f6lk\u00aderkunde<\/em>, Berlin: Otto Stoll\u00adberg, 1925, S. 151\u2013160.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Horovitz, Josef, \u201eDie indis\u00adchen Mohammedan\u00ader\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Unter frem\u00adden V\u00f6lk\u00adern. Eine neue V\u00f6lk\u00aderkunde<\/em>, Berlin: Otto Stoll\u00adberg, 1925, S. 161\u2013166.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Kahleyss, Mar\u00adgot, Mus\u00adlime in Brandenburg\u2014Kriegsgefangene im 1. Weltkrieg: Ansicht\u00aden und Absicht\u00aden<\/em>, Berlin: Staatliche Museen Preu\u00dfis\u00adch\u00ader Kul\u00adturbe\u00adsitz, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u2014\u2014\u2013, \u201cIndi\u00adan Pris\u00adon\u00aders of War in World War I: Pho\u00adtographs as Source Mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal\u201d. In: Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau and Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds), \u2018When The War Began We Heard of Sev\u00ader\u00adal Kings\u2019 South Asian Pris\u00adon\u00aders in World War I Ger\u00admany<\/em>, New Del\u00adhi: Social Sci\u00adence Press, 2011, pp. 187\u2013206.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Lange, Brit\u00adta, \u201cAca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic Research on (Coloured) Pris\u00adon\u00aders of War in Ger\u00admany, 1915\u20131918\u201d. In: Dominiek Den\u00addooven and Piet Chie\u00adlens (eds), World War 1. <\/em>Five Con\u00adti\u00adnents in Flan\u00adders<\/em>, Tielt: Lanoo, 2008, pp. 153\u2013159.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u2014\u2014\u2013, \u201cSouth Asian Sol\u00addiers and Ger\u00adman Aca\u00add\u00ade\u00admics: Anthro\u00adpo\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal, Lin\u00adguis\u00adtic and Musi\u00adco\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal Field Stud\u00adies in Prison Camps\u201d. In: Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau and Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds), \u2018When The War Began We Heard of Sev\u00ader\u00adal Kings\u2019 South Asian Pris\u00adon\u00aders in World War I Ger\u00admany<\/em>, New Del\u00adhi: Social Sci\u00adence Press, 2011, pp. 149\u2013185.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Liebau, Heike, \u201cThe Ger\u00adman For\u00adeign Office, Indi\u00adan Emi\u00adgrants and Pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda Efforts Among the \u2018Sepoys\u2019\u201d. In: Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau and Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds), \u2018When The War Began We Heard of Sev\u00ader\u00adal Kings\u2019 South Asian Pris\u00adon\u00aders in World War I Ger\u00admany<\/em>, New Del\u00adhi: Social Sci\u00adence Press, 2011, pp. 96\u2013129.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u2014\u2014\u2013, \u201cHin\u00addostan<\/em>: A Camp News\u00adpa\u00adper for South-Asian Pris\u00adon\u00aders of World War One in Ger\u00admany\u201d. In: Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau and Ravi Ahu\u00adja (eds), \u2018When The War Began We Heard of Sev\u00ader\u00adal Kings\u2019 South Asian Pris\u00adon\u00aders in World War I Ger\u00admany<\/em>, New Del\u00adhi: Social Sci\u00adence Press, 2011, pp. 231\u2013249.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      L\u00fcders, Hein\u00adrich, \u201eDie Gurkhas\u201c. In: Wil\u00adhelm Doe\u00adgen (Hg.), Unter frem\u00adden V\u00f6lk\u00adern. Eine neue V\u00f6lk\u00aderkunde<\/em>, Berlin: Otto Stoll\u00adberg, 1925, S. 126\u2013139.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Mehn\u00adert, Dieter, \u201eHis\u00adtorische Schallaufnahmen\u2014Das Lautarchiv an der Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin\u201c, Stu\u00addi\u00aden\u00adtexte zur Sprachkom\u00admu\u00adnika\u00adtion<\/em> 13 (1996): S. 28\u201345.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Simon, Arthur (ed.) Das Berlin\u00ader Phono\u00adgramm-Archiv 1900\u20132000\u2014Sammlungen der tra\u00addi\u00adtionellen Musik der Welt<\/em>, Berlin: Ver\u00adlag f\u00fcr Wis\u00adsenschaft und Bil\u00addung, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      J\u00fcrgen\u2011K. Mahren\u00adholz, Lautarchiv der Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

      MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

      Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau<\/strong>
      Lay\u00adout: Nico Putz, Paula Schn\u00adabel, Jannes Thode<\/strong>
      Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
      Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

      ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":4249,"template":"","categories":[54],"tags":[91,88,90,79],"class_list":["post-4238","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon","tag-audio-visuelle-quellen","tag-erster-weltkrieg","tag-kriegsgefangenschaft","tag-wissenschaftsgeschichte"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRecordings of South Asian Languages and Music in the\u00a0Lautarchiv\u00a0of the Humboldt\u00ad Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"J\u00fcrgen-K. 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