Image: Por­trait of August Her­mann Francke

This is a trans­lat­ed ver­sion of the 2019 MIDA Archival Reflex­i­con entry “Das „Mis­sion­sarchiv“ im Archiv der Franck­eschen Stiftun­gen zu Halle”. The text was trans­lat­ed by Rekha Rajan.

Table of Con­tents
His­tor­i­cal Back­ground | The Cat­a­logu­ing of Sources | Find­ing Aids and Online Data­bas­es | Sec­ondary Sources on the Mis­sion Archives and its Cat­a­logu­ing | Anno­tat­ed Pri­ma­ry Sources  |   Sec­ondary Lit­er­a­ture 

Historical Background

After a ship voy­age last­ing more than six months, the two the­olo­gians Bartholomäus Ziegen­balg (1682–1719) and Hein­rich Plütschau (1677–1747) arrived in Tran­que­bar (today: Tha­rangam­ba­di), the main bas­tion of the Dan­ish colonies in South­east India on 6 June, 1706. Their arrival marked the begin­ning of an inter­cul­tur­al dia­logue that car­ried on into the nine­teenth cen­tu­ry between the Euro­pean rep­re­sen­ta­tives of the first Protes­tant mis­sion in Copen­hagen, Halle and Lon­don and the peo­ple liv­ing in the South Indi­an king­dom of Tan­jore. The mis­sion under­tak­ing was fund­ed by the Dan­ish Crown, but it received guid­ance and sup­port from the edu­ca­tion­al and social insti­tu­tions in Halle named after the pas­tor and pro­fes­sor of the­ol­o­gy, August Her­mann Francke (1663–1727), who had estab­lished them. The mis­sion was lat­er also sup­port­ed by the Soci­ety for Pro­mot­ing Chris­t­ian Knowl­edge (SPCK) in Lon­don. Thus, the mis­sion in Tran­que­bar is called the Dan­ish-Halle mis­sion or the Dan­ish-Eng­lish-Halle mission.

Ziegen­balg and Plütschau had stud­ied in Halle where they encoun­tered the ideas of Pietism, the first reform move­ment in the Protes­tant Church since the Ref­or­ma­tion. August Her­mann Francke envi­sioned the world­wide prop­a­ga­tion of Halle Pietism. The orphan­age and the schools in Glaucha at the gates of the city of Halle were to become the foun­da­tion and the point of depar­ture for a uni­ver­sal, reli­gion-based improve­ment of all estates both with­in and out­side Ger­many. The mis­sion in India should be placed in this context.

Around 15,000 peo­ple lived in Tran­que­bar and its envi­rons con­sist­ing of Hin­dus, Mus­lims, Indi­an Catholic Chris­tians as well as Euro­peans work­ing for the East India Com­pa­ny. After ini­tial con­flicts with the East India Com­pa­ny, which even led to Ziegen­balg being impris­oned for four months, the mis­sion­ar­ies were able to work large­ly with­out dis­rup­tion and grad­u­al­ly began to extend their radius from Tran­que­bar, the cen­tre of the mis­sion, to the sur­round­ing regions. Mis­sion dis­tricts even came up in Eng­lish ter­ri­to­ry after the mis­sion­ary Ben­jamin Schultze (1689–1760) left Tran­que­bar in 1726 due to dif­fer­ences with his col­leagues and found­ed a Protes­tant mis­sion in Madras (present day: Chen­nai). This sta­tion was then financed by the SPCK with mis­sion­ar­ies from Halle. In the fol­low­ing years, oth­er mis­sion sta­tions were estab­lished on Eng­lish ter­ri­to­ry, among oth­ers in Cud­dalore (1730), Than­javur (1762), Tiruchi­ra­pal­li (1762), Palamkodtei (1785), which meant that the mis­sion­ar­ies trav­elled extensively.

The mis­sion­ar­ies were helped in their work by being part of a wide cor­re­spon­dence-net­work which not only made the local infra­struc­ture acces­si­ble to them, but also pro­mot­ed exchange with Europe. Thus, they estab­lished con­tact with Protes­tant preach­ers in all Euro­pean colonies between Cochin and Batavia as well as at the Cape of Good Hope, with sci­en­tists in Europe and, nat­u­ral­ly, with August Her­mann Francke, his co-work­ers and suc­ces­sors. Local­ly, they sought con­tact through cor­re­spon­dence with rep­re­sen­ta­tives of the British and Dutch East India Com­pa­nies, with Catholic mis­sion­ar­ies in South India and, pri­mar­i­ly, with Indi­ans them­selves, includ­ing Hin­dus from dif­fer­ent castes, Mus­lims, lawyers, mer­chants, and even Indi­an princes. One of the most inter­est­ing sources on the life and thought of Tamil­ians at the begin­ning of the eigh­teenth cen­tu­ry is the col­lec­tion titled Mal­abar­ian Cor­re­spon­dence (Mal­abarische Cor­re­spon­denz), a cor­re­spon­dence car­ried out by the mis­sion­ar­ies Bartholomäus Ziegen­balg and Johann Ernst Gründler (1677–1720) between 1712 and 1714 with Indi­ans. The let­ters were sent by the mis­sion­ar­ies to Halle where they were edit­ed and pub­lished in the peri­od­i­cal that appeared reg­u­lar­ly since 1710: Der Königl. Dänis­chen Mis­sion­ar­ien aus Ost-Indi­en einge­sandter Aus­führlichen Bericht­en, the so-called Halle Reports, pub­lished by the Orphan House. These let­ters were thus made avail­able to an inter­est­ed read­er­ship in Europe.

The Halle Reports con­tain diaries, let­ters, trav­el diaries, trea­tis­es, sta­tis­ti­cal accounts and obit­u­ar­ies, and were there­fore, not only the most impor­tant bear­ers of infor­ma­tion media about the Dan­ish-Halle mis­sion, but also the most effec­tive pro­pa­gan­da tool to raise dona­tions and to build up a net­work of spon­sors. The list of sub­scribers went far beyond Protes­tant Ger­many, extend­ing to Rus­sia, Fin­land, Livo­nia, North Bohemia, Den­mark, the Nether­lands, Eng­land, Italy and Aus­tria. The edi­tors select­ed mate­r­i­al from the doc­u­ments sent by the mis­sion­ar­ies and part­ly cen­sored the sources in keep­ing with the inten­tions of the mission.

For the mis­sion­ar­ies, lan­guage was the most impor­tant instru­ment to spread the word of God in the local lan­guage and to this end they trans­lat­ed the Bible and devo­tion­al Pietist lit­er­a­ture. They main­ly learnt Tamil, but also Tel­ugu and Hin­dus­tani, as well as Por­tuguese which was impor­tant because of the pres­ence of Euro­peans and their descen­dants. As ear­ly as 1715, Bartholomäus Ziegen­balg pub­lished the New Tes­ta­ment in Tamil, which was print­ed in the mis­sion print­ing press in Tran­que­bar. Based on their study of the­ol­o­gy, for which they had learned many lan­guages, the mis­sion­ar­ies under­took pio­neer­ing research in com­par­a­tive lin­guis­tics. This includes Ziegenbalg’s Gram­mat­i­ca Damuli­ca (Halle 1716), Schultze’s Gram­mat­i­ca Hin­dostan­i­ca (Halle 1745) and Gram­mat­i­ca Tel­uguica (Madras 1728), or the Tamil-Eng­lish dic­tio­nary by Johann Philipp Fabri­cius (1711–1791). The print­ing press in Tran­que­bar pri­mar­i­ly pro­duced trans­la­tions of the Bible and Protes­tant devo­tion­al lit­er­a­ture, but also gram­mars, dic­tio­nar­ies, school­books, cal­en­dars and works com­mis­sioned by the Dan­ish and Eng­lish colo­nial admin­is­tra­tions. Preach­ers dis­trib­uted many of the short­er works free of cost to the people.

In addi­tion to this, the mis­sion­ar­ies under­took the edu­ca­tion of the youth. Already in 1707, the first school was estab­lished in Tran­que­bar and in the same year a girls’ school was set up, which was prob­a­bly the first school for girls in India. The train­ing of cat­e­chists aimed at teach­ing local adults, and they were induct­ed direct­ly into the ser­vice of the mis­sion as so-called “nation­al work­ers”. In 1733, the first Indi­an who had been bap­tized by Ziegen­balg in 1718, was ordained and giv­en the name Aaron.

Sev­er­al mis­sion­ar­ies saw them­selves not only as the­olo­gians but also as scholars/scientists, and they sent their writ­ten obser­va­tions on cul­ture and soci­ety, on fau­na and flo­ra, on mete­o­rol­o­gy and med­i­cine, but also their pre­served nat­ur­al his­to­ry spec­i­mens or cult objects to Halle, where they can still be admired in the Cab­i­net of Arte­facts and Nat­ur­al Curiosi­ties. Some mis­sion­ar­ies became mem­bers of inter­na­tion­al sci­en­tif­ic soci­eties, cor­re­spond­ing with acad­e­my mem­bers and schol­ars all over Europe. Sev­er­al obser­va­tions and descrip­tions were pub­lished in the Halle Reports, but also in sci­en­tif­ic peri­od­i­cals and jour­nals, and all this con­tributed to the knowl­edge of India in Europe. In due course of time Halle lost its role as the spir­i­tu­al cen­tre of the mis­sion. In 1837, the Luther­an Mis­sion Soci­ety of Dres­den took over the mis­sion sta­tion in Tran­que­bar and then hand­ed it over in 1848 to the Leipzig Mis­sion Soci­ety. Today, the Evan­gel­i­cal-Luther­an Chris­tians of Tamil Nadu are uni­fied main­ly in the Tamil Evan­gel­i­cal Luther­an Church (TELC), which was estab­lished in 1919.

The Cataloguing of Sources

The sources for the Dan­ish-Halle mis­sion are pri­mar­i­ly kept in the archives of the Francke Foun­da­tions. As ear­ly as the eigh­teenth cen­tu­ry, a sep­a­rate mis­sion archive was set up, which was admin­is­tered by the East India Mis­sion Insti­tute locat­ed on the premis­es of the Francke Foun­da­tions. Today it is a part of the archives of the Francke Foun­da­tions and is divid­ed into an India and an Amer­i­ca sec­tion. The term “mis­sion archive”, how­ev­er, has per­sist­ed and become part of the lit­er­a­ture. Until the begin­ning of the 1990s, the man­u­scripts were pre­served in chests spe­cial­ly made for them. Today they are kept in a tem­per­a­ture-con­trolled room in the August Her­mann Francke Study Centre.

The old­est cat­a­logue of the hold­ings is from 1828 and it was used for the first time in the sec­ond half of the nine­teenth cen­tu­ry by Wil­helm Ger­mann (1840–1902), who analysed the cor­re­spon­dence of the mis­sion­ar­ies and of the mis­sion direc­tors for his work on the Tran­que­bar mis­sion. In the fol­low­ing years, the mis­sion archive was con­stant­ly expand­ed; new archival doc­u­ments became part of the hold­ings or were relo­cat­ed from oth­er sec­tions of the archives. In the 1950s, the hold­ings were again cat­a­logued in a find­ing aids book and a card index. The entire hold­ings were re-doc­u­ment­ed with con­tent sum­maries and stan­dard­ized key­words from 2003 to 2005 with­in the frame­work of a cat­a­logu­ing project fund­ed by the Ger­man Research Coun­cil (DFG), which is avail­able on the web­site of the Study Cen­tre. An Eng­lish ver­sion of the data­base can also be found there. The lat­est addi­tion to the archives of the Francke Foun­da­tions took place in April 2006, when the archive of the Leipzig Mis­sion was hand­ed over as a depos­i­to­ry. This con­tains the for­mer Tran­que­bar archive which was sent from India to Ger­many at the end of the nine­teenth cen­tu­ry. These archival mate­ri­als have also been cat­a­logued in the archival data­base of the Study Cen­tre. Addi­tion­al­ly, all diaries and trav­el diaries from the mis­sion archives as well as the pub­lished Halle Reports are avail­able in the dig­i­tal col­lec­tions of the Study Centre.

The archival doc­u­ments in the India sec­tion of the mis­sion archives of the Francke Foun­da­tions have not been filed accord­ing to a stan­dard prin­ci­ple of clas­si­fi­ca­tion. Instead, they were put togeth­er into groups of the hold­ings part­ly accord­ing to chronol­o­gy and part­ly based on con­tent. The mis­sion archive (India) con­sists of 33,178 indi­vid­ual manuscripts.

These include mainly:

  • let­ters and diaries of the missionaries
  • drafts of let­ters and instruc­tions from the direc­tors in Halle to the missionaries
  • copies of let­ters from the Mis­sion Board in Copen­hagen and from the Soci­ety for Pro­mot­ing Chris­t­ian Knowl­edge (SPCK) in Lon­don to the missionaries
  • the inner-Euro­pean cor­re­spon­dence between the mis­sion direc­tors in Halle, Copen­hagen, and London
  • let­ters of dona­tion from sup­port­ers of the mission
  • mis­sion accounts and oth­er accounts
  • school cat­a­logues as evi­dence of teach­ing activ­i­ty and spon­sor­ship of Tamil­ian children
  • work con­tracts
  • draw­ings and build­ing plans
  • reports and trea­tis­es of the mis­sion­ar­ies on reli­gion, lan­guage, morals and cus­toms, flo­ra and fau­na, geog­ra­phy, and cli­mate as well as med­i­cine in South India.

Oth­er hold­ings of the archives of the Francke Foun­da­tions con­tain sup­ple­men­tary archival doc­u­ments on the Dan­ish-Halle mis­sion: in the main archives there are 68 let­ters, 14 book man­u­scripts, 6 diaries; in the eco­nom­ic and admin­is­tra­tive archives there are 29 files with dona­tions, bequests, mat­ters con­cern­ing estates, endow­ments, mis­sion accounts, records of var­i­ous mis­sion soci­eties; in the image archives there are six paint­ings, some cop­per­plate engrav­ings and pho­tographs. The so-called Tran­que­bar archive in the Leipzig Mis­sion Archives con­tains 1,482 man­u­scripts of cor­re­spon­dence with Europe kept in Tran­que­bar. These also include orig­i­nal doc­u­ments of prime impor­tance, such as the let­ters of appoint­ment from the Dan­ish king and instruc­tions for the first mis­sion­ar­ies, Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg’s last will and tes­ta­ment, or the hand-writ­ten let­ters from August Her­mann Francke to the mis­sion­ar­ies. Oth­er hand-writ­ten sources that have a direct con­nec­tion to the hold­ings of the India-sec­tion of the mis­sion archives are in the Staats­bib­lio­thek zu Berlin – Preußis­ch­er Kul­turbe­sitz. These hold­ings, des­ig­nat­ed as Francke estate, were orig­i­nal­ly part of the archives of the Francke Foun­da­tions. These archival doc­u­ments have also been cat­a­logued in the archival data­base of the Study Centre.

A col­lec­tion of palm leaf man­u­scripts also belongs to the Dan­ish-Halle Mission´s tra­di­tion, of which 102 man­u­scripts are in Tamil and 162 are in Tel­ugu. They are main­ly trans­la­tions of Bib­li­cal or oth­er reli­gious texts, and ser­mons. The Tamil man­u­scripts were cat­a­logued by Daniel Jeyaraj and the Tel­ugu man­u­scripts by Gérard Colas and Usha Colas Chauhan. These cat­a­logues can also be accessed all over the world through the web­site of the Study Cen­tre. As a sup­ple­ment to the mis­sion archives, the Francke Foun­da­tions also have a mis­sion library with print­ed mate­r­i­al from the mis­sion­ary print­ing press in Tran­que­bar, and about 100 objects that the mis­sion­ar­ies sent from India to Halle, which are kept in the Cab­i­net of Arte­facts and Nat­ur­al Curiosi­ties pre­served in its orig­i­nal state since the eigh­teenth cen­tu­ry. These objects include pre­served plants and ani­mals as well as arte­facts. The lat­ter are kept in their own “Mal­abar­ian cup­board” and include both reli­gious objects as well as objects of dai­ly use.

Finding Aids and Online Databases

Reper­to­ry of the mis­sion cor­re­spon­dence. Halle 1828. Halle, Archives of the Francke Foun­da­tions: AFSt/W  XXVIIII/-/24.

Card index of the 1950s. Halle, Archives of the Francke Foundations.

Archive data­base of the August Her­mann Francke Study Cen­tre 
http://archiv.francke-halle.de/start.fau?prj=ifaust8_afst

Data­base of the archival hold­ings of the Dan­ish-Halle Mis­sion  
http://fas.francke-halle.de/cgi-bin/dhmeng.pl (Eng­lish)

Dig­i­tal Col­lec­tions of the August Her­mann Francke Study Cen­tre,  
https://digital.francke-halle.de/

Palm leaf and paper man­u­scripts in Tamil   
http://fas.francke-halle.de/tamil/index.html (Ger­man)
http://fas.francke-halle.de/tamil/pbm/gesateng.html (Eng­lish)

Palm leaf man­u­scripts in Tel­ugu        
https://www.francke-halle.de/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=710&token=5ffaf46‌b‌d‌4‌9‌f‌b‌e‌67ba‌fc733efa5b530931a179d8 (Eng­lish)

Secondary Sources on the Mission Archives and its Cataloguing

Gröschl, Jür­gen, “Die Erschließung der Quellen zur Dänisch-Halleschen Mis­sion im Stu­dien­zen­trum August Her­mann Francke der Franck­eschen Stiftun­gen”. In: Heike Liebau, Andreas Nehring, Brigitte Kloster­berg (ed.) Mis­sion und Forschung. Translokale Wis­senspro­duk­tion zwis­chen Indi­en und Europa im 18. und 19. Jahrhun­dert. Halle: Ver­lag der Franck­eschen Stiftun­gen, 2010, pp. 47–53.

——–, “Die Genealo­gie der Mal­abarischen Göt­ter – Hand­schriften und Drucke des reli­gion­s­geschichtlichen Hauptwerks von Bartholomäus Ziegen­balg”. In: Heike Liebau, Andreas Nehring, Brigitte Kloster­berg (ed.) Mis­sion und Forschung. Translokale Wis­senspro­duk­tion zwis­chen Indi­en und Europa im 18. und 19. Jahrhun­dert. Halle: Ver­lag der Franck­eschen Stiftun­gen, 2010, pp. 227–237.

——–, “Koop­er­a­tive Erschließung­spro­jek­te im Archiv der Franck­eschen Stiftun­gen am Beispiel des Berlin­er Francke-Nach­lass­es und der Hand­schriften zur Dänisch-Halleschen Mis­sion”. Aus evan­ge­lis­chen Archiv­en 45 (2005): pp. 90–101.

Liebau, Heike, Die Quellen der Dänisch-Halleschen Mis­sion in Tran­que­bar in deutschen Archiv­en. Ihre Bedeu­tung für die Indi­en­forschung. Berlin: Ver­lag das Ara­bis­che Buch, 1993.

Pab­st, Eri­ka, “Die Erschließung der Archivbestände zur Dänisch-Hallschen Mis­sion in Halle und Leipzig.” In: Udo Sträter [u.a.] (ed.) Alter Adam und Neue Krea­tur. Pietismus und Anthro­polo­gie. Beiträge zum II. Inter­na­tionalen Kongress für Pietismus­forschung 2005: Bd. 1. Tübin­gen: Niemey­er, 2009, pp. 491–498.

Pab­st, Eri­ka, Thomas Müller-Bahlke (ed.), Quel­lenbestände der Indi­en­mis­sion 1700–1918 in Archiv­en des deutschsprachi­gen Raums. Halle: Niemey­er, 2005.

Storz, Jür­gen, “Das Mis­sions-Archiv (Indi­en) der Franck­eschen Stiftun­gen zu Halle”. In: Joachim Diet­ze (ed.) Eine wis­senschaftliche Bib­lio­thek und ihr Umfeld. Beiträge aus der Uni­ver­sitäts- und Lan­des­bib­lio­thek Sach­sen-Anhalt anlässlich des 100. Geburt­stages von Fritz Jun­tke. Halle: Univ.- u. Lan­des­bib­lio­thek Sach­sen-Anhalt, 1986, pp. 31–37.

Annotated Primary Sources

Gründler, Johann Ernst, Bartholomäus Ziegen­balg, Die mal­abarische Kor­re­spon­denz. Tamilis­che Briefe an deutsche Mis­sion­are. Eine Auswahl. Ein­geleit­et u. erläutert v. Kurt Liebau. Sig­marin­gen: Thor­becke, 1998.

Jeyaraj, Daniel (ed.), Bartholomäus Ziegen­bal­gs Genealo­gie der mal­abarischen Göt­ter. Edi­tion der Orig­i­nal­fas­sung von 1713 mit Ein­leitung, Analyse und Glos­sar. Halle: Ver­lag der Franck­eschen Stiftun­gen, 2003.

——–, Tamil lan­guage for Euro­peans: Ziegenbalg’s “Gram­mat­i­ca Damuli­ca” (1716). Transl. from Latin and Tamil, annot. and com­ment­ed by Daniel Jeyaraj with the assis­tance of Rachel Har­ring­ton. Wies­baden: Har­ras­sowitz, 2010.

Jeyaraj, Daniel, Richard Fox Young (ed.), Hin­du-Chris­t­ian epis­to­lary self-dis­clo­sures. “Mal­abar­ian Cor­re­spon­dence” between Ger­man Pietist mis­sion­ar­ies and South Indi­an Hin­dus (1712 1714). Trans­lat­ed, intro­duced and anno­tat­ed by Daniel Jeyaraj and Richard Fox Young. Wies­baden: Har­ras­sowitz, 2013.

Sweet­man, Will (ed.), Bib­lio­the­ca Mal­abar­i­ca: Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg’s Tamil library. An anno­tat­ed ed. and transl. by Will Sweet­man with R. Ilakku­van. Pondicher­ry: Inst. Français de Pondichéry; Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient, 2012.

Ziegen­balg, Bartholomäus, Alte Briefe aus Indi­en. Unveröf­fentlichte Briefe 1706–1719. Hg. v. Arno Lehmann. Berlin: Evang. Verl.-Anst., 1957.

——–, Geneal­o­gy of the South Indi­an deities. An Eng­lish trans­la­tion of Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg’s orig­i­nal Ger­man man­u­script with a tex­tu­al analy­sis and glos­sary, [trans­lat­ed and edit­ed by] Daniel Jeyaraj. Lon­don [et al.]: Rout­ledge Cur­zon, 2005.

——–, A Ger­man explo­ration of Indi­an soci­ety. Ziegenbalg’s “Mal­abar­ian Hea­thenism”. An anno­tat­ed Eng­lish trans­la­tion with an intro­duc­tion and a glos­sary by Daniel Jeyaraj. Chen­nai, New Del­hi: The Myla­pore Insti­tute for Indige­nous Stud­ies [u.a.], 2006.

——–, Der gottge­fäl­lige Lehr­stand. Eine gekürzte Auswahl sein­er Gefäng­niss­chrift. Hg. v. Niels-Peter Moritzen. Halle: Ver­lag der Franck­eschen Stiftun­gen, 2005. Eng­lish Ver­sion: The estate of the cler­gy pleas­ing to god. An abridged selec­tion of his book writ­ten in prison. Transl. by Rekha Vaidya Rajan. Halle: Franck­esche Stiftun­gen, 2019; Del­hi: ISPCK, 2019.

Secondary Literature

Arul­doss, T., R. Sekaran (ed.), Bartholo­maeus Ziegen­balg. His life and ser­vice to Tamil soci­ety. Ter­cente­nary pub­li­ca­tion 9th July 1706 – 9th July 2006. Tiruchi­rap­pal­li: Ziegen­balg Insti­tute of Print­ing Tech­nol­o­gy, 2006.

Bergun­der, Michael (ed.), Mis­sions­berichte aus Indi­en im 18. Jahrhun­dert. Ihre Bedeu­tung für die europäis­che Geis­tes­geschichte und ihr wis­senschaftlich­er Quel­len­wert für die Indi­enkunde. Halle: Ver­lag der Franck­eschen Stiftun­gen, 1999, 2. Aufl. 2004.

Dharam­pal-Frick, Gita, Indi­en im Spiegel deutsch­er Quellen der Frühen Neuzeit (1500–1750). Stu­di­en zu ein­er interkul­turellen Kon­stel­la­tion. Tübin­gen: Niemey­er, 1994.

Fihl, Esther (ed.), The Governor´s res­i­dence in Tran­que­bar. The house and the dai­ly life of its peo­ple, 1750–1845. Koben­havn: Muse­um Gus­cu­lanum Press, 2017.

Fihl, Esther, A. R. Venkat­acha­la­p­a­thy (ed.), Beyond Tran­que­bar. Grap­pling across cul­tur­al bor­ders in South India. Hyder­abad: Ori­ent Black­Swan, 2014.

Friedrich, Markus, Alexan­der Schun­ka (ed.), Report­ing Chris­t­ian mis­sions in the eigh­teenth cen­tu­ry. Com­mu­ni­ca­tion, cul­ture of knowl­edge and reg­u­lar pub­li­ca­tion in a cross-con­fes­sion­al per­spec­tive. Wies­baden: Har­ras­sowitz, 2017.

Gleixn­er, Ulrike, “Remap­ping the World: The Vision of a Protes­tant Empire in the Eigh­teenth Cen­tu­ry”. In: Beck­er-Can­tari­no, Bar­bara (ed.), Migra­tion and Reli­gion. Chris­t­ian Transat­lantic Mis­sions, Islam­ic Migra­tion to Ger­many, Ams­ter­dam, New York: Rodopi, 2012, pp. 77–90.

——–, “Mil­lenar­i­an Prac­tices and the Pietist Empire”. In: Heal, Brid­get, Anorthe Kre­mers (ed.), Rad­i­cal­ism and Dis­sent in the World of Protes­tant Reform, Göt­tin­gen, Bris­tol, CT: Van­den­hoeck & Ruprecht, 2017, pp. 245–256.

Gross, Andreas, Y. Vin­cent Kumara­doss, Heike Liebau (ed.), Halle and the Begin­ning of Protes­tant Chris­tian­i­ty in India. Vol. I: The Dan­ish-Halle and the Eng­lish Halle Mis­sion. Vol. II: Chris­t­ian Mis­sion in the Indi­an Con­text. Vol. III: Com­mu­ni­ca­tion between India and Europe. Halle: Ver­lag der Franck­eschen Stitf­tun­gen zu Halle, 2006.

Jeyaraj, Daniel, Bartholomäus Ziegen­balg. The father of mod­ern protes­tant mis­sion. An Indi­an assess­ment. Del­hi: ISPCK, 2006.

——–, Inkul­tur­a­tion in Tran­que­bar. Der Beitrag der frühen dänisch-halleschen Mis­sion zum Wer­den ein­er indisch-ein­heimis­chen Kirche (1706–1730). Erlan­gen: Verl. d. Ev.-Luth. Mis­sion, 1996.

Jør­gensen, Helle, Tran­que­bar – whose his­to­ry? Transna­tion­al cul­tur­al her­itage in a for­mer Dan­ish trad­ing colony in South India. New Del­hi: Ori­ent Black­swan, 2014.

Lehmann, Arno, Es begann in Tran­que­bar. Die Geschichte der ersten evan­ge­lis­chen Kirche in Indi­en. Berlin: Evang.-Verl.-Anst., 1955, 2. Aufl. 1956. Eng­lish Ver­sion: It began at Tran­que­bar. The sto­ry of the Tran­que­bar Mis­sion and the begin­ning of Protes­tant Chris­tian­i­ty in India pub­lished to cel­e­brate the 250th anniver­sary of the land­ing of the first protes­tant mis­sion­ar­ies at Tran­que­bar in 1706. Transl. from the Ger­man by M. J. Lutz. Madras: Chris­t­ian Lit­er­a­ture Soci­ety, 1956. Reprint­ed for the Ter­Cente­nary (1706–2006). 2nd ed. Chen­nai: The Chris­t­ian Lit­er­a­ture Soci­ety, 2006.

Liebau, Heike, Die indis­chen Mitar­beit­er der Tran­que­barmis­sion (1706–1845): Kat­e­cheten, Schul­meis­ter, Über­set­zer. Tübin­gen: Niemey­er, 2008. Eng­lish Ver­sion: Cul­tur­al encoun­ters in India: the local co-work­ers of the Tran­que­bar mis­sion, 18th to 19th cen­turies. Transl. from the Ger­man by Rekha V. Rajan. Lon­don, New York: Rout­ledge, 2018.

Liebau, Heike (ed.), Geliebtes Europa // Ostindis­che Welt, 300 Jahre interkul­tureller Dia­log im Spiegel der Dänisch-Halleschen Mis­sion. Kat­a­log der Jahre­sausstel­lung der Franck­eschen Stiftun­gen vom 7. Mai bis 3. Okto­ber 2006. Halle: Ver­lag der Franck­esche Stiftun­gen, 2006.

Liebau, Heike, “Von Halle nach Madras. Pietis­tis­che Waisen­haus­päd­a­gogik und englis­che Appro­pri­a­tio­nen in Indi­en”. Com­par­a­tiv. Leipziger Beiträge zur Uni­ver­salgeschichte und ver­gle­ichen­den Gesellschafts­forschung 15 (2005): pp. 31–57.

Liebau, Heike, Andreas Nehring, Brigitte Kloster­berg (ed.), Mis­sion und Forschung. Translokale Wis­senspro­duk­tion zwis­chen Indi­en und Europa im 18. und 19. Jahrhun­dert. Halle: Ver­lag der Franck­eschen Stiftun­gen, 2010.

Mann, Michael (ed.), Europäis­che Aufk­lärung und protes­tantis­che Mis­sion in Indi­en. Hei­del­berg: Drau­pa­di-Ver­lag, 2006.

Nehring, Andreas, Ori­en­tal­is­mus und Mis­sion. Die Repräsen­ta­tion der tamilis­chen Gesellschaft und Reli­gion durch die Leipziger Mis­sion­are 1840–1940. Wies­baden: Har­ras­sowitz, 2003.

Nør­gaard, Anders, Mis­sion und Obrigkeit. Die Dänisch-hal­lis­che Mis­sion in Tran­que­bar 1706–1845. Güter­sloh: Mohn, 1988.

Oster­ham­mel, Jür­gen, Die Entza­uberung Asiens. Europa und die asi­atis­chen Reiche im 18. Jahrhun­dert. München: Beck, 1998.

Ruh­land, Thomas, Pietis­tis­che Konkur­renz und Naturgeschichte. Die Südin­di­en­mis­sion der Her­rn­huter Brüderge­meine und die Dänisch-Englisch-Hallesche Mis­sion (1755–1802). Her­rn­hut: Her­rn­huter Ver­lag, 2018.

Trepp, Anne-Char­lott, “‘Daher entste­ht so viel naturhis­torisches Unheil‘. Wis­sens- und Kul­tur­trans­fer zwis­chen Indi­en und Europa. Die Halleschen Mis­sions­berichte”. In: Beck, Andreas (ed.), Lit­er­atur der Frühen Neuzeit und ihre kul­turellen Kon­texte. Frank­furt am Main [u.a.]: Lang, 2012, pp. 229–255.

Brigitte Kloster­berg, Franck­esche Stiftun­gen zu Halle

MIDA Archival Reflex­i­con

Edi­tors: Anan­di­ta Baj­pai, Heike Liebau
Lay­out: Mon­ja Hof­mann, Nico Putz
Host: ZMO, Kirch­weg 33, 14129 Berlin
Con­tact: archival.reflexicon [at] zmo.de

ISSN 2628–5029