{"id":4531,"date":"2024-08-29T18:02:18","date_gmt":"2024-08-29T16:02:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/?post_type=reflexicon&p=4531"},"modified":"2025-01-14T13:34:58","modified_gmt":"2025-01-14T12:34:58","slug":"indian-students-in-german-school-of-eugenics","status":"publish","type":"reflexicon","link":"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/indian-students-in-german-school-of-eugenics\/","title":{"rendered":"Indian Students in a German School of Racial Anthropology and Eugenics (1927\u20131945)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By Thi\u00ada\u00adgo Pin\u00adto Bar\u00adbosa<\/strong>
Pub\u00adlished in 2024<\/strong>
DOI<\/span> 10.25360\/01\u20132024-00008<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pho\u00adto: Irawati Karve (sit\u00adting in the mid\u00addle) tak\u00aden around 1927\u20131930 in the KWI<\/span>\u2011A\u2019s doc\u00adtor\u00adal stu\u00addents\u2019 room. Source: fam\u00adi\u00adly archive (cour\u00adtesy of Chan\u00adda Nim\u00adbkar, Nan\u00addi\u00adni Nim\u00adbkar-Raj\u00advan\u00adshi, and Urmil\u00adla Deshpande).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Table of Con\u00adtents<\/strong>
Intro\u00adduc\u00adtion<\/a> | Irawati Karve<\/a>  | P. C. Biswas<\/a> | Archival Col\u00adlec\u00adtions<\/a>  | Final Remarks<\/a>  | End\u00adnotes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This arti\u00adcle exam\u00adines Ger\u00adman archival doc\u00adu\u00adments about Indi\u00adan stu\u00addents who were researchers at the infa\u00admous Kaiser-Wil\u00adhelm-Insti\u00adtut f\u00fcr Anthro\u00adpolo\u00adgie, Men\u00adschliche Erblehre und Eugenik<\/em> (Kaiser Wil\u00adhelm Insti\u00adtute for Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy, Human Hered\u00adi\u00adty, and Eugen\u00adics, KWI<\/span>\u2011A), a cen\u00adtre locat\u00aded in Berlin-Dahlem from 1927 until the end of World War II<\/span>. Sev\u00ader\u00adal stu\u00addents and researchers, many of whom came from out\u00adside of Ger\u00admany, took class\u00ades or devel\u00adoped their projects at the KWI<\/span>\u2011A, and sev\u00ader\u00adal were under the super\u00advi\u00adsion of its pro\u00adfes\u00adsors. The sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcance of the KWI<\/span>\u2011A for the pro\u00adduc\u00adtion of eugeni\u00adcist and racial\u00adiz\u00ading knowl\u00adedge has been espe\u00adcial\u00adly dras\u00adtic in Europe, as the prac\u00adti\u00adcal appli\u00adca\u00adtion of that knowl\u00adedge cul\u00admi\u00adnat\u00aded in Nazi geno\u00adci\u00addal poli\u00adcies. But also due to the transna\u00adtion\u00adal cir\u00adcu\u00adla\u00adtion of its researchers, the KWI<\/span>\u2011A\u2019s intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal influ\u00adence was not only con\u00adtained with\u00adin Euro\u00adpean bor\u00adders. There\u00adfore, it is rel\u00ade\u00advant to ask: to what extent has this site of sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic research and train\u00ading left a mark in the intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal for\u00adma\u00adtion and lat\u00ader work of its alum\u00adni, espe\u00adcial\u00adly those with inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal tra\u00adjec\u00adto\u00adries? This is a ques\u00adtion that I and a few oth\u00ader schol\u00adars have start\u00aded to explore in the last years.[i]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the for\u00adeign stu\u00addents and young researchers at the KWI<\/span>\u2011A, there were at least three from India: Irawati Karve (1905\u20131970), Pro\u00adful\u00adla Chan\u00addra Biswas (1903\u20131984), and Sasan\u00adka Sekhar Sarkar (1908\u20131969).[ii]<\/a> In the fol\u00adlow\u00ading sec\u00adtions, I trace a short panora\u00adma of the first two. Both were among India\u2019s most influ\u00aden\u00adtial anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgists in the decades fol\u00adlow\u00ading its inde\u00adpen\u00addence in 1947, in a time when the dis\u00adci\u00adpline was being insti\u00adtu\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adized. I offer a glimpse of their pres\u00adence in the Archiv der Max Planck Gesellschaft<\/em> (Archive of the Max Planck Soci\u00adety) in Berlin-Dahlem, which inher\u00adit\u00aded the KWI-A-relat\u00aded doc\u00adu\u00adments that were not destroyed at the end of World War II<\/span>, as well as the Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t\u00adsarchiv der Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin<\/em> (Archive of the Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin), which inher\u00adit\u00aded the doc\u00adu\u00adments of its pre\u00adde\u00adces\u00adsor Friedrich-Wil\u00adhelms-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t<\/em>, where most of the stu\u00addents at the KWI<\/span>\u2011A were enrolled. I also deploy a pic\u00adture found in the archives of the Karve fam\u00adi\u00adly. This arti\u00adcle draws from my research on Irawati Karve, which has been elab\u00ado\u00adrat\u00aded in sev\u00ader\u00adal out\u00adputs.[iii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irawati Karve<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Irawati Karve was India\u2019s first woman to be appoint\u00aded as a soci\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy and anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy lec\u00adtur\u00ader in the Dec\u00adcan Col\u00adlege in Pune, where she became a pro\u00adfes\u00adsor and worked until the end of her life in 1970. Karve trained sev\u00ader\u00adal stu\u00addents with her holis\u00adtic approach that com\u00adbined social, cul\u00adtur\u00adal, phys\u00adi\u00adcal, and bio\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy, includ\u00ading racial anthro\u00adpo\u00admet\u00adric meth\u00adods. While Karve\u2019s vast and mul\u00adti\u00adfac\u00adeted work is most known in India today for its pro\u00adgres\u00adsive con\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adtions in the study of Indi\u00adan cul\u00adture and gen\u00adder,[iv]<\/a> the phys\u00adi\u00adcal and bio\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal anthro\u00adpo\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal accents in her work were under\u00adpinned by her train\u00ading in racial anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy in Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Excep\u00adtion\u00adal for a South Asian woman at the time, she trav\u00adelled to Ger\u00admany in 1927 to under\u00adtake her PhD in anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy. In Ger\u00admany, Karve received a Hum\u00adboldt Fel\u00adlow\u00adship, which was at that time with\u00adin the Deutsch\u00ader Akademis\u00adch\u00ader Aus\u00adtausch\u00addi\u00adenst <\/em>(Ger\u00adman Aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic Exchange Ser\u00advice, DAAD<\/span>), a state agency for inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal scientific\/academic exchange that was direct\u00adly linked to Germany\u2019s for\u00adeign min\u00adistry. Karve\u2019s doc\u00adtor\u00adal the\u00adsis was super\u00advised by Eugen Fis\u00adch\u00ader, an anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy pro\u00adfes\u00adsor and race sci\u00aden\u00adtist, who had made a career by apply\u00ading Mendelian genet\u00adics to the study of \u201cmixed mar\u00adriages\u201d in Ger\u00adman South-West Africa, present-day Namib\u00adia. Fis\u00adch\u00ader gave her the task to com\u00adpare the skull asym\u00adme\u00adtry of human cra\u00adnia of dif\u00adfer\u00adent racial groups. This task was moti\u00advat\u00aded by a racist hypoth\u00ade\u00adsis: Skull asym\u00adme\u00adtry (where\u00adby the right side of the skull\u2014the one alleged\u00adly respon\u00adsi\u00adble for cul\u00adture and rationality\u2014was larg\u00ader) was con\u00adsid\u00adered an indi\u00adca\u00adtor of the civ\u00adi\u00adliza\u00adtion\u00adal evo\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary achieve\u00adment of white Euro\u00adpeans, while Africans were sup\u00adposed to have more sym\u00admet\u00adri\u00adcal skulls and thus be less rational.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Fig.1:<\/strong> Pho\u00adto with Karve (sit\u00adting in the mid\u00addle) tak\u00aden around 1927\u20131930 in the KWI<\/span>\u2011A\u2019s doc\u00adtor\u00adal stu\u00addents\u2019 room. Source: Fam\u00adi\u00adly archive (cour\u00adtesy of Chan\u00adda Nim\u00adbkar, Nan\u00addi\u00adni Nim\u00adbkar-Raj\u00advan\u00adshi, and Urmil\u00adla Deshpande).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Karve\u2019s dis\u00adser\u00adta\u00adtion was pub\u00adlished in Ger\u00admany in the same year that she went back to India, 1931, with the title Nor\u00admale Asym\u00adme\u00adtrie des Men\u00adschlichen Sch\u00e4dels<\/em> (Nor\u00admal Asym\u00adme\u00adtry of the Human Skull).[v]<\/a> Sur\u00adpris\u00ading\u00adly to her super\u00advi\u00adsor and KWI<\/span>\u2011A col\u00adleagues, Karve\u2019s research con\u00adclu\u00adsion con\u00adtra\u00addict\u00aded the racial the\u00ado\u00adries of the place and time: she blunt\u00adly stat\u00aded that she could not observe any cor\u00adre\u00adla\u00adtion between racial dif\u00adfer\u00adences and the mea\u00adsured skull asym\u00adme\u00adtry shapes. Instead of sim\u00adply explor\u00ading the racist hypoth\u00ade\u00adsis that, as she empha\u00adsized, Fis\u00adch\u00ader assigned to her, Karve\u2019s dis\u00adser\u00adta\u00adtion explored the alter\u00adna\u00adtive hypoth\u00ade\u00adsis of whether a skull asym\u00adme\u00adtry could result from an asym\u00adme\u00adtry in the spinal col\u00adumn instead. In this sense, instead of rest\u00ading on a racial expla\u00adna\u00adtion, she sug\u00adgest\u00aded that skull asym\u00adme\u00adtry could derive from anoth\u00ader, pos\u00adsi\u00adbly non-hered\u00adi\u00adtary and non-racial phys\u00adi\u00adcal char\u00adac\u00adter\u00adis\u00adtic. She con\u00adclud\u00aded that \u201c[her] own [doc\u00adtor\u00adal research] inves\u00adti\u00adga\u00adtions car\u00adried out on the skulls of dif\u00adfer\u00adent racial groups show no such racial dif\u00adfer\u00adences in asym\u00adme\u00adtries in struc\u00adture, which may war\u00adrant the sup\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adtion that the asym\u00adme\u00adtries are a prod\u00aduct of civ\u00adi\u00adliza\u00adtion\u201d.[vi]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As Karve\u2019s files in the archives of the Hum\u00adboldt Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty in Berlin demon\u00adstrate, Fischer\u2019s writ\u00adten eval\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion of her PhD the\u00adsis bare\u00adly touched upon the actu\u00adal con\u00adtent of her argu\u00adments and con\u00adclu\u00adsion: it briefly explained that Karve answered \u201cno\u201d to the hypoth\u00ade\u00adsis of cor\u00adre\u00adla\u00adtion between skull asym\u00adme\u00adtry and race, and it high\u00adlight\u00aded that Karve \u201cthen raised the ques\u00adtion her\u00adself whether asym\u00adme\u00adtries could be relat\u00aded to side\u00adways cur\u00adva\u00adtures of the spine\u201d.[vii]<\/a> His crit\u00adi\u00adcism focused on the dissertation\u2019s struc\u00adture and suc\u00adcinct for\u00admat, which, he argued, was also to blame on Karve\u2019s \u201cFremd\u00adsprach\u00adlichkeit\u201d (for\u00adeign lan\u00adguage-ness). Fischer\u2019s sparse\u00adly artic\u00adu\u00adlat\u00aded cri\u00adtique is enhanced by his severe grad\u00ading ver\u00addict: he eval\u00adu\u00adat\u00aded Karve\u2019s dis\u00adser\u00adta\u00adtion with Idoneum<\/em>, the min\u00adi\u00admal grade nec\u00ades\u00adsary for a doc\u00adtor\u00adal stu\u00addent to pass their exam.[viii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As this sto\u00adry shows, Karve did not sim\u00adply absorb the racial\u00adiz\u00ading knowl\u00adedge she was taught in Berlin; instead she pushed back racist the\u00ado\u00adries. How\u00adev\u00ader, as I elab\u00ado\u00adrate in detail else\u00adwhere,[ix]<\/a> Karve also applied many racial the\u00ado\u00adries and meth\u00adods for her lat\u00ader stud\u00adies of caste and eth\u00adnic groups in India. Karve\u2019s work is per\u00adme\u00adat\u00aded by this ten\u00adsion between, on the one hand, being root\u00aded in this Ger\u00adman school of racial anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy and, on the oth\u00ader, reflect\u00ading on its racist under\u00adpin\u00adnings. This ten\u00adsion becomes most evi\u00addent in the last decades of Karve\u2019s life, when she engaged with post-World War II<\/span> dis\u00adcus\u00adsions on Nazi eugen\u00adics and racist effects of racial anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy at the same time that she adapt\u00aded her dis\u00adcourse towards a mul\u00adti\u00adcul\u00adtur\u00adal\u00adist stance that was typ\u00adi\u00adcal of the Nehru\u00advian \u201cuni\u00adty in diver\u00adsi\u00adty\u201d dis\u00adcourse. A ques\u00adtion worth ask\u00ading in this regard would be to what extent Karve\u2019s knowl\u00adedge pro\u00adduc\u00adtion in India was shaped by her intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal, per\u00adson\u00adal, and affec\u00adtive root\u00aded\u00adness in Ger\u00adman phys\u00adi\u00adcal anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy. While I have explored this ques\u00adtion else\u00adwhere,[x]<\/a> in the fol\u00adlow\u00ading I high\u00adlight some insights from archives in Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few doc\u00adu\u00adments found in the archives of the Max Planck Soci\u00adety in Berlin-Dahlem offer some insights to the per\u00adson\u00adal con\u00adnec\u00adtions between Karve and her Berlin pro\u00adfes\u00adsors. In the 1950s\u2014decades after her doc\u00adtor\u00adal studies\u2014she was still fond\u00adly remem\u00adbered by KWI<\/span>\u2011A direc\u00adtors as a close stu\u00addent and col\u00adleague: She was men\u00adtioned in two let\u00adters by Fis\u00adch\u00ader to the eugen\u00adics researcher Otmar Frei\u00adherr von Ver\u00adschuer as a mem\u00adber of their \u201ccir\u00adcle\u201d of researchers at the KWI<\/span>\u2011A, who should be invit\u00aded for a par\u00adty that would com\u00admem\u00ado\u00adrate the KWI<\/span>\u2011A\u2019s open\u00ading anniver\u00adsary.[xi]<\/a> Ver\u00adschuer planned this par\u00adty to coin\u00adcide with Fischer\u2019s 80th<\/sup> birth\u00adday in 1954. Karve respond\u00aded that she would not be able to make it and sent Fis\u00adch\u00ader cor\u00addial birth\u00adday greet\u00adings along with a sam\u00adple of her book Kin\u00adship Organ\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion in India<\/em>.[xii]<\/a> Ver\u00adschuer also wrote let\u00adters to Karve on the occa\u00adsion of trips of his friends to India, but she did not meet them;[xiii]<\/a> a re-encounter between the two seems to have nev\u00ader tak\u00aden place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1959, on the occa\u00adsion of Fischer\u2019s 85th<\/sup> birth\u00adday, Ver\u00adschuer col\u00adlect\u00aded dif\u00adfer\u00adent birth\u00adday mes\u00adsages by alum\u00adni and for\u00admer col\u00adleagues. Karve sent a short anec\u00addote about Fis\u00adch\u00ader in which she praised him with the sen\u00adtence: \u201cHe was sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic in his teach\u00ading, exact\u00ading but kind as a guide and always had a deep human\u00adi\u00adty<\/em>\u201d (empha\u00adsis added).[xiv]<\/a> Karve\u2019s stress\u00ading of Fischer\u2019s human\u00adi\u00adty might have had a deep\u00ader mean\u00ading. In a per\u00adson\u00adal text writ\u00adten around the same time, Karve dwelt upon the human\u00adi\u00adty of evil: her essay All that is you<\/em> nar\u00adrates her philo\u00adsoph\u00adi\u00adcal and per\u00adson\u00adal con\u00adfronta\u00adtion with the news of the Eich\u00admann tri\u00adal.[xv]<\/a> In the essay, she engages with the Hin\u00addu philo\u00adsoph\u00adi\u00adcal con\u00adcept of atma<\/em> to come to terms with the fact that every\u00adone in a giv\u00aden soci\u00adety is entan\u00adgled with\u2014and respon\u00adsi\u00adble for\u2014the evil that emerges in a giv\u00aden soci\u00adety, and that evil, too, is an intrin\u00adsic aspect of human\u00adi\u00adty. Inter\u00adpret\u00aded in light of this essay, Karve\u2019s appraisal of Fischer\u2019s human\u00adi\u00adty in that birth\u00adday greet\u00ading might also be a sign of her com\u00ading to terms with her affec\u00adtion and bond vis-\u00e0-vis her Dok\u00adtor\u00advater <\/em>despite his close involve\u00adment with Nazi politics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P. C. Biswas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

P. C. Biswas was the first lec\u00adtur\u00ader and head of Del\u00adhi University\u2019s Depart\u00adment of Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy, found\u00aded in 1947 just pri\u00ador to inde\u00adpen\u00addence, and a father fig\u00adure to the sub\u00adse\u00adquent gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtions of anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgists instruct\u00aded in this phys\u00adi\u00adcal and bio\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy-cen\u00adtred school.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As Biswas explains in the Cur\u00adricu\u00adlum Vitae attached to his dis\u00adser\u00adta\u00adtion, he stud\u00adied anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy in Cal\u00adcut\u00adta, where he obtained his Mas\u00adter of Sci\u00adence diplo\u00adma in 1931. There\u00adafter he con\u00adduct\u00aded some research in India under the super\u00advi\u00adsion of Pan\u00adchanan Mitra, who was head of the anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy depart\u00adment at the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Cal\u00adcut\u00adta. In August 1934, the month Adolf Hitler became Germany\u2019s head of state, Biswas moved to Berlin with a Hum\u00adboldt fel\u00adlow\u00adship. Like Karve, Biswas\u2019 doc\u00adtor\u00adal research was super\u00advised by KWI<\/span>\u2011A\u2019s found\u00ading direc\u00adtor Eugen Fis\u00adch\u00ader, who in 1933 had become rec\u00adtor of the Friedrich Wil\u00adhelm Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin, also thanks to his affil\u00adi\u00ada\u00adtion and intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal prox\u00adim\u00adi\u00adty to the Nazi par\u00adty. Biswas\u2019s doc\u00adtor\u00adal the\u00adsis was enti\u00adtled \u00dcber Fin\u00adger- und Han\u00addleis\u00adten von Indern <\/em>[On fin\u00adger and hand rip\u00adples of Indi\u00adans<\/em>].[xvi]<\/a> Based on the analy\u00adsis of fin\u00adger\u00adprints and hand\u00adprints, his the\u00adsis argued that Indi\u00adans are racial\u00adly clos\u00ader to Euro\u00adpeans than to East Asians[xvii]<\/a>\u2014an argu\u00adment high\u00adlight\u00aded by Eugen Fis\u00adch\u00ader in his over\u00adall pos\u00adi\u00adtive assess\u00adment of Biswas\u2019 the\u00adsis, which was grad\u00aded with the sec\u00adond-best mark: \u201cgood\u201d.[xvi\u00adii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biswas fin\u00adished his dis\u00adser\u00adta\u00adtion in 1936 and soon returned to India, where, before being appoint\u00aded to the impor\u00adtant uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty posi\u00adtion in Del\u00adhi, he was affil\u00adi\u00adat\u00aded with his alma mater in Cal\u00adcut\u00adta.[xix]<\/a> Biswas\u2019 doc\u00adtor\u00adal train\u00ading cement\u00aded his inter\u00adest in com\u00adpar\u00ada\u00adtive der\u00admato\u00adglyph\u00adics research, a field he con\u00adtin\u00adued to work on in India. In India, Biswas also wrote in favour of eugeni\u00adcist pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion con\u00adtrol poli\u00adcies, argu\u00ading that India \u201cshould learn from the eugen\u00adics poli\u00adcies of the Nazi Ger\u00adman state\u201d.[xx]<\/a> He praised the eugeni\u00adcist endeav\u00adours of Nazi Ger\u00admany and argued that India should elab\u00ado\u00adrate poli\u00adcies of mass ster\u00adil\u00adiza\u00adtion and mar\u00adriage restric\u00adtions for peo\u00adple of cer\u00adtain groups, which he con\u00adsid\u00adered to be genet\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly infe\u00adri\u00ador or degen\u00ader\u00adate, like crim\u00adi\u00adnals and the men\u00adtal\u00adly ill.[xxi]<\/a> In the depart\u00adment that he once led, Biswas is remem\u00adbered by some old\u00ader fac\u00adul\u00adty for his appraisal of Hitler (he alleged\u00adly took praise of wear\u00ading a jack\u00adet that he also wore when he met Hitler, as I was told in an inter\u00adview).[xxii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

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Fig.2: <\/strong>P. C. Biswas and Prime Min\u00adis\u00adter Jawa\u00adhar\u00adlal Nehru vis\u00adit\u00ading the ethno\u00adgraph\u00adic muse\u00adum at the Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy Depart\u00adment, Del\u00adhi Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty (1960). Source: Del\u00adhi University.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Although cur\u00adrent pro\u00adfes\u00adsors and stu\u00addents at Del\u00adhi Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty might not remem\u00adber Biswas or be crit\u00adi\u00adcal of his work, Biswas did have a large influ\u00adence in the depart\u00adment he led and lec\u00adtured at. He shaped his Depart\u00adment of Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy close\u00adly in line with the anthro\u00adpom\u00ade\u00adtry-based tra\u00addi\u00adtion he was trained in in Berlin. Although many anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy depart\u00adments in India fol\u00adlow anthropology\u2019s four-field mod\u00adel, which com\u00adpris\u00ades bio\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy, the promi\u00adnence of this spe\u00adcif\u00adic field at the Del\u00adhi Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty is quite striking\u2014and also remounts to Biswas\u2019s lega\u00adcy.[xxi\u00adii]<\/a> He was a big influ\u00adence on the fol\u00adlow\u00ading gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion of Del\u00adhi anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgists, many of whom fol\u00adlowed Biswas\u2019s tra\u00adjec\u00adto\u00adry and got a Hum\u00adboldt schol\u00adar\u00adship to go to Ger\u00admany to be skilled in the racial tra\u00addi\u00adtion of phys\u00adi\u00adcal anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy, also after 1945. One of these stu\u00addents was Indera Paul Singh, who lat\u00ader also taught at the same depart\u00adment as Biswas and pub\u00adlished in 1968 the wide\u00adly read Anthro\u00adpom\u00ade\u00adtry: A Lab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adto\u00adry Man\u00adu\u00adal on Bio\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy<\/em>,[xxiv]<\/a> which is a sum\u00adma\u00adrized trans\u00adla\u00adtion of a famous Ger\u00adman text\u00adbook of phys\u00adi\u00adcal anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy[xxv]<\/a> includ\u00ading racial tax\u00adonomies. [xxvi]<\/a> Singh\u2019s text\u00adbook is still used in many phys\u00adi\u00adcal and bio\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy cours\u00ades in dif\u00adfer\u00adent uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adties in India today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While Biswas is only briefly men\u00adtioned among KWI-A-relat\u00aded doc\u00adu\u00adments in the Archiv der Max-Planck Gesellschaft<\/em> (my analy\u00adsis here also draws from my own inter\u00adviews in India and sec\u00adondary lit\u00ader\u00ada\u00adture), doc\u00adu\u00adments relat\u00aded to his doc\u00adtor\u00adal studies\u2014including his PhD assess\u00adment by Fischer\u2014can be found in the archive of the Hum\u00adboldt Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty in Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Archival Collections<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

While many doc\u00adu\u00adments per\u00adtain\u00ading to the KWI<\/span>\u2011A were destroyed at the end of World War II<\/span>, the Archiv der Max Planck Gesellschaft <\/em>(Archive of the Max Planck Soci\u00adety) in Berlin-Dahlem holds sev\u00ader\u00adal doc\u00adu\u00adments and let\u00adters relat\u00aded to the Insti\u00adtute and its for\u00admer staff, includ\u00ading (in fact, most\u00adly) doc\u00adu\u00adments and let\u00adters dat\u00ading after 1945. The Nach\u00adlass Ver\u00adschuer (relat\u00aded to KWI<\/span>\u2011A\u2019s Depart\u00adment Direc\u00adtor Ottmar Frei\u00adherr von Ver\u00adschuer) con\u00adtains let\u00adter exchanges between Ver\u00adschuer and Karve and her hus\u00adband Dhon\u00addo (Abteilung III<\/span>, Reposi\u00adtur 86A<\/span>, Nr. 412, 413) as well as let\u00adters between Fis\u00adch\u00ader and Ver\u00adschuer, in which KWI<\/span>\u2011A alum\u00adni are men\u00adtioned (Abteilung III<\/span>, Reposi\u00adtur 94, Num\u00admer 69\u201310), and Karve\u2019s birth\u00adday greet\u00adings to Fis\u00adch\u00ader (Abteilung III<\/span>, Reposi\u00adtur 86A<\/span>, Num\u00adber 52, 53). In the same archive, Fischer\u2019s hand\u00adwrit\u00adten mem\u00ado\u00adries briefly men\u00adtion the inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal stu\u00addents at the KWI<\/span>\u2011A (Abteilung III<\/span>, Reposi\u00adtur 94, Num\u00admer 45).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the KWI<\/span>\u2011A was linked to the Friedrich-Wil\u00adhelms-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t<\/em> (the PhD stu\u00addents who researched at the KWI<\/span>\u2011A were usu\u00adal\u00adly reg\u00adis\u00adtered there), the Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t\u00adsarchiv der Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin<\/em> is also rel\u00ade\u00advant. It con\u00adtains the PhD files (Pro\u00admo\u00adtion\u00adsak\u00adte<\/em>) of the stu\u00addents before 1945 of its pre\u00adde\u00adces\u00adsor insti\u00adtu\u00adtion, the Friedrich-Wil\u00adhelms-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t<\/em>; the files being orga\u00adnized by fac\u00adul\u00adty (see end\u00adnotes 7 and 18). Both Karve\u2019s and Biswas\u2019s PhD files are avail\u00adable there, con\u00adtain\u00ading doc\u00adu\u00adments relat\u00aded to their stud\u00adies includ\u00ading their super\u00advi\u00adsors\u2019 assess\u00adments.[xxvii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Final Remarks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Doc\u00adu\u00adments in Ger\u00adman archives can be an impor\u00adtant source for explo\u00adrations on the racial under\u00adpin\u00adnings of anthro\u00adpo\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal and oth\u00ader sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic knowl\u00adedge pro\u00adduc\u00adtion about human diver\u00adsi\u00adty in India. While a lot of the lit\u00ader\u00ada\u00adture on this sub\u00adject has high\u00adlight\u00aded the impact of British colo\u00adnial\u00adism and its actors, I argue that this schol\u00adar\u00adship needs to con\u00adsid\u00ader oth\u00ader transna\u00adtion\u00adal and trans\u00adcolo\u00adnial con\u00adnec\u00adtions.[xxvi\u00adii]<\/a> As the place where racial and eugeni\u00adcist sci\u00adences reached an espe\u00adcial\u00adly bru\u00adtal polit\u00adi\u00adcal apex, Ger\u00admany was a cru\u00adcial site for the pro\u00adduc\u00adtion and transna\u00adtion\u00adal cir\u00adcu\u00adla\u00adtion of racial\u00adiz\u00ading the\u00ado\u00adries and meth\u00adods. As I have argued else\u00adwhere, the transna\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adiza\u00adtion of Ger\u00adman sci\u00adences of race and eugen\u00adics played an impor\u00adtant role in the racial\u00adiza\u00adtion of caste, reli\u00adgion, and eth\u00adnic\u00adi\u00adty in India.[xxix]<\/a> Germany\u2013India con\u00adnec\u00adtions in the sci\u00aden\u00adtif\u00adic objec\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion of human diver\u00adsi\u00adty are wor\u00adthy of fur\u00adther exploration. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

[i]<\/a> Bar\u00adbosa, Thi\u00ada\u00adgo P. et al, \u201cRemem\u00adber\u00ading the Anthro\u00adpo\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal Mak\u00ading of Race in Today\u2019s Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty: An Analy\u00adsis of a Stu\u00adden\u00adt\u2019s Memo\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal Project in Berlin\u201d. Etno\u00adfoor<\/em> 30, no. 2 (2018): 29\u201348; Huang, Weicheng, \u201cRasse Als Transna\u00adtionales Kon\u00adstrukt: Die \u201eMischling\u201c-Studie Des Anthro\u00adpolo\u00adgen Tao Yun-Kuei in Deutsch-Chi\u00adne\u00adsis\u00adchen Kon\u00adtex\u00adten\u201d. MA<\/span> the\u00adsis, Otto-Suhr-Insti\u00adtut f\u00fcr Poli\u00adtik\u00adwis\u00adsenschaft, Freie Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t Berlin, 2022; Birkalan-Gedik, Hande, \u201cTrav\u00adel\u00ading The\u00ado\u00adries, Trav\u00adel\u00ading The\u00ado\u00adrists: Seni\u00adha Tunakan,  \u2018die kleine T\u00fcrkin\u2019 at the KWI<\/span>\u2011A at Ihnes\u00adtra\u00dfe 22\u201324 and at Ankara Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty\u201d. Jour\u00adnal of Folk\u00adlore Research<\/em> (forth\u00adcom\u00ading).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ii]<\/a> On Sarkar, see: Mukhar\u00adji, Pro\u00adjit B., Brown Skins, White Coats: Race Sci\u00adence in India, 1920\u201366<\/em>. Chica\u00adgo: The Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Chica\u00adgo Press, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iii]<\/a> Bar\u00adbosa, Thi\u00ada\u00adgo P., \u201cRacial\u00adiz\u00ading a New Nation: Ger\u00adman Colo\u00adnial\u00adi\u00adty and Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy in Maha\u00adrash\u00adtra, India\u201d. Per\u00adspec\u00adtives on Sci\u00adence<\/em> 30, no. 1 (2022): 137\u201366; Bar\u00adbosa, Thi\u00ada\u00adgo P., and Urmil\u00adla Desh\u00adpande. Iru: The Remark\u00adable Life of Irawati Karve. <\/em>New Del\u00adhi: Speak\u00ading Tigers Books, forth\u00adcom\u00ading; Bar\u00adbosa, Thi\u00ada\u00adgo P., Racial\u00adiz\u00ading Caste: Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy between Ger\u00admany and India and the Lega\u00adcy of Irawati Karve (1905\u20131970)<\/em>. De Gruyter, forth\u00adcom\u00ading. See also: Sun\u00addar, Nan\u00addi\u00adni, \u201cIn the Cause of Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy: The Life and Work of Irawati Karve\u201d. In: Patri\u00adcia Uberoi, Nan\u00addi\u00adni Sun\u00addar and Satish Desh\u00adpande (eds.) Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy in the East: Founders of Indi\u00adan Soci\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy and Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy<\/em>. Cal\u00adcut\u00adta: Seag\u00adull, 2008, pp. 360\u2013416.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iv]<\/a> See, for exam\u00adple: Karve, Irawati, \u201cThe Indi\u00adan Women in 1975.\u201d Per\u00adspec\u00adtive, sup\u00adple\u00adment to the Indi\u00adan Jour\u00adnal of pub\u00adlic admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion<\/em>, no. 1 (1966): 103\u201335; Karve, Irawati, Hin\u00addu Soci\u00adety: An Inter\u00adpre\u00adta\u00adtion<\/em>. Poona: Dec\u00adcan Col\u00adlege, 1961; Karve, Irawati, Yugan\u00adta: The End of an Epoch<\/em>. Hyder\u00adabad: Ori\u00adent Black\u00adSwan, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[v]<\/a> Karve, Irawati, Nor\u00admale Asym\u00adme\u00adtrie des men\u00adschlichen Sch\u00e4dels: Inau\u00adgur\u00adal-Dis\u00adser\u00adta\u00adtion<\/em>. Leipzig: Schwarzen\u00adberg &<\/span> Schu\u00admann, 1931.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vi]<\/a> Karve, Irawati, \u201cThe Nor\u00admal Asym\u00adme\u00adtry of the Human Body\u201d. The Jour\u00adnal of the Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Bom\u00adbay<\/em> VI<\/span>, Part I (1937): 73.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vii]<\/a> Fis\u00adch\u00ader, Eugen, Refer\u00adat [Eval\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion of Karve\u2019s Doc\u00adtor\u00adal The\u00adsis]. Philosophis\u00adche Fakult\u00e4t, Lit\u00adtr. 5, No. 4, Vol. 511, 722. Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t\u00adsarchiv der Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[viii]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ix]<\/a> Bar\u00adbosa, Racial\u00adiz\u00ading Caste <\/em>(forth\u00adcom\u00ading).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[x]<\/a> Bar\u00adbosa, Thi\u00ada\u00adgo P., \u201cIndi\u00adan Soci\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy and Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy Between a Decolonis\u00ading Quest and the West\u201d. Revue d\u2019his\u00adtoire des sci\u00adences humaines<\/em>, no. 41 (2022): 181\u2013211.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xi]<\/a> Fis\u00adch\u00ader, Eugen, [Let\u00adter to Ver\u00adschuer]. III<\/span> Abteilung, Reposi\u00adtur 94, Bestell\u00adnum\u00admer 69\u201310. Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin-Dahlem; Fis\u00adch\u00ader, Eugen, [Let\u00adter to Ver\u00adschuer]. III<\/span> Abteilung, Reposi\u00adtur 94, Bestell\u00adnum\u00admer 69\u201310. Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin-Dahlem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xii]<\/a> Karve, Irawati, [Let\u00adter to Ver\u00adschuer]. III<\/span> Abteilung, Reposi\u00adtur 086A<\/span>, Bestell\u00adnum\u00admer 052, (Nach\u00adlass Ver\u00adschuer). Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin-Dahlem; Karve, Irawati, Kin\u00adship Organ\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion in India<\/em>. First Edi\u00adtion. Poona: Dec\u00adcan Col\u00adlege Research Insti\u00adtute, 1953.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiii]<\/a> Ver\u00adschuer, Otmar F. von, [Let\u00adter to D. &<\/span> I. Karve]. III<\/span> Abteilung, Reposi\u00adtur 086A<\/span>, Bestell\u00adnum\u00admer 413 (Nach\u00adlass Ver\u00adschuer). Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin-Dahlem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiv]<\/a> Karve, Irawati. [Aned\u00adcote About Eugen Fis\u00adch\u00ader]. III_86A<\/span>, Nr. 53 (Nach\u00adlass Ver\u00adschuer). Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin-Dahlem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xv]<\/a> Karve, Irawati, \u201c\u2018All That Is You\u2019: An Essay.\u201d In: Eleanor Zel\u00adliot and Max\u00adine Berntsen (eds.)The Expe\u00adri\u00adence of Hin\u00adduism: Essays on Reli\u00adgion in Maha\u00adrash\u00adtra<\/em>. Del\u00adhi: Sri Sat\u00adgu\u00adru, 1992, pp. 213\u201322.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvi]<\/a> See: Biswas, P. C., \u201c\u00dcber Hand- Und Fin\u00adger\u00adleis\u00adten Von Indern\u201d. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Mor\u00adpholo\u00adgie und Anthro\u00adpolo\u00adgie<\/em> 35, no. 3 (1936): 519\u201350.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvii]<\/a> Inves\u00adti\u00adga\u00adtions on the ori\u00adgins of Indi\u00adan pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtions and their sim\u00adi\u00adlar\u00adi\u00adties to Euro\u00adpeans have had a long\u00adstand\u00ading curios\u00adi\u00adty among Indi\u00adan and Euro\u00adpean schol\u00adars, at least since 18th<\/sup> cen\u00adtu\u00adry the\u00ado\u00adries of Aryan migra\u00adtion. See: Bar\u00adbosa, Racial\u00adiz\u00ading Caste <\/em>(forth\u00adcom\u00ading).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvi\u00adii]<\/a> Fis\u00adch\u00ader, Eugen, Refer\u00adat [Mel\u00addung zur Pro\u00admo\u00adtion\u00adspr\u00fc\u00adfung \/ Eval\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion of Biswas\u2019 Doc\u00adtor\u00adal The\u00adsis]. Philosophis\u00adche Fakult\u00e4t, Lit\u00adtr. P, No. 4, Vol. 619, 823. Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t\u00adsarchiv der Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xix]<\/a> Ban\u00addeh-Ahma\u00addi, Nurol\u00adho\u00adda, \u201c\u2018The Bad Stock\u2019: Nazi Eugen\u00adics and the Growth of Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy in Del\u00adhi\u201d, South Asia: Jour\u00adnal of South Asian Stud\u00adies <\/em>(2024): 1\u201318.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xx]<\/a> Ban\u00addeh-Ahma\u00addi, \u201c\u2018The Bad Stock\u2019: Nazi Eugen\u00adics and the Growth of Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy in Del\u00adhi\u201d, Ibid., p. 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxi]<\/a> Ban\u00addeh-Ahma\u00addi, \u201c\u2018The Bad Stock\u2019: Nazi Eugen\u00adics and the Growth of Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy in Del\u00adhi\u201d, Ibid., pp. 4\u20135.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxii]<\/a> Inter\u00adview with Pooran Chand Joshi, New Del\u00adhi, 5 Sept 2017. In addi\u00adtion, Bandeh-Ahmadi\u2019s assess\u00adment con\u00adfirms this mem\u00ado\u00adry of Biswas. See: Ban\u00addeh-Ahma\u00addi, \u201c\u2018The Bad Stock\u2019: Nazi Eugen\u00adics and the Growth of Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy in Del\u00adhi\u201d (2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxi\u00adii]<\/a> Ban\u00addeh-Ahma\u00addi, Nurol\u00adho\u00adda, \u201cAnthro\u00adpo\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal Gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtions: A Post-Inde\u00adpen\u00addence Ethnog\u00adra\u00adphy of Aca\u00add\u00ade\u00adm\u00adic Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy and Soci\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy in India\u201d. Doc\u00adtor\u00adal dis\u00adser\u00adta\u00adtion, Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Michi\u00adgan, 2018; Ban\u00addeh-Ahma\u00addi \u201c\u2018The Bad Stock\u2019: Nazi Eugen\u00adics and the Growth of Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy in Del\u00adhi\u201d (2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxiv]<\/a> Singh, Indera P., M. K. Bhasin, Anthro\u00adpom\u00ade\u00adtry: A lab\u00ado\u00adra\u00adto\u00adry man\u00adu\u00adal on bio\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy<\/em>, Del\u00adhi: Kam\u00adla-Raj Enter\u00adpris\u00ades, 1989 [1968].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxv]<\/a> Mar\u00adtin, Rudolf, Lehrbuch der Anthro\u00adpolo\u00adgie in sys\u00adtem\u00ada\u00adtis\u00adch\u00ader Darstel\u00adlung<\/em>. Jena: Gus\u00adtav Fis\u00adch\u00ader, 1914.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxvi]<\/a> Inter\u00adview with B. V. Bhanu, Pune, 20 Sept 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxvii]<\/a> See also, Razak Khan\u2019s Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon arti\u00adcle based on his research on South Asian stu\u00addents in Berlin which, among oth\u00aders, also relies on the files in the Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t\u00adsarchiv der Hum\u00adboldt-Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t zu Berlin. Khan, Razak. \u201cEntan\u00adgled Insti\u00adtu\u00adtion\u00adal and Affec\u00adtive Archives of South Asian Mus\u00adlim Stu\u00addents in Ger\u00admany.\u201d MIDA<\/span> <\/em>(2018).<\/em> Retrieved 12 June 2024 from https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/reflexicon\/entangled-institutional-and-affective-archives-of-south-asian-muslim-students-in-germany\/<\/a>, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxvi\u00adii]<\/a> For a dis\u00adcus\u00adsion on trans\u00adcolo\u00adnial con\u00adnec\u00adtions in the his\u00adto\u00adry of sci\u00adence, see: Mukhar\u00adji, Pro\u00adjit B., Brown Skins, White Coats: Race Sci\u00adence in India, 1920\u201366<\/em>. Chica\u00adgo: The Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Chica\u00adgo Press, 2023; Sch\u00e4r, Bern\u00adhard C., Tropen\u00adliebe: Schweiz\u00ader Natur\u00adforsch\u00ader und nieder\u00adl\u00e4ndis\u00adch\u00ader Impe\u00adri\u00adal\u00adis\u00admus in S\u00fcdostasien um 1900<\/em>. Frank\u00adfurt am Main: Cam\u00adpus, 2015; Bar\u00adbosa, Racial\u00adiz\u00ading Caste <\/em>(forth\u00adcom\u00ading).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xxix]<\/a> Bar\u00adbosa, \u201cRacial\u00adiz\u00ading a New Nation: Ger\u00adman Colo\u00adnial\u00adi\u00adty and Anthro\u00adpol\u00ado\u00adgy in Maha\u00adrash\u00adtra, India\u201d (2022); Bar\u00adbosa, Racial\u00adiz\u00ading Caste <\/em>(forth\u00adcom\u00ading).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u00ada\u00adgo Pin\u00adto Bar\u00adbosa, Uni\u00adver\u00adsit\u00e4t Bayreuth<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

MIDA<\/span> Archival Reflex\u00adi\u00adcon<\/strong>

Edi\u00adtors: Anan\u00addi\u00adta Baj\u00adpai, Heike Liebau, Nico Putz<\/strong>
Lay\u00adout: Jannes Thode<\/strong>
Host: ZMO<\/span>, Kirch\u00adweg 33, 14129 Berlin<\/strong>
Con\u00adtact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de<\/strong>

ISSN<\/span> 2628\u20135029<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":4532,"template":"","categories":[54],"tags":[104,79],"class_list":["post-4531","reflexicon","type-reflexicon","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reflexicon","tag-biographie","tag-wissenschaftsgeschichte"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIndian Students in a German School of Racial Anthropology and Eugenics (1927\u20131945) - MIDA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Thiago Pinto Barbosa examines German archival documents about Indian students who were researchers at the infamous Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut f\u00fcr Anthropologie, Menschliche Erblehre und Eugenik between 1927 and 1945.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/indian-students-in-german-school-of-eugenics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Indian Students in a German School of Racial Anthropology and Eugenics (1927\u20131945) - MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Thiago Pinto Barbosa examines German archival documents about Indian students who were researchers at the infamous Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut f\u00fcr Anthropologie, Menschliche Erblehre und Eugenik between 1927 and 1945.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/en\/reflexicon\/indian-students-in-german-school-of-eugenics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MIDA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-01-14T12:34:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.projekt-mida.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_20211228_143357-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1981\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"20 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indian-students-in-german-school-of-eugenics\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indian-students-in-german-school-of-eugenics\\\/\",\"name\":\"Indian Students in a German School of Racial Anthropology and Eugenics (1927\u20131945) - MIDA\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indian-students-in-german-school-of-eugenics\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indian-students-in-german-school-of-eugenics\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/IMG_20211228_143357-scaled.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-08-29T16:02:18+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-01-14T12:34:58+00:00\",\"description\":\"Thiago Pinto Barbosa examines German archival documents about Indian students who were researchers at the infamous Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut f\u00fcr Anthropologie, Menschliche Erblehre und Eugenik between 1927 and 1945.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indian-students-in-german-school-of-eugenics\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indian-students-in-german-school-of-eugenics\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/en\\\/reflexicon\\\/indian-students-in-german-school-of-eugenics\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/IMG_20211228_143357-scaled.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.projekt-mida.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/IMG_20211228_143357-scaled.jpg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":1981,\"caption\":\"Irawati sits at a desk in the KWI-A\u2019s doctoral students\u2019 room. 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